Bioinspired Carbon Dots-Based Fluorescent Sensor for the Selective Determination of a Potent Anti-Inflammatory Drug in the Presence of Its Photodegradation Products.

Herein, we synthesized biogenic carbon dots (CDs) with blue-shifted maximum excitation (λex/λem of 320/404 nm) from largely wasted tangerine seeds for the first time via a one-step hydrothermal method. The biogenic CDs exhibit a maximum excitation wavelength that overlaps with the absorption spectrum of ketorolac tromethamine (KETO) at 320 nm. The developed CDs serve as a turn-off fluorescent probe via an inner filter effect (IFE) quenching mechanism. The resulting CDs have high quantum yield (QY) (39% ± 2.89%, n = 5) and exhibited great performance toward KETO over a concentration range of 0.50-16.00 µg/mL with a limit of detection (LOD) = 0.17 µg/mL. The nanoprobe achieved a high % recovery in assaying KETO in tablet dosage form and had not been significantly affected by various interferents including co-formulated and co-administered drugs. The nanoprobe shows selectivity toward KETO, even in the presence of its photocatalytic degradation products. It can effectively investigate the elimination of KETO from aquatic systems and test its stability in pharmaceutical preparations. The developed nanoprobe underwent a comprehensive evaluation of its environmental impact using analytical eco-scale (AES), complex green analytical procedure index (Complex GAPI), and the Analytical GREEnness calculator (AGREE). The sustainability of the developed nano sensor was assessed and compared to the reported metal-based quantum dots probe for KETO using the innovative RGB 12 model, considering 12 white analytical chemistry (WAC) perspectives.

Dual benefits of NBD-Cl fluorogenic action and sample pretreatment (SALLE) technology in the assessment of anticoagulant medication: Dabigatran in pharmaceutical capsules and plasma samples.

Dabigatran (DBG), marketed as Pradaxa, is an anticoagulant medication prescribed for the treatment and mitigation of blood clots and to lower the risk of stroke in individuals with the heart condition known as atrial fibrillation. This medication is specifically indicated for preventing blood clots post hip or knee replacement surgeries and in patients with a prior history of clots. Compared to warfarin, dabigatran serves as a viable alternative that does not necessitate routine blood monitoring tests. The complimentary benefits associated with SALL (salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction) and the fluorogenic capabilities of benzofurazan. These methods were combined to provide an affordable and sensitive DBG assaying method. The spectral strength of the yellow luminous product was examined at 533.8 nm and by adjustment of a wavelength of 474.7 nm for excitation. To assess its linearity, the calibration chart was tested across a DBG concentration range of 30-500 ng/ml. Via accurate computation based on ICH, the detection limit (LD) was determined to be 9.5 ng/ml, and the strategy can quantify the DBG to a limit of 28 ng/ml. To ensure success, various crucial parameters for method implementation have been extensively studied and adapted. The validation of the strategy adhered to the policies outlined by ICH, affirming its precision in quantifying DBG in capsules. Furthermore, the inclusion of SALLE steps facilitated accurate monitoring of DBG in plasma samples, introducing a unique and advanced methodology for analyzing this compound in biological samples.

Assessment of the impact of social media addiction on psychosocial behaviour like depression, stress, and anxiety in working professionals.

OBJECTIVE: Social media (SM), with its addictive nature and the accompanying psychosocial challenges such as stress, anxiety, and depression, is the primary factor exacerbating mental health problems and adversely impacting individuals' wellbeing. Our study's goal was to determine how SM affects employees' psychosocial behaviours and assess the various factors that contributed to the employee's excessive use of SM. METHODS: A cross-sectional correlational analysis was conducted. Using a relevant questionnaire on employees, the study was assessed to establish the relationship or association between SM addiction and psychosocial disorders like depression, anxiety, and stress. 200 people with a minimum age of 24 were enrolled in the study. The questionnaire contained the social networking addiction scale (SNAS) and the depression, anxiety, and stress-21 (DASS-21) scales; the data were statistically assessed. RESULTS: The association between SM addiction and psychosocial behaviours has been examined using statistical tools including descriptive statistics and the Chi-square analysis. SM addiction has a strong, statistically significant correlation with depression (p = 0.001), stress (p = 0.001), and anxiety (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: This study discovered a connection between SM use and depression, stress, and anxiety among working employees, raising questions regarding worries about overuse and addiction to SM. Various factors influencing excessive usage included revealed that employees also majorly over used SM for entertainment, boredom avoidance, constant knowledge sharing, and relationship-building.

