Machine learning predictive modeling of the persistence of post-Covid19 disorders: Loss of smell and taste as case studies.

The worldwide health crisis triggered by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) epidemic has resulted in an extensive variety of symptoms in people who have been infected, the most prevalent disorders of which are loss of smell and taste senses. In some patients, these disorders might occasionally last for several months and can strongly affect patients' quality of life. The COVID-19-related loss of taste and smell does not presently have a particular therapy. However, with the help of an early prediction of these disorders, healthcare providers can direct the patients to control these symptoms and prevent complications by following special procedures. The purpose of this research is to develop a machine learning (ML) model that can predict the occurrence and persistence of post-COVID-19-related loss of smell and taste abnormalities. In this study, we used our dataset to describe the symptoms, functioning, and disability of 413 verified COVID-19 patients. In order to prepare accurate classification models, we combined several ML algorithms, including logistic regression, k-nearest neighbors, support vector machine, random forest, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), and light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM). The accuracy of the loss of taste model was 91.5 % with an area-under-cure (AUC) of 0.94, and the accuracy of the loss of smell model was 95 % with an AUC of 0.97. Our proposed modelling framework can be utilized by hospitals experts to assess these post-COVID-19 disorders in the early stages, which supports the development of treatment strategies.

Investigating small sized metal blockage effects at 60 and 100 GHz using measurements and modeling approaches.

Millimeter wave (mmWave) technologies at 60 GHz and 100 GHz bands are currently gaining significant attention for its potential to meet the demanding needs of next-generation networks. These include ultra-high data rate, ultra-low latency, high spectral efficiency, and high end-to-end reliability. However, mmWave signals' blockage remains a critical issue that affects the reliability of mmWave at 60 GHz and at 100 GHz bands due to the significant attenuations induced by the blockers (BLs). Not only blockers that have the size of a human body or even larger can affect the signal, but also smaller objects with much narrower dimensions, as narrow as 4 cm, can severely affect the signal strength and introduce an attenuation that reaches up to 12 dB at 100 GHz. In this paper we have conducted new measurements and presented results for three small copper sheets at each frequency band, aiming to investigate the blockage effect of small-sized metal objects on signal strength at these two frequency bands. Also, we have examined the performance of the knife-edge diffraction (KED) blockage model of the third-generation partnership project (3GPP) standards body and its evolved version named the mmMAGIC blockage model in such scenarios. Furthermore, we investigated the applicability of the two blockage models in capturing the attenuation characteristics of other materials-such as wood and glass. Experimental results supported by numerical models have shown that the induced peak attenuations are 5(12) dB, 10(23) dB, 23(23) dB for 4 × 4 cm, 8 × 8 cm, 16 × 16 cm copper blockers, respectively, at 60(100) GHz mmWave bands. Also, we have shown that both the 3GPP and mmMAGIC simulation models fail to accurately capture the attenuation characteristics of materials other than copper. The findings of this work highlight the importance of considering the dimensions and types of blockages when deploying reliable mmWave and sub-THz communications.

Correction: Dual-band MIMO antenna with low mutual coupling for 2.4/5.8 GHz communication and wearable technologies.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0301924.].

Designing a Novel Hybrid Technique Based on Enhanced Performance Wideband Millimeter-Wave Antenna for Short-Range Communication.

This paper presents the design of a performance-improved 4-port multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna proposed for millimeter-wave applications, especially for short-range communication systems. The antenna exhibits compact size, simplified geometry, and low profile along with wide bandwidth, high gain, low coupling, and a low Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC). Initially, a single-element antenna was designed by the integration of rectangular and circular patch antennas with slots. The antenna is superimposed on a Roger RT/Duroid 6002 with total dimensions of 17 × 12 × 1.52 mm3. Afterward, a MIMO configuration is formed along with a novel decoupling structure comprising a parasitic patch and a Defected Ground Structure (DGS). The parasitic patch is made up of strip lines with a rectangular box in the center, which is filled with circular rings. On the other side, the DGS is made by a combination of etched slots, resulting in separate ground areas behind each MIMO element. The proposed structure not only reduces coupling from -17.25 to -44 dB but also improves gain from 9.25 to 11.9 dBi while improving the bandwidth from 26.5-30.5 GHz to 25.5-30.5 GHz. Moreover, the MIMO antenna offers good performance while offering strong MIMO performance parameters, including ECC, diversity gain (DG), channel capacity loss (CCL), and mean effective gain (MEG). Furthermore, a state-of-the-art comparison is provided that results in the overperforming results of the proposed antenna system as compared to already published work. The antenna prototype is also fabricated and tested to verify software-generated results obtained from the electromagnetic (EM) tool HFSS.

Dual-band MIMO antenna with low mutual coupling for 2.4/5.8 GHz communication and wearable technologies.

