Perampanel for the treatment of Asian people with epilepsy: Real-world evidence from the PERMIT extension study.

This post-hoc analysis of the PERMIT Extension study compared the effectiveness and safety/tolerability of perampanel (PER) between Asian and non-Asian participants. Retention rates, adverse events (AEs), seizure frequency, responder rate (≥50% seizure frequency reduction), and seizure freedom rate (no seizures since at least the prior visit) were assessed. Retention was assessed after 3, 6 and 12 months. Effectiveness assessments were evaluated at 3, 6 and 12 months and the last visit by seizure type (total, focal and generalised). PERMIT Extension included 730 Asian and 1662 non-Asian individuals. Significant differences in demographic/baseline characteristics were reported for the Asian versus non-Asian subgroups including higher median age at epilepsy onset, longer median duration of epilepsy, higher mean number of previous and concomitant ASMs and lower mean monthly seizure frequency (total, focal and generalised). Retention rates were similar between the two subgroups at 3 and 12 months, but significantly lower in the Asian versus non-Asian subgroup at 6 months (65.6% vs. 71.8%; p = 0.004). At last visit, seizure freedom rate was significantly higher in the Asian versus non-Asian for total (35.9% vs. 25.4%; p = 0.001) and focal seizures (32.4% vs. 18.9%; p = 0.001) as was responder rate for both total (63.9% vs. 52.3%; p = 0.001) and focal seizures (62.2% vs. 44.7%; p < 0.001). Seizure freedom and responder rates for generalised seizures were similar between the two subgroups at the last visit. Rates of AEs were similar between the two subgroups (Asian, 47.6%; non-Asian, 45.4%). PER was effective and generally well-tolerated in Asian and non-Asian individuals.

Safety and Tolerability of Combining CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies with Gepants in Patients with Migraine: A Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: The introduction of clacitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) has revolutionized the treatment of migraines. In clinical practice gepants might be considered as a valid option to treat acute attacks in patients with migraine who are treated with mAbs. However, the safety and tolerability of such a combination is not well addressed in the real-world setting. We designed this study to evaluate the safety and tolerability of combining CGRP mAbs with gepants in the management of migraines. METHODS: This was a retrospective, real-world, exploratory study. The participants included within the study were adult (≥ 18 years) patients diagnosed with migraine. Screening for patients who were treated with at least one GCRP mAbs was done. Data was collected from one site, the American Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, Abu Dhabi UAE. A total of 516 patients taking CGRP mAbs were identified. Extracted data from patients' electronic medical records included patient demographics, migraine characteristics, prescribed treatments, and adverse events (AEs). The tolerability and safety of the combination therapy was evaluated on the basis of documented AEs. RESULTS: Among the identified 516 patients, 234 were administered gepants in addition to the CRGP mAb (215, rimegepant; 19, ubrogepant). Eleven of the 234 patients switched from rimegepant to urogepant as a result of lack of efficacy; one patient switched from urogepant to zolmitriptan because of the lack of insurance coverage of the former medication. Among all the patients included in this study, three AEs were documented. These AEs were generally mild and transient and hence did not lead to discontinuation of treatment. Moreover, 42 of the 234 (17.9%) patients were switched from one class of CGRP mAbs to another at least once while continuing treatment with the assigned gepants. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study demonstrate that combining CGRP mAbs with gepants is a safe and well-tolerated treatment approach for migraine. Future studies are warranted to further validate these findings and explore long-term outcomes.

Effectiveness of Switching CGRP Monoclonal Antibodies in Non-Responder Patients in the UAE: A Retrospective Study.