Comparing the Greenness and Validation Metrics of Traditional and Eco-Friendly Stability-Indicating HPTLC Methods for Ertugliflozin Determination.

The literature does not provide any "high-performance thin-layer chromatographic (HPTLC)" techniques for the determination of a novel antidiabetic medicine, ertugliflozin (ERZ). Additionally, there are not many environmentally friendly analytical methods for ERZ measurement in the literature. A rapid, sensitive, and eco-friendly reversed-phase-HPTLC (RP-HPTLC) method was designed and validated in an attempt to analyze ERZ in marketed pharmaceutical tablets more precisely, accurately, and sustainably over the traditional normal-phase HPTLC (NP-HPTLC) method. The stationary phases used in the NP- and RP-HPTLC procedures were silica gel 60 NP-18F254S and 60 RP-18F254S plates, respectively. For NP-HPTLC, a chloroform/methanol (85:15 v/v) mobile phase was used. However, ethanol-water (80:20 v/v) was the preferred method for RP-HPTLC. Four distinct methodologies, including the National Environmental Method Index (NEMI), Analytical Eco-Scale (AES), ChlorTox, and Analytical GREEnness (AGREE) approaches, were used to evaluate the greenness of both procedures. For both approaches, ERZ detection was carried out at 199 nm. Using the NP- and RP-HPTLC techniques, the ERZ measurement was linear in the 50-600 and 25-1200 ng/band ranges. The RP-HPTLC method was found to be more robust, accurate, precise, linear, sensitive, and eco-friendly compared to the NP-HPTLC approach. The results of four greenness tools demonstrated that the RP strategy was greener than the NP strategy and all other reported HPLC techniques. The fact that both techniques can assess ERZ when its degradation products are present implies that they both have characteristics that point to stability-indicating features. 87.41 and 99.28%, respectively, were the assay results for ERZ in commercial tablets when utilizing the NP and RP procedures. Based on several validation and greenness metrics, it was determined that the RP-HPTLC approach was better than the NP-HPTLC method. As a result, it is possible to determine ERZ in pharmaceutical products using the RP-HPTLC approach.

Development of topical silver nano gel formulation of Bixin: Characterization, and evaluation of anticancer activity.

Objective: Skin cancer refers to the pathological condition characterized by the proliferation of atypical skin cells in an uncontrolled manner. Plant-based products such as bixin although show promising anticancer properties, but maintaining their stability in a formulation is a difficult task. The objective of the research is to formulate a silver nanoparticle gel preparation of bixin and evaluate its anticancer properties. Methods: The extract from Bixa orellana seed was prepared by hot extraction technique to isolate the active ingredient, bixin. A green synthesis approach was utilized for preparing the silver nanoparticle gel of bixin (BOAgNPs). Characterization of silver nanoparticles was done using FTIR, scanning electron microscopy, compatibility study, homogeneity testing, pH evaluation, and drug content determination. The in-vitro anticancer activity was performed using cell lines (B16F10) and in-vivo by chemical carcinogen (7,12-dimethylbenz (a) anthracene) in mice. Results: The BOAgNPs-loaded topical gel was found to be homogeneous (clear orange color) and pH-compatible (pH ≈ 6.66) with the skin. The characterization studies indicated the presence of all functional groups in the formulation. An optimized batch of bixin-nano gel showed about 60% inhibitory effects on B16F10 cell lines (in-vitro activity) when equated with a reference drug, 5-fluorouracil. The in-vivo anticancer study suggested suppression of tumorigenesis and promotion of the healing process with bixin-nano gel application on the skin. Conclusion: The results suggested the promising anticancer property of bixin when formulated in silver nanoparticle gel. The preparation of silver particles nano gel with bixin might provide an effective alternative option for treating skin cancers, provided more research complements the findings of the present study.

