Non-reciprocity in photon polarization based on direction of polarizer under gravitational fields.

Unification of gravity with quantum mechanics is still a terra incognita. Photon polarization measurements offer a unique window for probing the interaction between these two fundamental forces. We have revealed that non-reciprocity in the photon polarization angle can arise by tailoring the quantization axis, which corresponds to the direction of polarizer. Due to this non-reciprocity, the measured polarization angle can become ten times larger than that of gravitationally induced frame rotation in both near-Earth and black hole environments. To verify this finding, we propose an astronomical interferometer composed of satellites with the tailored quantization axis, challenging the conventional view of their triviality in closed paths of a photon. Notably, this non-reciprocity can extend to any rotation in the polarization plane, irrespective of the origins, all of which can dictate polarization rotation. Our findings could offer new opportunities for testing fundamental principles in physics.

Quantum-Walk-Inspired Dynamic Adiabatic Local Search.

We investigate the irreconcilability issue that arises when translating the search algorithm from the Continuous Time Quantum Walk (CTQW) framework to the Adiabatic Quantum Computing (AQC) framework. For the AQC formulation to evolve along the same path as the CTQW, it requires a constant energy gap in the Hamiltonian throughout the AQC schedule. To resolve the constant gap issue, we modify the CTQW-inspired AQC catalyst Hamiltonian from an XZ operator to a Z oracle operator. Through simulation, we demonstrate that the total running time for the proposed approach for AQC with the modified catalyst Hamiltonian remains optimal as CTQW. Inspired by this solution, we further investigate adaptive scheduling for the catalyst Hamiltonian and its coefficient function in the adiabatic path of Grover-inspired AQC to improve the adiabatic local search.

A Differential-Geometric Approach to Quantum Ignorance Consistent with Entropic Properties of Statistical Mechanics.

In this paper, we construct the metric tensor and volume for the manifold of purifications associated with an arbitrary reduced density operator ρS. We also define a quantum coarse-graining (CG) to study the volume where macrostates are the manifolds of purifications, which we call surfaces of ignorance (SOI), and microstates are the purifications of ρS. In this context, the volume functions as a multiplicity of the macrostates that quantifies the amount of information missing from ρS. Using examples where the SOI are generated using representations of SU(2), SO(3), and SO(N), we show two features of the CG: (1) A system beginning in an atypical macrostate of smaller volume evolves to macrostates of greater volume until it reaches the equilibrium macrostate in a process in which the system and environment become strictly more entangled, and (2) the equilibrium macrostate takes up the vast majority of the coarse-grained space especially as the dimension of the total system becomes large. Here, the equilibrium macrostate corresponds to a maximum entanglement between the system and the environment. To demonstrate feature (1) for the examples considered, we show that the volume behaves like the von Neumann entropy in that it is zero for pure states, maximal for maximally mixed states, and is a concave function with respect to the purity of ρS. These two features are essential to typicality arguments regarding thermalization and Boltzmann's original CG.

Negativity vs. purity and entropy in witnessing entanglement.

In this paper, we explore the value of measures of mixedness in witnessing entanglement. While all measures of mixedness may be used to witness entanglement, we show that all such entangled states must have a negative partial transpose (NPT). Where the experimental resources needed to determine this negativity scale poorly at high dimension, we compare different measures of mixedness over both Haar-uniform and uniform-purity ensembles of joint quantum states at varying dimension to gauge their relative success at witnessing entanglement. In doing so, we find that comparing joint and marginal purities is overwhelmingly (albeit not exclusively) more successful at identifying entanglement than comparing joint and marginal von Neumann entropies, in spite of requiring fewer resources. We conclude by showing how our results impact the fundamental relationship between correlation and entanglement and related witnesses.

Gaussian Amplitude Amplification for Quantum Pathfinding.

We study an oracle operation, along with its circuit design, which combined with the Grover diffusion operator boosts the probability of finding the minimum or maximum solutions on a weighted directed graph. We focus on the geometry of sequentially connected bipartite graphs, which naturally gives rise to solution spaces describable by Gaussian distributions. We then demonstrate how an oracle that encodes these distributions can be used to solve for the optimal path via amplitude amplification. And finally, we explore the degree to which this algorithm is capable of solving cases that are generated using randomized weights, as well as a theoretical application for solving the Traveling Salesman problem.

Complexity and efficiency of minimum entropy production probability paths from quantum dynamical evolutions.