Calcitonin gene-related peptide monoclonal antibodies (CGRP mAbs) have shown promising effectiveness in migraine management compared to other preventative treatment options. Many questions remain regarding switching between antibody classes as a treatment option in patients with migraine headaches. This preliminary retrospective real-world study explored the treatment response of patients who switched between CGRP mAb classes due to lack of efficacy or poor tolerability. A total of 53 patients with migraine headache switched between three of the CGRP mAbs types due to lack of efficacy of the original prescribed CGRP mAbs, specifically eptinezumab, erenumab, and galcanezumab. Fremanezumab was not included due to unavailability in the UAE. Galcanezumab and eptinezumab target the CGRP ligand (CGRP/L), while erenumab targets CGRP receptors (CGRP/R). The analysis of efficacy demonstrated that some improvements were seen in both class switch cohorts (CGRP/R to CGRP/L and CGRP/L to CGRP/R). The safety of switching between CGRP classes was well observed, as any adverse events presented before the class switch did not lead to the discontinuation of treatment following the later switch. The findings of this study suggest that switching between different classes of CGRP mAbs is a potentially safe and clinically viable practice that may have some applications for those experiencing side effects on their current CGRP mAb or those witnessing suboptimal response.

Acute Treatment of Migraine: Expert Consensus Statements from the United Arab Emirates (UAE).

INTRODUCTION: Migraine, characterized by recurrent headaches and often accompanied by other symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound, significantly impacts patients' quality of life (QoL) and daily functioning. The global burden of migraines is reflected not only in terms of reduced QoL but also in the form of increased healthcare costs and missed work or school days. While UAE (United Arab Emirates)-specific consensus-based recommendations for the effective use of preventive calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-based migraine therapies have been published previously, an absence of such regional guidance on the management of acute migraine represents a gap that needs to be urgently addressed. METHODS: A task force of eight neurologists from the UAE with expertise in migraine management conducted a comprehensive literature search and developed a set of expert statements on the management of acute migraine that were specific to the UAE context. To ensure diverse perspectives are considered, a Delphi panel comprising 16 neurologists plus the task force members was set up. Consensus was achieved using a modified Delphi survey method. Consensus was predefined as a median rating of 7 or higher without discordance (if > 25% of the Delphi panelists rate an expert statement as 3 or lower on the Likert scale). Expert statements achieving consensus were adopted. RESULTS: The Modified Delphi method was used successfully to achieve consensus on all nine expert statements drafted by the task force. These consensus statements aim to provide a comprehensive guide for UAE healthcare professionals in treating acute migraine. The statements cover all aspects of acute migraine treatment, including what goals to set, the timing of treatment, treatment strategy to use in case of inadequate response to triptans, safety aspects of combining gepants for acute attacks with preventive CGRP-based therapies, special population (pregnant and pediatric patients) considerations, and the management of the most bothersome symptoms (MBS). CONCLUSIONS: Adopting these consensus statements on the treatment of acute migraine can help enhance patient care, improve outcomes, and standardize treatment practices in the UAE. The collaborative effort of experts with diverse experiences in developing these consensus statements will strengthen the credibility and applicability of these statements to various healthcare settings in the country.

Consensus-Based Recommendations on the Use of CGRP-Based Therapies for Migraine Prevention in the UAE.

INTRODUCTION: Migraine is a common debilitating neurological disorder affecting a large proportion of the general population. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a 37-amino acid neuropeptide, plays a key role in the pathophysiology of migraine, and the development of therapies targeting the anti-CGRP pathway has revolutionized the field of migraine treatment. METHODS: An expert task force of neurologists in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) developed and critically assessed recommendations on the use of CGRP-based therapies in migraine treatment and management in the UAE, based on available published literature. A consensus was reached for each statement by means of an open-voting process, based on a predefined agreement level of at least 60%. RESULTS: The consensus recommendations advocate the need for guidelines for the appropriate use of CGRP-based therapies by defining patient cohorts and appropriate monitoring of therapeutic response as well as standardizing the initiation, assessment, and cessation of treatment. The consensus recommendations were primarily formulated on the basis of international studies, because of the limited availability of regional and local data. As such, they may also act as guidelines for global healthcare providers. CONCLUSIONS: These are the first consensus recommendations for the UAE that address the use of CGRP-based therapies in the treatment and management of migraine, integrating both clinical evidence and medical expertise to enhance clinical judgment and decision-making.