A highly sensitive first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric approach for the simultaneous analysis of the anti-breast cancer co-administered drugs, letrozole and tramadol in dosage forms and human plasma at nanogram levels.

Letrozole is an anticancer medication prescribed for the management of estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer in postmenopausal women. Chronic pain is prevalent in patients receiving chemotherapy, leading to the use of adjuvant analgesics such as tramadol. This work introduces the first analytical approach for the concurrent quantification of letrozole and tramadol, two co-administered drugs, employing a rapid, highly sensitive, eco-friendly, and cost-effective first derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetric technique. The fluorescence of tramadol and letrozole was measured at wavelengths of 235.9 nm and 241.9 nm, respectively using a wavelength difference (Δλ) of 60.0 nm. The developed approach demonstrated exceptional linearity (r ˃ 0.999) within the specified concentration ranges for tramadol (10.0-1200.0 ng/mL) and letrozole (1.0-140.0 ng/mL). The results demonstrated that the proposed technique exhibits a high level of sensitivity, with detection limits of 0.569 and 0.143 ng/mL for tramadol and letrozole, respectively, indicating the good bioanalytical applicability. The within-run precisions, both intra-day and inter-day, for both analytes, were less than 0.71 % RSD. The developed approach was effectively applied to simultaneously estimate the mentioned drugs in their tablets and human plasma samples, achieving high percentage recoveries and low % RSD values. In order to assess the environmental sustainability of the developed approach, Analytical GREEnnessNNESS (AGREE) and the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) metric tools were employed. Both tools revealed that the developed approach is excellent green, suggesting its usage as an environmentally-friendly alternative for the routine assayof the investigated pharmaceuticals. The developed approach was validated according to the ICHQ2 (R1) requirements.

Correction: Zaman et al. Synthesis and Evaluation of Thiol-Conjugated Poloxamer and Its Pharmaceutical Applications. Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 693.

In the original publication, there was a mistake in one author name, Mohammed Alasmari should be Mohammed S [...].

An ingenious technique based on the usage of fluorone-based dye; pyrosin B in prucalopride assay in different matrices through an "on-off" dye native fluorescence probe.

Prucalopride (PCD), is a modern medication approved by the United States in 2018 to alleviate constipation caused by motility issues. PCD demonstrates a strong affinity and selectivity toward the 5-HT4 receptor. The study here introduces a feasible, direct, non-extractive, and affordable pathway for PCD analytical tracking. The fluorimetric study is based on the on-off effect on the emission amplitude of fluorone-based dye (pyrosin B). In a one-pot experiment, the complex between PCD and pyrosin B is formed instantly in an acidic medium. Correlation between decreased pyrosin B emission and PCD concentrations provides a linear calibration plot from 50 to 900 ng/mL. PCD-dye complex system affecting variables were meticulously tuned. The values of the estimated limit of quantitation and limit of detection for the current methodology were 47.5 and 15.7 ng/mL, respectively. Conformity of the strategy validity was achieved by a comprehensive study of the International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use criteria. The method was convincingly applied for PCD assay in tablets and content uniformity investigation. Furthermore, PCD tracking in the spiked biological fluid was applied. Finally, the method uses distilled water as dispersing medium which rise accommodation with the green chemistry principle.

Facile and green chemistry-compatible fluorescence spectroscopic applications of acid red 87 used to evaluate eletriptan, antimigraine, in its pharmaceutical and biological samples.

Eletriptan (ETR), a selective pharmaceutical agent agonist of the 5-hydroxytryptamine1 receptor subtype, are primarily used to treat acute migraine attacks. ETR is a triptan-class medication that works by narrowing cerebral blood vessels and reducing chemicals that produce headache pain, light and sound sensitivity, and nausea. Due to its effectiveness in reducing migraine symptoms, it is a worthwhile choice for those looking for quick and efficient treatment. A green, raid, one-pot and straightforward fluorescence spectrometric method was employed to evaluate ETR in tablets and biological samples. By introducing the ETR drug and the fluorescent ligand, Acid red 87, in an acidic buffer, a quenching of the ligand native fluorescent was promptly produced. The quenching action was simply attributed to the selective ion-pair complex generation between the cationic target and the selected ligand. An increase in ETR concentration was linearly proportional to the quenching response in the 50.0 - 500.0 ng/mL range. The optimal configurations for adjusting the system's variable parameters were determined by examining the ETR-Acid red 87 system's response. Additionally, the sensor that was developed met the standards set by the International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use. The sensitivity thresholds of the approach were 13.8 and 42.0 ng/mL for the detection and quantification parameters, respectively, LOD and LOQ. This approach proficiently evaluated the pharmaceutical and biological samples of ETR. Finally, the proposed approach not only simplifies the analysis process but also limits the badimpact on the environment, making it a promising technique for analytical applications.