We present an information geometric characterization of quantum driving schemes specified by su(2;C) time-dependent Hamiltonians in terms of both complexity and efficiency concepts. Specifically, starting from pure output quantum states describing the evolution of a spin-1/2 particle in an external time-dependent magnetic field, we consider the probability paths emerging from the parametrized squared probability amplitudes of quantum origin. The information manifold of such paths is equipped with a Riemannian metrization specified by the Fisher information evaluated along the parametrized squared probability amplitudes. By employing a minimum action principle, the optimum path connecting initial and final states on the manifold in finite time is the geodesic path between the two states. In particular, the total entropy production that occurs during the transfer is minimized along these optimum paths. For each optimum path that emerges from the given quantum driving scheme, we evaluate the so-called information geometric complexity (IGC) and our newly proposed measure of entropic efficiency constructed in terms of the constant entropy production rates that specify the entropy minimizing paths being compared. From our analytical estimates of complexity and efficiency, we provide a relative ranking among the driving schemes being investigated. Moreover, we determine that the efficiency and the temporal rate of change of the IGC are monotonic decreasing and increasing functions, respectively, of the constant entropic speed along these optimum paths. Then, after discussing the connection between thermodynamic length and IGC in the physical scenarios being analyzed, we briefly examine the link between IGC and entropy production rate. Finally, we conclude by commenting on the fact that an higher entropic speed in quantum transfer processes seems to necessarily go along with a lower entropic efficiency together with a higher information geometric complexity.

Quantum circuit optimization using quantum Karnaugh map.

Every quantum algorithm is represented by set of quantum circuits. Any optimization scheme for a quantum algorithm and quantum computation is very important especially in the arena of quantum computation with limited number of qubit resources. Major obstacle to this goal is the large number of elemental quantum gates to build even small quantum circuits. Here, we propose and demonstrate a general technique that significantly reduces the number of elemental gates to build quantum circuits. This is impactful for the design of quantum circuits, and we show below this could reduce the number of gates by 60% and 46% for the four- and five-qubit Toffoli gates, two key quantum circuits, respectively, as compared with simplest known decomposition. Reduced circuit complexity often goes hand-in-hand with higher efficiency and bandwidth. The quantum circuit optimization technique proposed in this work would provide a significant step forward in the optimization of quantum circuits and quantum algorithms, and has the potential for wider application in quantum computation.

Information geometry aspects of minimum entropy production paths from quantum mechanical evolutions.

We present an information geometric analysis of entropic speeds and entropy production rates in geodesic evolution on manifolds of parametrized quantum states. These pure states emerge as outputs of suitable su(2;C) time-dependent Hamiltonian operators used to describe distinct types of analog quantum search schemes. The Riemannian metrization on the manifold is specified by the Fisher information evaluated along the parametrized squared probability amplitudes obtained from analysis of the temporal quantum mechanical evolution of a spin-1/2 particle in an external time-dependent magnetic field that specifies the su(2;C) Hamiltonian model. We employ a minimum action method to transfer a quantum system from an initial state to a final state on the manifold in a finite temporal interval. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the minimizing (optimum) path is the shortest (geodesic) path between the two states and, in particular, minimizes also the total entropy production that occurs during the transfer. Finally, by evaluating the entropic speed and the total entropy production along the optimum transfer paths in a number of physical scenarios of interest in analog quantum search problems, we show in a clear quantitative manner that to a faster transfer there corresponds necessarily a higher entropy production rate. Thus we conclude that lower entropic efficiency values appear to accompany higher entropic speed values in quantum transfer processes.

Quantifying entanglement in a 68-billion-dimensional quantum state space.

Entanglement is the powerful and enigmatic resource central to quantum information processing, which promises capabilities in computing, simulation, secure communication, and metrology beyond what is possible for classical devices. Exactly quantifying the entanglement of an unknown system requires completely determining its quantum state, a task which demands an intractable number of measurements even for modestly-sized systems. Here we demonstrate a method for rigorously quantifying high-dimensional entanglement from extremely limited data. We improve an entropic, quantitative entanglement witness to operate directly on compressed experimental data acquired via an adaptive, multilevel sampling procedure. Only 6,456 measurements are needed to certify an entanglement-of-formation of 7.11 ± .04 ebits shared by two spatially-entangled photons. With a Hilbert space exceeding 68 billion dimensions, we need 20-million-times fewer measurements than the uncompressed approach and 1018-times fewer measurements than tomography. Our technique offers a universal method for quantifying entanglement in any large quantum system shared by two parties.

Quantum Reactivity: An Indicator of Quantum Correlation.