Effectiveness and Safety of Eptinezumab in Episodic and Chronic Migraine Headache in the UAE: A Retrospective Study.

INTRODUCTION: Eptinezumab is a humanized IgG1 immunoglobulin monoclonal antibody administered intravenously as a preventative migraine treatment. Previously conducted randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials exhibited significant reductions in monthly migraine frequency among adults experiencing episodic and chronic migraine. The present study seeks to expand upon the current findings and to evaluate eptinezumab's efficacy as a preventative treatment for chronic and episodic migraine patients in the United Arab Emirates. This study is intended to represent the first real-world evidence and will hopefully serve as a valuable complement to the existing literature on the subject. METHODS: This was a retrospective exploratory study. The participants included within the study were adult (≥ 18 years) patients diagnosed with either episodic or chronic migraine. Patients were categorized according to their history of previous preventative treatment failure. For the final assessment of treatment efficacy, we included only patients with a minimum of 6 months of clinical follow-up data. Patients were assessed at baseline for their monthly migraine frequency and assessed again at months 3 and 6. The primary objective was to evaluate the efficacy of eptinezumab in reducing migraine frequency among chronic and episodic migraine patients. RESULTS: A total of 100 participants were identified, of whom 53 completed the study protocol at month 6. Of the total, 40 (75.47%) were female, 46 (86.79%) were Emirati locals, and 16 (30.19%) were pharmaceutically naïve, having never tried any prior preventative therapy. Additionally, 25 (47.17%) patients met the criteria for chronic migraine (CM), whereas the remaining 28 (52.83%) were diagnosed with episodic migraine (EM). The baseline monthly migraine frequency (MMD) was 12.23 (4.97) days across all participants, 15.56 (3.97) for CM patients, and 9.25 (3.76) for EM patients; by month 6, these frequencies reduced to 3.66 (4.21), 4.76 (5.32), and 2.68 (2.61), respectively. Overall, 58.49% of those enrolled experienced > 75% reduction in MMD frequency by month 6. CONCLUSION: Patients enrolled in this trial experienced clinically significant reductions in MMD by month 6. Eptinezumab was well tolerated and with one AE of significance that led to discontinuation from the study.

A global survey on the attitudes of neurologists and psychiatrists about functional/psychogenic/dissociative/nonepileptic-seizures/attacks, in the search of its name.

PURPOSE: We conducted an observational study to investigate the opinions of neurologists and psychiatrists all around the world who are taking care of patients with seizures [epilepsy and functional seizures (FS)]. METHODS: Practicing neurologists and psychiatrists from around the world were invited to participate in an online survey. On 29th September 2022, an e-mail including a questionnaire was sent to the members of the International Research in Epilepsy (IR-Epil) Consortium. The study was closed on 1st March 2023. The survey, conducted in English, included questions about physicians' opinions about FS and anonymously collected data. RESULTS: In total, 1003 physicians from different regions of the world participated in the study. Both neurologists and psychiatrists identified "seizures" as their preferred term. Overall, the most preferred modifiers for "seizures" were "psychogenic" followed by "functional" by both groups. Most participants (57.9%) considered FS more difficult to treat compared to epilepsy. Both psychological and biological problems were considered as the underlying cause of FS by 61% of the respondents. Psychotherapy was considered the first treatment option for patients with FS (79.9%). CONCLUSION: Our study represents the first large-scale attempt of investigating physicians attitudes and opinions about a condition that is both frequent and clinically important. It shows that there is a broad spectrum of terms used by physicians to refer to FS. It also suggests that the biopsychosocial model has gained its status as a widely used framework to interpret and inform clinical practice on the management of patients.

Multicentre Observational Study of Treatment Satisfaction with Cladribine Tablets in the Management of Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis in the Arabian Gulf: The CLUE Study.