Depression in persons with disabilities: a scoping review.

Individuals with disabilities are more vulnerable to depression development than the general population. This study sought to map the evidence on current knowledge of depression, intervention strategies, and assessment tools among people with disabilities. This review was conducted following Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review methodology framework. An electronic search was performed on four English databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. The original search returned 1802 results, with 1,116 from Web of Science, 626 from PubMed, 25 from Cochrane, and 35 from PsycINFO. After removing duplicates, 786 articles were chosen for the title and abstract screening processes. Finally, 112 full-text publications were deemed eligible, with 41 papers being included in this scoping review for analysis. A large proportion (32; 78.04%) of the studies chosen were cross-sectional, 14 (34.14%) of them reported general disability, 12 (29.26%) used a patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) to measure depression, and 14 (34.14%) had interventions, including cognitive behavioral therapy, psychological counseling, social support, and physical activity. All interventions successfully reduced the severity of the depression. Cognitive behavioral therapies and psychological counseling were widely used interventions that had a significant impact on reducing depression. More randomized controlled trials are required, and they should focus on individuals with specific disabilities to provide disability-specific care that can improve the quality of life for disabled individuals.

Formulation of silymarin surface modified vesicles: In vitro characterization to cell viability assessment.

Silymarin (SLR) is a poorly water-soluble bioactive compound with a wide range of therapeutic activities. Nanosized silymarin vesicles (F1-F6) were prepared by the solvent evaporation rehydration method. The silymarin vesicles were evaluated for vesicle size, surface charge, entrapment efficiency, and drug release studies. The optimized SLR lipid vesicle (F3) was further modified with the addition of the cationic polymer chitosan. After that, the modified vesicle (F3C1) was assessed for permeation flux, antimicrobial activity, cell viability, and molecular docking studies. The silymarin vesicles showed nanometric size (<250 nm), low polydispersibility index (<0.05), negative surface charge, and high SLR entrapment (85-95 %). The drug release study result demonstrated a maximum drug release of 91.2 ± 2.8 %. After adding chitosan to the surface, there was a significant change in the size, polydispersibility index, surface charge (positive), and encapsulation efficiency. The drug release was found to be prolonged, and the permeation flux was also increased in comparison to free SLR. A comparative antimicrobial result was observed in comparison to the free SLR and standard drug. The cell viability assay also demonstrated a low IC50 value for F3C1 against the cell line.

Dissolution enhancement of Gefitinib by solid dispersion and complexation with ß-cyclodextrins: In vitro testing, cytotoxic activity, and tablet formulation.

Cancer is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. In patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is often overexpressed. Gefitinib (GEF), an inhibitor of EGFR, is approved for the treatment of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the low solubility and dissolution of GEF limits its bioavailability. Numerous methods, including solid dispersion (SD) and complexation, have been reported to enhance the dissolution of poorly soluble drugs. In this study, GEF complexes were prepared using methyl-ß-cyclodextrin (MßCD) and hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPßCD) in two molar ratios (1:1 and 1:2), furthermore, GEF SDs were prepared using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and poloxamer-188(PXM) in three different ratios (1:2, 1:4 and 1:6 w/w). Dissolution studies were conducted on the prepared formulations. Dissolution results showed a 1.22-2.17-fold enhancement in drug dissolution after one hour compared to untreated GEF. Two formulations that showed higher dissolution enhancement were subsequently evaluated for in-vitro cytotoxicity and were formulated into tablets. The selected PVP-GEF (1:4 w/w) and MßCD-GEF (1:1M) formulas displayed improved cytotoxicity compared to untreated GEF. The IC50 values of the PVP-GEF and MßCD-GEF were 4.33 ± 0.66 and 4.84 ± 0.38 µM, respectively which are significantly lower (p < 0.05) than free GEF. In addition, the formulated tablets exhibited enhanced dissolution compared to pure GEF tablets. PVP-GEF SD tablets released (35.1 %±0.4) of GEF after one hour, while GEF-MßCD tablets released (42.2 % ± 0.7) after one hour. In the meantime, tablets containing pure GEF showed only 15 % ± 0.5 release at the same time. The findings of this study offer valuable insights for optimizing the dissolution and hence therapeutic capabilities of GEF while mitigating its limitations.