To satisfy the requirements of modern communication systems and wearables using 2.4/5.8 GHz band this paper presents a simple, compact, and dual-band solution. The antenna is extracted from a circular monopole by inserting various patches and stubs. The genetic algorithm is utilized to optimize the parameters and achieve the best possible results regarding bandwidth and gain. Afterward, a 2-port multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) configuration is created by positioning an identical second single element perpendicularly to the first one. The electrical size of the suggested MIMO configuration is 0.26 λL × 0.53 λL, where λL represents the free space wavelength at lower resonance of 2.45 GHz. The common ground technique is adopted to further reduce and achieve the accepted level of mutual coupling of the MIMO configuration. The presented MIMO antenna offers a low mutual coupling of < -27 dB with 0.2 envelope correlation coefficient (ECC). The antenna has a gain of around 6.2 dBi and 6.5 dBi at resonating frequencies of 2.45 GHz and 5.4 GHz. Furthermore, the specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis of the MIMO antenna offers a range inside of the standard values, showing its potential for On/Off body communications. The comparison with already published works shows that the proposed antenna achieves better results in either compact size or wide operational bandwidth along with low mutual coupling.

Compact MIMO UWB antenna integration with Ku band for advanced wireless communication applications.

This paper introduces a compact Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) Ultrawideband (UWB) antenna seamlessly integrated with the Ku band, tailored for wireless communication applications. The MIMO antenna employs octagonal radiators, crafted from a tapered microstrip line-fed rectangular patch, etched on an economically efficient FR4 substrate measuring 40 × 23 mm2. The octagonal configuration is achieved by introducing a rectangular patch to the central radiator, while parasitic stubs are strategically employed to mitigate coupling among MIMO elements. The antenna demonstrates an extensive operational bandwidth spanning 3.28-17.8 GHz, covering UWB, extended UWB, and Ku-band spectrums globally allocated for heterogeneous applications. With a peak gain of 4.93 dBi and an efficiency of 95.34%, the proposed MIMO antenna showcases superior performance. Key performance parameters, including a low envelope correlation coefficient (ECC) of 0.003 and a substantial diversity gain (DG) of 9.997 dB, are thoroughly analyzed. Comparative assessments against recent works validate the novelty and potential of the proposed antenna for integration into compact wireless systems. This study underscores the success of the antenna design in achieving a harmonious balance of compactness, wide operational bandwidth, and high performance, positioning it as a promising candidate for diverse wireless communication applications.

Design and performances improvement of an UWB antenna with DGS structure using a grey wolf optimization algorithm.

In this article, we propose the design of a rectangular-shaped patch antenna suitable for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications and short and long-range Millimeter-Wave Communications. We begin with the design of a high-gain UWB rectangular patch antenna featuring a partial ground plane and operating within the 3.1-10.6 GHz bandwidth. Complementary Split Ring Resonators (CSRRs) are integrated on both sides of the structure to meet desired specifications. The resulting UWB antenna boasts an extended frequency bandwidth, covering 2.38-22.5 GHz (twice that of the original antenna), with a peak gain of 6.5 dBi and an 88% radiation efficiency. The grey wolf optimization technique (GWO) determines optimal structural dimensions. Validation of the antenna's performance is demonstrated through the strong agreement between measurement and simulation.

Three-Dimensional Printed Annular Ring Aperture-Fed Antenna for Telecommunication and Biomedical Applications.

The design of the aperture-fed annular ring (AFAR) microstrip antenna is presented. This proposed design will ease the fabrication and usability of the 3D-printed and solderless 2D materials. This antenna consists of three layers: the patch, the slot within the ground plane as the power transfer medium, and the microstrip line as the feeding. The parameters of the proposed design are investigated using the finite element method FEM to achieve the 50 Ω impedance with the maximum front-to-back ratio of the radiation pattern. This study was performed based on four steps, each investigating one parameter at a time. These parameters were evaluated based on an initial design and prototype. The optimized design of 3D AFAR attained S11 around 17 dB with a front-to-back ratio of more than 30 dB and a gain of around 3.3 dBi. This design eases the process of using a manufacturing process that involves 3D-printed and 2D metallic materials for antenna applications.

Rotational Platform for Real-Time Localization for Active Implantable Medical Devices.

This paper presents a sensor based localization system to localize active implantable medical devices i.e., Wireless Capsule Endoscopy (WCE). The importance of localizing the capsule arises once the images from the capsule detect the abnormalities in the Gastrointestinal tract (GI). A successful system can determine the location that associated with the abnormality for further medical investigation or treatment. The system proposed in this paper comprises a rotational platform that consists of magnetic sensors to detect the position of the embedded magnet in the capsule. The rotational platform provides advantageousness in terms of reducing the number of the sensors and increasing the monitoring accuracy during the real time movement.

Analyzing the Performance of Millimeter Wave MIMO Antenna under Different Orientation of Unit Element.