INTRODUCTION: Inconvenient administration and side effects of some disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) can deter adherence. We evaluated treatment satisfaction with cladribine tablets (CladT) for RMS in the Arabian Gulf. METHODS: This was a non-interventional, multicentre, prospective observational study in non-pregnant/lactating adults (aged ≥ 18 years) with RMS eligible for 1st treatment with CladT (EU labelling). The primary outcome was overall treatment satisfaction at 6 months (Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire for Medication [TSQM]-14, v. 1.4), Global Satisfaction subscale. Secondary endpoints were TSQM-14 scores for convenience, satisfaction with side effects and satisfaction with effectiveness. Patients provided written informed consent. RESULTS: Of 63 patients screened, 58 received CladT and 55 completed the study. Mean age was 33 ± 9 years; mean weight 73 ± 17 kg; 31% male/69% female; mostly from the United Arab Emirates (52%) or Kuwait (30%). All had RMS (mean 0.9 ± 1.1 relapses in the past year), mean Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 1.4 ± 1.2; 36% were DMT-naïve. Mean [95% CI] score was high for overall treatment satisfaction (77.8 [73.0-82.6]), ease of use (87.4 [83.7-91.0]), tolerability (94.2 [91.0-97.3]) and effectiveness (76.2 [71.6-80.7]). Scores were similar irrespective of DMT history, age, gender, relapse history or EDSS. No relapses or serious treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAE) occurred. Two severe TEAE occurred (fatigue, headache) and 16% reported lymphopenia (two cases of grade 3 lymphopenia). Absolute lymphocyte counts at baseline and 6 months were 2.2 ± 0.8 × 109/L and 1.3 ± 0.3 × 109/L, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment satisfaction, ease of use, tolerability and patient-perceived effectiveness for CladT were high, irrespective of baseline demographics, disease characteristics and prior treatment.

Commentary: Consensus Guidelines on the Appropriate Use of Brand-Name and Generic Anti-Seizure Medication for the Management of Epilepsy in the Gulf Region.

INTRODUCTION: The clinical, social, and economic burden of epilepsy is undeniable. Local guidance on epilepsy management is limited and needed to address the both use of anti-seizure medication (ASM) and switching practices which influence clinical outcomes. AREAS COVERED: An expert panel composed of practicing neurologists and epileptologists from countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) met in 2022 to discuss local challenges in the management of epilepsy and formulate recommendations for clinical practice. Published literature on the outcomes of ASM switching was reviewed along with clinical practice/gaps, international guidelines, and local treatment availabilities. EXPERT OPINION: Improper ASM use and inappropriate brand-name-to-generic or generic-to-generic switching can contribute to worsening clinical outcomes in epilepsy. ASMs should be used for the management of epilepsy based on patient clinical profile, underlying epilepsy syndrome, and drug availability to ensure optimal and sustainable treatment. Both first-generation and newer ASMs can be considered; appropriate use is recommended from the beginning of treatment. It is critical to avoid inappropriate ASM switching to avoid breakthrough seizures. All generic ASMs should fulfill strict regulatory requirements. If needed, ASM changes should always be approved by the treating physician. ASM switching (brand-name-to-generic, generic-to-generic, generic-to-brand-name) should be avoided in epilepsy patients who have achieved control but can be considered for those uncontrolled on current medication.