The clinical and radiological features and prevalence of Neuro-Behçet's Disease: A retrospective cohort multicenter study in Saudi Arabia.

BACKGROUND: Neuro-Behçet's disease (NBD) is defined as primary neurological involvement in patients with systemic symptoms of BD. The variety of clinical presentations seen in NBD and the long list of similar conditions make diagnosis challenging. This retrospective study aimed to estimate the prevalence and describe neurological involvement in patients with Behçet's disease who presented to King Abdulaziz Medical Cities in Jeddah and Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. METHODS: This was a retrospective, cohort study which utilized a non-probability consecutive sampling technique to include all patients diagnosed with NBD patients. All patients with BD (215) were screened for neurological symptoms. Thirty-five patients were found to be diagnosed with NBD. Outcomes were estimated using the modified Rankin scale (mRS). RESULTS: In our cohort, one in six patients with BD was diagnosed with NBD. A total of 35 patients were diagnosed with NBD (mean age 27.56 ± 10.36 years; [2.88:1; Male: Female]). The main clinical features of NBD were headaches, weakness, unsteadiness, and dysarthria. The most commonly involved sites on imaging were the brainstem, diencephalon, cerebellum and basal ganglia. Oligocolonal bands were negative in all patients. Maintenance therapy most commonly included oral corticosteroids, azathioprine, and/or infliximab. Most patients received pulse corticosteroids alone when presenting with acute relapse. Half of our cohort was asymptomatic and three in four had favorable outcomes. CONCLUSION: NBD is common among patients with BD in our population with most patients having favorable outcomes. Patients might have a wide array of symptoms which might make the diagnosis challenging.

Deciphering the correlation of depression, quality of life, and COVID-19 challenges in people with disability: A Saudi Arabian perspective.

BACKGROUND: Disability is a serious health issue that can have a significant impact on both physical and mental health. This study attempted to investigate the relationship between depression, quality of life (QOL), and COVID-19 challenges faced by people with disabilities (PwD) from Saudi Arabia. METHODS: A structured interview questionnaire to measure QOL (WHOQOL-BREF) and depression (PHQ-9) was used to conduct a cross-sectional study among PwDs in Saudi Arabia. Binary regression analysis was done using SPSS-IBM and predictors for depression, quality of life and COVID-19 challenges were determined. RESULTS: Of the 111 study samples, two-thirds were male (67.6%), with only one-third employed (34.2%). Most of them (70%) reported moderate to severe disability-related difficulties. Only 28.8% of the samples were satisfied with the physical health domain of the quality of life, whereas 31.5%, 44.1%, and 50.5% were satisfied with the psychological, social, and environmental health domains, respectively. Approximately 62% of the participants had been diagnosed with depression. A significantly higher percentage of participants who had not received COVID-19 vaccination were depressed (P = 0.011), whereas the depression rate was lower among those who received three or four doses of vaccination (P = 0.006). Depression is 4.1 times more likely in people with comorbidities, and disability with increased difficulty (OR: 4.266). Furthermore, vaccinated people had a 5.3-fold higher chance of developing satisfactory QOL. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the type, cause, or duration of disability, the degree of difficulty is a strong predictor of depression and a decrease in quality of life. A multidisciplinary approach is needed to improve the well-being of people with disabilities.

Integration of a facile sustainable resonance Rayleigh scattering switchable-based system for feasible determination of centrophenoxine, a nootropic and antioxidant agent; application to crude materials and dosage forms.