In this paper, a compact and simplified geometry monopole antenna with high gain and wideband is introduced. The presented antenna incorporates a microstrip feedline and a circular patch with two circular rings of stubs, which are inserted into the reference circular patch antenna to enhance the bandwidth and return loss. Roger RT/Duroid 6002 is used as the material for the antenna, and has overall dimensions of WS × LS = 12 mm × 9 mm. Three designs of two-port MIMO configurations are derived from the reference unit element antenna. In the first design, the antenna element is placed parallel to the reference antenna, while in the second design, the element is placed orthogonal to the reference element of the antenna. In the third design, the antenna elements are adjusted to be opposite each other. In this study, we analyze the isolation between the MIMO elements with different arrangements of the elements. The MIMO configurations have dimensions of 15 mm × 26 mm for two of the cases and 15 mm × 28.75 mm for the third case. All three MIMO antennas are made using similar materials and have the same specifications as the single element antenna. Other significant MIMO parameters, including the envelope correlation coefficient (ECC), diversity gain (DG), channel capacity loss (CCL), and mean effective gain (MEG), are also researched. Additionally, the paper includes a table summarizing the assessment of this work in comparison to relevant literature. The results of this study indicate that the proposed antenna is well-suited for future millimeter wave applications operating at 28 GHz.

Mutual Coupling Reduction in Compact MIMO Antenna Operating on 28 GHz by Using Novel Decoupling Structure.

This article presents an antenna with compact and simple geometry and a low profile. Roger RT6002, with a 10 mm × 10 mm dimension, is utilized to engineer this work, offering a wideband and high gain. The antenna structure contains a patch of circular-shaped stubs and a circular stub and slot. These insertions are performed to improve the impedance bandwidth of the antenna. The antenna is investigated, and the results are analyzed in the commercially accessible electromagnetic (EM) software tool High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). Afterwards, a two-port multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna is engineered by orthogonalizing the second element to the first element. The antenna offers good value for mutual coupling of less than -20 dB. The decoupling structure or parasitic patch is placed between two MIMO elements for more refined mutual coupling of the proposed MIMO antenna. The resultant antenna offers mutual coupling of less than -32 dB. Moreover, other MIMO parameters like envelop correlation coefficient (ECC), mean effective gain (MEG), diversity gain (DG), and channel capacity loss (CCL) are also studied to recommend antennas for future applications. The hardware model is fabricated and tested to validate the results, which resembles software-generated results. Moreover, the comparison of outcomes and other important parameters is performed using published work. The outcome of this proposed work is performed using already published work. The outcomes and comparison make the presented design the best option for future 5G devices.

Single iterated fractal inspired UWB antenna with reconfigurable notch bands for compact electronics.

A simple, compact, and low-profile antenna operating over ultrawideband with high gain is presented in this manuscript. The antenna has dimensions of W × L = 19 mm × 21 mm and is placed on the rear side of the FR-4 substrate material. The antenna contains simple geometry, inspired from a circular fractals, which consists of a circular patch with a CPW feedline. The circular patch is loaded with two fractals patches at both top end of the substrate and the rectangular stub is loaded at the lower side, to improve the antenna's bandwidth. The constructed antenna offers a wide band of 3-13.5 GHz. The antenna geometry also contains three semicircular slots, which are etched to generate the notch bands. Each slot is etched step by step, giving notch bands at 3.9 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 8.1 GHz. In the final stage, two diodes are added to attain reconfiguration. The antenna offers moderate gain and high radiation efficiency. The hardware model of antenna is engineered to verify the simulated results. Moreover, the antenna is compared with other works in literature. The outcomes of the proposed antenna and comparison with the literature work make the suggested work the best candidate for future UWB portable devices.

Enhancing isolation performance of tilted Beam MIMO antenna for short-range millimeter wave applications.

The research paper discusses the detailed designing of a compact, simple, and low-profile antenna that provides several desirable features. The antenna is engineered by using a substrate material called Roger 6002, and its dimensions are 12 mm × 6 mm × 1.52 mm. The single antenna element achieves a wideband frequency coverage of 24-30.2 GHz and a high gain of 9 dBi. To enhance the antenna's capabilities, a two-port multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) configuration is employed by adding a second antenna element orthogonal to the first one. Although the operational band remains the same, the isolation between the two elements is found to be unsatisfactory. A C-shaped decoupling structure is established to address this issue, which effectively improves the isolation. Including the parasitic patch enhances the isolation from -18 dB to -29 dB. An antenna hardware sample is built and tested to validate the recommended work, and the outcomes are compared to the predicted results obtained from the software. The experimental and simulated data exhibit close agreement, confirming the accuracy of the design. Additionally, this outstanding performance in bandwidth and isolation compares with existing literature, presented in the form of a table. Various MIMO parameters are also examined, and it is found that they fall within acceptable ranges. The antenna demonstrates an Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC) of approximately 0.005 and a Diversity Gain (DG) of around 9.99 dB. The recommended antenna design is highly suitable for future miniature devices used in Internet of Things (IoT) applications.