Perampanel for the treatment of people with idiopathic generalized epilepsy in clinical practice.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to evaluate perampanel (PER) when used under real-world conditions to treat people with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) included in the PERaMpanel pooled analysIs of effecTiveness and tolerability (PERMIT) study. METHODS: The multinational, retrospective, pooled analysis PERMIT explored the use of PER in people with focal and generalized epilepsy treated in clinical practice across 17 countries. This subgroup analysis included PERMIT participants with IGE. Time points for retention and effectiveness measurements were 3, 6, and 12 months (last observation carried forward, defined as "last visit," was also applied to effectiveness). Effectiveness was evaluated by seizure type (total seizures, generalized tonic-clonic seizures [GTCS], myoclonic seizures, absence seizures) and included ≥50% responder rate and seizure freedom rate (defined as no seizures since at least the previous visit). Safety/tolerability was monitored throughout PER treatment and evaluated by documenting the incidence of adverse events (AEs), including psychiatric AEs and those leading to treatment discontinuation. RESULTS: The Full Analysis Set included 544 people with IGE (51.9% women, mean age = 33.3 years, mean epilepsy duration = 18.1 years). At 3, 6, and 12 months, 92.4%, 85.5%, and 77.3% of participants were retained on PER treatment, respectively (Retention Population, n = 497). At the last visit, responder and seizure freedom rates were, respectively, 74.2% and 54.6% (total seizures), 81.2% and 61.5% (GTCS), 85.7% and 66.0% (myoclonic seizures), and 90.5% and 81.0% (absence seizures) (Effectiveness Population, n = 467). AEs occurred in 42.9% of patients and included irritability (9.6%), dizziness/vertigo (9.2%), and somnolence (6.3%) (Tolerability Population, n = 520). Treatment discontinuation due to AEs was 12.4% over 12 months. SIGNIFICANCE: This subgroup analysis of the PERMIT study demonstrated the effectiveness and good tolerability of PER in people with IGE when administered under everyday clinical practice conditions. These findings are in line with clinical trial evidence, supporting PER's use as broad-spectrum antiseizure medication for the treatment of IGE.

Physicians' beliefs about brain surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy: A global survey.

PURPOSE: To investigate the opinions of physicians about brain surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy worldwide. METHODS: Practicing neurologists, psychiatrists, and neurosurgeons from around the world were invited to participate in an online survey. The survey anonymously collected data about demographics, years in clinical practice, discipline, nation, work setting, and answers to the questions about beliefs and attitudes about brain surgery for drug-resistant epilepsy. RESULTS: In total, 1410 physicians from 20 countries and different world regions participated. The propensity to discuss brain surgery with patients, who have drug-resistant seizures, was higher among men (versus women) [Odds Ratio (OR) 1.67, 95% CI 1.20-2.31; p = 0.002]. In comparison to neurologists, psychiatrists were less likely (OR 0.28, 95% CI 0.17-0.47; p < 0.001) and neurosurgeons were more likely (OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.08-3.72; p = 0.028) to discuss about it. Survey participants working in Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and the Former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics showed a lower propensity to discuss epilepsy surgery with patients. CONCLUSION: This study showed that on an international level, there is still a knowledge gap concerning epilepsy surgery and much needs to be done to identify and overcome barriers to epilepsy surgery for patients with drug-resistant seizures worldwide.

Perampanel for the treatment of patients with myoclonic seizures in clinical practice: Evidence from the PERMIT study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effectiveness, safety and tolerability of perampanel (PER) in treating myoclonic seizures in clinical practice, using data from the PERaMpanel pooled analysIs of effecTiveness and tolerability (PERMIT) study. METHODS: PERMIT was a pooled analysis of 44 real-world studies from 17 countries, in which patients with focal and generalised epilepsy were treated with PER. This post-hoc analysis included patients with myoclonic seizures at baseline. Retention and effectiveness were assessed after 3, 6, and 12 months; effectiveness was additionally assessed at the last visit (last observation carried forward). Effectiveness assessments included responder rate (≥50% seizure frequency reduction from baseline) and seizure freedom rate (no seizures since at least the prior visit). Safety and tolerability were assessed by evaluating adverse events (AEs) and discontinuation due to AEs. RESULTS: 156 patients had myoclonic seizures (59.0% female; mean age, 32.1 years; idiopathic generalised epilepsy, 89.1%; Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy, 63.1%; monthly median myoclonic seizure frequency [interquartile range], 1.7 [1.0-10.0]; mean [standard deviation] prior antiseizure medications, 2.9 [2.6]). Retention was assessed for 133 patients (mean time, 12.1 months), effectiveness for 142, and safety/tolerability for 156. Responder and seizure freedom rates were, respectively, 89.5% and 68.8% at 12 months, and 85.9% and 63.4% at the last visit. Incidence of AEs was 46.8%, the most frequent being dizziness/vertigo (19.2%), irritability (18.6%) and somnolence (9.6%). AEs led to discontinuation of 14.0% of patients over 12 months. CONCLUSION: PER was associated with reduction in myoclonic seizure frequency in patients with myoclonic seizures treated in everyday clinical practice.