The proposed research adheres to a certain methodology to ensure that the technique used for analyzing the centrophenoxine drug is sustainable and green. It is important to highlight that several tools that have been recently developed were utilized as potential indicators of environmental sustainability and applicability. The present research presents a novel and entirely innovative method utilizing ultrasensitive spectrofluorimetry for the detection of centrophenoxine (CPX) drug. The employed methodology in this study involved the utilization of one-step, one-pot, and direct spectrofluorimetric technique, which was found to be both efficient and environmentally sustainable in the validation and assessment of the drug. Simply, when CPX and erythrosine B reagent were combined in an acidic environment, the highly resonance Rayleigh scattering product was immediately produced. The sensitivity limits were observed to be within the range of 15-47 ng mL-1, whereas the linearity was assessed to be in the range of 50-2000 ng mL-1. The optimal settings for all modifiable parameters of the system were ascertained through an analysis of centrophenoxine-erythrosine B complexes. Moreover, the system demonstrated compliance with International Council for Harmonization (ICH) specifications without encountering any issues. The suggested process was then rated on different recent environmental safety measuring metrics to see how good it was for the environment. Fortunately, the WAC standards that combine ecological and functional elements utilizing the Green/Red/Blue (RGB 12) design also acclaimed the current analytical technique as a white one. Additionally, a new applicability evaluation tool (BAGI) was employed to estimate the practicability of the planned method in the analytical chemistry field.

Synergistic utility of NBD-Cl fluorogenic loading activity and salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction as sample pretreatment in rasagiline tracking in different matrices.

A typical drug used to treat Parkinson's disease is called rasagiline. It belongs to an assortment of drugs known as monoamine oxidase inhibitors, which function by raising dopamine levels in the brain. This work created a unique spectrofluorimetric method for the analytical assay of rasagiline for the first time. The approach utilized the synergistic utility of the fluorogenic properties of benzofurazan and salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction. By combining these techniques an ultrasensitive, and highly selective methodology for the assay of rasagiline was established. Measurements were made of the resultant yellow fluorescent product at 533 nm by applying an excitation wavelength of 475.3 nm. The calibration graph was examined to assess its linearity across a range of 30-600 ng/ml. Through estimation, the limit of detection was discovered to be 8.9 ng/ml, while the quantitation limit was estimated to be 27 ng/ml. All relevant parameters influencing the fulfillment of the developed method were thoroughly examined and tuned. Following the directives set by the (ICH) the suggested approach was confirmed and demonstrated its capability for the accurate determination of rasagiline in tablets, as well as for testing content uniformity. The incorporation of salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction technology enables effective tracking of rasagiline in plasma samples, providing a novel and innovative approach for its analysis in biological matrices.

Bio-study: Modeling of natural nanomolecules as a nanocarrier surface for antioxidant and glucose biosensor.

The nature of nano molecules as a self-assembled nanocomposite surface depends on the nanoparticles of sodium butyrate, cellulose, and pycnogenol; the synthesis is achieved via precipitation and grinding methods. The excellent functionalized surface of nanocomposite (NCP) enables the loading of the selected drugs, where the efficiency of the NCP surface arrived at 92.2 %. The electrochemical behavior emphasized the success of a functionalized NCP surface for incorporation with drugs for the drug delivery system, the results of cytotoxicity detect the effect of NCP on the mouse normal liver (BNL) cells, where the high and low concentrations on the BNL cells have a safe dose. Cell viability with BNL cells was reported at 101.8 % with10 µL and 100.12 % with 100 µL, the interaction between the NCP and the human serum albumin (HSA) at room temperature. The low interaction rate with the glutamate and increased binding with the oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and reduced glutathione (SGH) reflect the antioxidant activity of NCP. The strong binding of NCP with biomolecules such as glucose is referred to as the biosensor property. The results recommend that NCP is an excellent nanocarrier for drug delivery and glucose biosensors for diabetes.

An insight into the role of experimental parameters in advanced oxidation process applied for pharmaceutical degradation.