Geometry is often a valuable guide to complex problems in physics. In this paper, we introduce a novel geometric quantity called quantum reactivity (QR) to probe quantum correlations in higher-dimensional quantum systems. Much like quantum discord, QR is not a measure of quantum entanglement but can be useful in quantum information processes where a notion of quantum correlation in higher dimensions is needed. Both quantum discord and QR are extendable to an arbitrarily large number of qubits; however, unlike discord, QR satisfies the invariance under unitary operations. Our approach parallels Schumacher's singlet state triangle inequality, which used an information geometry-based entropic distance. We use a generalization of information distance to area, volume, and higher-dimensional volumes and then use these to define a quantity that we call QR, which is the familiar ratio of surface area to volume. We examine a spectrum of multipartite states (Werner, W, GHZ, randomly generated density matrices, etc.) and demonstrate that QR can provide an ordering of these quantum states as to their degree of quantum correlation.

Decrease of Fisher information and the information geometry of evolution equations for quantum mechanical probability amplitudes.

The relevance of the concept of Fisher information is increasing in both statistical physics and quantum computing. From a statistical mechanical standpoint, the application of Fisher information in the kinetic theory of gases is characterized by its decrease along the solutions of the Boltzmann equation for Maxwellian molecules in the two-dimensional case. From a quantum mechanical standpoint, the output state in Grover's quantum search algorithm follows a geodesic path obtained from the Fubini-Study metric on the manifold of Hilbert-space rays. Additionally, Grover's algorithm is specified by constant Fisher information. In this paper, we present an information geometric characterization of the oscillatory or monotonic behavior of statistically parametrized squared probability amplitudes originating from special functional forms of the Fisher information function: constant, exponential decay, and power-law decay. Furthermore, for each case, we compute both the computational speed and the availability loss of the corresponding physical processes by exploiting a convenient Riemannian geometrization of useful thermodynamical concepts. Finally, we briefly comment on the possibility of using the proposed methods of information geometry to help identify a suitable trade-off between speed and thermodynamic efficiency in quantum search algorithms.

Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source.

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum information processing circuits, including photon sources, qubit manipulation, and integrated single-photon detectors. Here, we present the key aspects of preparing and testing a silicon photonic quantum chip with an integrated photon source and two-photon interferometer. The most important aspect of an integrated quantum circuit is minimizing loss so that all of the generated photons are detected with the highest possible fidelity. Here, we describe how to perform low-loss edge coupling by using an ultra-high numerical aperture fiber to closely match the mode of the silicon waveguides. By using an optimized fusion splicing recipe, the UHNA fiber is seamlessly interfaced with a standard single-mode fiber. This low-loss coupling allows the measurement of high-fidelity photon production in an integrated silicon ring resonator and the subsequent two-photon interference of the produced photons in a closely integrated Mach-Zehnder interferometer. This paper describes the essential procedures for the preparation and characterization of high-performance and scalable silicon quantum photonic circuits.

Electric field tuning of plasmonic response of nanodot array in liquid crystal matrix.

In this work we demonstrate the feasibility of electric-field tuning of the plasmonic spectrum of a novel gold nanodot array in a liquid crystal matrix. As opposed to previously reported microscopically observed near-field spectral tuning of individual gold nanoparticles, this system exhibits macroscopic far-field spectral tuning. The nanodot-liquid crystal matrix also displays strong anisotropic absorption characteristics, which can be effectively described as a collective ensemble within a composite matrix in the lateral dimension and a group of noninteracting individual particles in the normal direction. The effective medium model and the Mie theory are employed to describe the experimental results.

Ion trap simulations of quantum fields in an expanding universe.

We propose an experiment in which the phonon excitation of ion(s) in a trap, with a trap frequency exponentially modulated at rate kappa, exhibits a thermal spectrum with an "Unruh" temperature given by k(B)T=Planck kappa. We discuss the similarities of this experiment to the response of detectors in a de Sitter universe and the usual Unruh effect for uniformly accelerated detectors. We demonstrate a new Unruh effect for detectors that respond to antinormally ordered moments using the ion's first blue sideband transition.

Teleportation with a uniformly accelerated partner.

In this work, we give a description of the process of teleportation between Alice in an inertial frame, and Rob who is in uniform acceleration with respect to Alice. The fidelity of the teleportation is reduced due to Davies-Unruh radiation in Rob's frame. In so far as teleportation is a measure of entanglement, our results suggest that quantum entanglement is degraded in noninertial frames.