Real-world experience of erenumab in patients with chronic or episodic migraine in the UAE.

BACKGROUND: Erenumab is a fully human monoclonal antibody and a highly potent, first-in-class calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor inhibitor approved for migraine prevention in adults. Randomised, placebo-controlled trials show that erenumab treatment results in clinically meaningful responses, including significant reductions in monthly migraine days. Real-world evidence of the effectiveness of erenumab in patients with migraine is accruing, but gaps remain, and findings may vary according to region. We evaluated the usage patterns and effectiveness of erenumab in real-world settings in patients with migraine in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). METHODS: This retrospective, observational real-world study enrolled patients ≥ 18 years with migraine who were prescribed erenumab in the UAE. Data were collected at baseline and Months 1, 3 and 6. The primary study objective was to characterise usage patterns of erenumab in patients with chronic migraine (CM) or episodic migraine (EM) in real-world settings in the UAE. RESULTS: Of the 166 patients, 124 (74.7%) were females. The mean (standard deviation) age at migraine onset was 29 (7.93) years. Seventy-one patients (42.8%) had CM and 95 (57.2%) had EM. In the overall population, the mean monthly headache/migraine days (MHD) at baseline was 15.7 (8.45) and mean change from baseline was - 8.2 (8.83) at Month 1, - 11.0 (9.15) at Month 3 and - 11.3 (8.90) at Month 6. The mean change from baseline in monthly acute migraine-specific medication days (MSMD) was - 9.0 (8.07) at Month 1, - 9.7 (8.73) at Month 3 and - 10.7 (8.95) at Month 6. At all time points, most patients achieved at least 50% reduction in MHD (80%-91%) and MSMD (84%-94%). Similar reductions in MHD and MSMD and clinical benefit in CM or EM were seen with erenumab monotherapy or erenumab add-on therapy, with or without dose escalation and for treatment naïve or ≥ 1 previous preventive treatment failures, with additional clinical benefit in the erenumab add-on therapy and dose escalation to 140 mg subgroups. CONCLUSION: In this real-world study on erenumab use in the UAE, patients prescribed erenumab achieved clinically meaningful reductions in MHD and MSMD at all assessed time points. Erenumab was well tolerated with no new safety events.

Methodology for classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with list of syndromes: Report of the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions.

Epilepsy syndromes have been recognized for >50 years, as distinct electroclinical phenotypes with therapeutic and prognostic implications. Nonetheless, no formally accepted International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) classification of epilepsy syndromes has existed. The ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions was established to reach consensus regarding which entities fulfilled criteria for an epilepsy syndrome and to provide definitions for each syndrome. We defined an epilepsy syndrome as "a characteristic cluster of clinical and electroencephalographic features, often supported by specific etiological findings (structural, genetic, metabolic, immune, and infectious)." The diagnosis of a syndrome in an individual with epilepsy frequently carries prognostic and treatment implications. Syndromes often have age-dependent presentations and a range of specific comorbidities. This paper describes the guiding principles and process for syndrome identification in both children and adults, and the template of clinical data included for each syndrome. We divided syndromes into typical age at onset, and further characterized them based on seizure and epilepsy types and association with developmental and/or epileptic encephalopathy or progressive neurological deterioration. Definitions for each specific syndrome are contained within the corresponding position papers.