The advanced oxidation process (AOP) is an efficient method to treat recalcitrance pollutants such as pharmaceutical compounds. The essential physicochemical factors in AOP experiments significantly influence the efficiency, speed, cost, and safety of byproducts of the treatment process. In this review, we collected recent articles that investigated the elimination of pharmaceutical compounds by various AOP systems in a water medium, and then we provide an overview of AOP systems, the formation mechanisms of active radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS), and their detection methods. Then, we discussed the role of the main physicochemical parameters (pH, chemical interference, temperature, catalyst, pollutant concentration, and oxidant concentration) in a critical way. We gained insight into the most frequent scenarios for the proper and improper physicochemical parameters for the degradation of pharmaceutical compounds. Also, we mentioned the main factors that restrict the application of AOP systems in a commercial way. We demonstrated that a proper adjustment of AOP experimental parameters resulted in promoting the treatment performance, decreasing the treatment cost and the treatment operation time, increasing the safeness of the system products, and improving the reaction stoichiometric efficiency. The outcomes of this review will be beneficial for future AOP applicants to improve the pharmaceutical compound treatment by providing a deeper understanding of the role of the parameters. In addition, the proper application of physicochemical parameters in AOP systems acts to track the sustainable development goals (SDGs).

Self-assembling Organogels Loaded with Tenoxicam for Local Intensive Pain and Inflammation Cure: In Vitro and In Vivo Correlation.

Due to tenoxicam (TX)'s poor aqueous solubility (0.072 mg/ml), it is poorly absorbable in the GIT, and the long-term oral administration of TX may cause severe GIT disturbances. Topical administration of TX can help in bypassing the GIT adverse effects. Therefore, in the present work, we constructed different pluronic/lecithin organogels (PLOs) for topical delivery of TX. PLO was constructed simply via direct mixing of an aqueous pluronic solution with lecithin solution. The prepared PLO formulations were characterized for their physicochemical properties including pH, drug content, visual inspection, viscosity, and spreadability. Also, the in vitro release and kinetic studies were carried out to investigate the mechanism of drug release. Moreover, the in vivo studies were carried out by investigating the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities using albino male rats. The results showed that the modified PLOs have good physicochemical properties. The viscosity of the modified gels is a direct proportionality with both lecithin and pluronic concentrations. Also, subsequently, the drug release rate is directly proportional to gel viscosity. Moreover, the in vivo studies showed that the modified PLOs (F19) showed a significant ( < 0.05%) paw edema inhibition and pain analgesia compared with other investigated groups. Also, the results indicated that the increase in dose is accompanied by higher activity and a longer duration of action which extended to 12 h. Hence, the modified PLOs are promising safe candidates or vehicles for effective TX loading with sustained delivery behavior.

Utilization of Waste Eggshell Powder as an Excipient for Vitamin D3 Tablet Preparation.

Keeping in mind the health scenario in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia with respect to vitamin D3 (VD3) deficiency and its significant role in calcium homeostasis and human metabolism, this research is exploring the combination of eggshell (as a source of calcium) and VD3 as a very economical solution for this problem. Eggshells from local restaurant were collected, washed, ground, sieved, and characterized by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) techniques. The results of FTIR, SEM, DSC, XRD, and BET indicate that eggshell powder (ESP) was properly processed. Directly compressed tablets containing 2.5 mg of VD3 (equivalent to 50,000 IU), that are based on the use of ESP as tablet filler, were manufactured based on mixing Avicel PH 101 with ESP in different ratios (9:1, 1:1, and 1:9) in addition to the use of both Avicel PH 101 and ESP alone as tablet filler. Tablets properties were evaluated according to USP30-NF25 pharmacopoeia tests in terms of weight variation test, drug content uniformity, tablet hardness, tablet friability, tablet disintegration, and in vitro dissolution profile. The VD3 contents were found to be 98.77-102.35% in all formulations. After 90 min of study, all formulations showed in vitro drug release content in the range of 99.29-101.05%. All of the tested parameters of ESP tablets were similar to those of commercial Avicel PH 101. All of the tested properties of tablets with ESP as a filler were found to be within the acceptable limits of the pharmacopeia recommendations. Therefore, ESP could be exploited for its use as a filler in direct compression tablets.