ILAE definition of the Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy Syndromes: Position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions.

In 2017, the International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) Classification of Epilepsies described the "genetic generalized epilepsies" (GGEs), which contained the "idiopathic generalized epilepsies" (IGEs). The goal of this paper is to delineate the four syndromes comprising the IGEs, namely childhood absence epilepsy, juvenile absence epilepsy, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy, and epilepsy with generalized tonic-clonic seizures alone. We provide updated diagnostic criteria for these IGE syndromes determined by the expert consensus opinion of the ILAE's Task Force on Nosology and Definitions (2017-2021) and international external experts outside our Task Force. We incorporate current knowledge from recent advances in genetic, imaging, and electroencephalographic studies, together with current terminology and classification of seizures and epilepsies. Patients that do not fulfill criteria for one of these syndromes, but that have one, or a combination, of the following generalized seizure types: absence, myoclonic, tonic-clonic and myoclonic-tonic-clonic seizures, with 2.5-5.5 Hz generalized spike-wave should be classified as having GGE. Recognizing these four IGE syndromes as a special grouping among the GGEs is helpful, as they carry prognostic and therapeutic implications.

International League Against Epilepsy classification and definition of epilepsy syndromes with onset at a variable age: position statement by the ILAE Task Force on Nosology and Definitions.

The goal of this paper is to provide updated diagnostic criteria for the epilepsy syndromes that have a variable age of onset, based on expert consensus of the International League Against Epilepsy Nosology and Definitions Taskforce (2017-2021). We use language consistent with current accepted epilepsy and seizure classifications and incorporate knowledge from advances in genetics, electroencephalography, and imaging. Our aim in delineating the epilepsy syndromes that present at a variable age is to aid diagnosis and to guide investigations for etiology and treatments for these patients.

Counseling about sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP): A global survey of neurologists' opinions.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the opinions and attitudes of neurologists on the counseling about sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) worldwide. METHODS: Practicing neurologists from around the world were invited to participate in an online survey. On February 18th, 2021, we emailed an invitation including a questionnaire (using Google-forms) to the lead neurologists from 50 countries. The survey anonymously collected the demographic data of the participants and answers to the questions about their opinions and attitudes toward counseling about SUDEP. RESULTS: In total, 1123 neurologists from 27 countries participated; 41.5% of the respondents reported they discuss the risk of SUDEP with patients and their care-givers only rarely. Specific subgroups of patients who should especially be told about this condition were considered to be those with poor antiseizure medication (ASM) adherence, frequent tonic-clonic seizures, or with drug-resistant epilepsy. The propensity to tell all patients with epilepsy (PWE) about SUDEP was higher among those with epilepsy fellowship. Having an epilepsy fellowship and working in an academic setting were factors associated with a comfortable discussion about SUDEP. There were significant differences between the world regions. CONCLUSION: Neurologists often do not discuss SUDEP with patients and their care-givers. While the results of this study may not be representative of practitioners in each country, it seems that there is a severe dissociation between the clinical significance of SUDEP and the amount of attention that is devoted to this matter in daily practice by many neurologists around the world.

Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: A pilot study on neurologists' knowledge and experience in the Eastern Mediterranean region.

Background- Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is an important concern in patients with epilepsy who are otherwise healthy. Current knowledge of SUDEP and attitudes of neurologists in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) towards discussing SUDEP with their patients remain unknown. Objective- We aimed at assessing knowledge, attitudes and factors affecting SUDEP discussion practices of neurologists practicing in the EMR. Methodology- An electronic and paper-based survey was sent to 350 neurologists practicing in the EMR. They were questioned about the frequency, timing, and factors affecting their willingness to initiate SUDEP discussion. We also included questions about perceived patient reactions towards SUDEP discussions and neurologists' preferred way to provide SUDEP information to their patients. Results- We received 132 responses from the 350 surveys sent out (response rate 37.7%). Our results showed that only 1.5% of the neurologists discussed SUDEP with "most" of their patients and their caregivers while 55.3% "rarely" or "never" discussed it. Factors such as additional epilepsy training and more years of clinical experience did not significantly affect the frequency of SUDEP discussion (p = 0.329, p = 0.728). A significant negative association between the number of patients seen per year and the frequency of SUDEP discussion was seen (P= 0.046). Based on their selection of known risk factors, 81% of neurologists were considered as having insufficient knowledge of SUDEP. The top three perceived reactions by the neurologists on SUDEP discussion were distress (74.2%), anxiety (70.5%) and depression (65.9%). Most neurologists initiated SUDEP discussion by themselves and preferred brochures/pamphlets, websites and training sessions to provide SUDEP information. Conclusion- Neurologists in the EMR rarely discuss SUDEP, and have limited knowledge about its risk factors. Upon discussing SUDEP, they overwhelmingly receive negative reactions but not always. Based on our findings, we believe an unintended knowledge gap exists on part of the neurologists. This, coupled with a lack of trained epilepsy nurses and patient education material in regional languages can also be attributed to poor SUDEP discussion practices in the EMR.

Position of Cladribine Tablets in the Management of Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: An Expert Narrative Review From the United Arab Emirates.

The use of immune reconstitution therapies (IRT) in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is associated with a prolonged period of freedom from relapses in the absence of continuously applied therapy. Cladribine tablets is a disease-modifying treatment (DMT) indicated for highly active relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS) as defined by clinical or imaging features. Treatment with cladribine tablets is effective and well tolerated in patients with active MS disease and have a low burden of monitoring during and following treatment. In this article, an expert group of specialist neurologists involved in the care of patients with MS in the United Arab Emirates provides their consensus recommendations for the practical use of cladribine tablets according to the presenting phenotype of patients with RRMS. The IRT approach may be especially useful for patients with highly active MS insufficiently responsive to treatment with a first-line DMT, those who are likely to adhere poorly to a continuous therapeutic regimen, treatment-naïve patients with high disease activity at first presentation, or patients planning a family who are prepared to wait until at least 6 months after the end of treatment. Information available to date does not suggest an adverse interaction between cladribine tablets and COVID-19 infection. Data are unavailable at this time regarding the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccination in patients treated with cladribine tablets. Robust immunological responses to COVID-19 infection or to other vaccines have been observed in patients receiving this treatment, and treatment with cladribine tablets per se should not represent a barrier to this vaccination.

Four-year survey of medically serious suicide attempters in Abu Dhabi.

BACKGROUND: It is well established that attempting suicide significantly increases a person's risk of completing suicide. The risk is considered to be particularly high in the first year after the attempt. Epidemiological information on suicide is scarce in the Middle East and the countries of the GCC region and there is a need to establish a reference point to measure future changes. AIMS: We examined the epidemiology of suicide attempters requiring inpatient care in Abu Dhabi to identify associated factors that could aid local suicide prevention strategies. METHODS: This 4-year (2011-2014) study of suicide attempters in the city of Abu Dhabi included all attempters assessed by the consultation-liaison team and admitted to the 3 main governmental general hospitals. RESULTS: We identified 364 suicide attempts with an annual incidence of 6 per 100 000 population. The mean age was 28.7 years. Females comprised 59.6% of the attempters and were more likely to be below age 30 years. Around 40% of the psychiatric diagnoses among attempters were related to stress and 17.9% to depression. Overdosing was the chosen method in 50.6% of the attempters, with 32.7% overdosing on paracetamol and females being more likely to use this method. Just over 13% of the attempters had made one previous attempt and 2.2% had made more than one. CONCLUSION: Females younger than 30 years were at higher risk of attempting suicide, with overdosing on paracetamol as the preferred method. Stress-related diagnoses were predominant in the attempters.