EfficientUNetViT: Efficient Breast Tumor Segmentation Utilizing UNet Architecture and Pretrained Vision Transformer.

This study introduces a sophisticated neural network structure for segmenting breast tumors. It achieves this by combining a pretrained Vision Transformer (ViT) model with a UNet framework. The UNet architecture, commonly employed for biomedical image segmentation, is further enhanced with depthwise separable convolutional blocks to decrease computational complexity and parameter count, resulting in better efficiency and less overfitting. The ViT, renowned for its robust feature extraction capabilities utilizing self-attention processes, efficiently captures the overall context within images, surpassing the performance of conventional convolutional networks. By using a pretrained ViT as the encoder in our UNet model, we take advantage of its extensive feature representations acquired from extensive datasets, resulting in a major enhancement in the model's ability to generalize and train efficiently. The suggested model has exceptional performance in segmenting breast cancers from medical images, highlighting the advantages of integrating transformer-based encoders with efficient UNet topologies. This hybrid methodology emphasizes the capabilities of transformers in the field of medical image processing and establishes a new standard for accuracy and efficiency in activities related to tumor segmentation.

Decoding PTEN regulation in clear cell renal cell carcinoma: Pathway for biomarker discovery and therapeutic insights.

Renal cell carcinoma is the most common adult renal solid tumor and the deadliest urological cancer, with clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) being the predominant subtype. The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway assumes a central role in ccRCC tumorigenesis, wherein its abnormal activation confers a highly aggressive phenotype, leading to swift resistance against current therapies and distant metastasis. Thus, treatment resistance and disease progression remain a persistent clinical challenge in managing ccRCC effectively. PTEN, an antagonist of the PI3K/AKT signaling axis, emerges as a crucial factor in tumor progression, often experiencing loss or inactivation in ccRCC, thereby contributing to elevated mortality rates in patients. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying PTEN suppression in ccRCC tumors holds promise for the discovery of biomarkers and therapeutic targets, ultimately enhancing patient monitoring and treatment outcomes. The present review aims to summarize these mechanisms, emphasizing their potential prognostic, predictive, and therapeutic value in managing ccRCC.

Characterization of novel aurantiactinomyxon types (Cnidaria, Myxosporea) from the oligochaete Ilyodrilus templetoni (Southern, 1909), with a comprehensive phylogeny of the collective group.

Three new aurantiactinomyxon types are described from the oligochaete Ilyodrilus templetoni (Southern, 1909) (Naididae) collected from a northern Portuguese estuary, based on light microscopy and sequencing of the 18S rDNA. The addition of I. templetoni to the group of freshwater annelids known to be permissive for aurantiactinomyxon development reinforces the crucial role of naidids in the evolution and settlement of myxozoans in estuarine environments. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference analyses of a comprehensive 18S rDNA dataset placed the novel types within the Paramyxidium clade. This positioning suggests them as probable life cycle counterparts to Paramyxidium spp. that most likely infect the European eel Anguilla anguilla, as the sole representative of Elopomorpha in Portuguese rivers. Although distance estimation revealed a genetic difference of only 0.4 % between Aurantiactinomyxon types 1 and 3, this value was determined to be representative of interspecific variability based on the consistent matching of both genotypes with distinct actinospore morphologies, and potential richness of closely related species of Paramyxidium infecting the European eel in Portuguese waters. The clustering of aurantiactinomyxon types within distinct myxosporean lineages, representative of the suborders Variisporina and Platysporina, demonstrates that the aurantiactinomyxon morphotype is highly functional in promoting myxozoan infections in estuarine environments.

Myxozoan survey of thicklip grey mullet Chelon labrosus reinforces successful radiation of Myxobolus in mugiliform hosts.

A myxozoan survey was performed on specimens of thicklip grey mullet Chelon labrosus (Risso) captured from the Douro River estuary, northern Portugal. Eleven new species, all belonging to the genus Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 (M. abdominalis n. sp., M. aestuarium n. sp., M. caudalis n. sp., M. chelonari n. sp., M. cucurbitiformis n. sp., M. douroensis n. sp., M. intestinicola n. sp., M. invictus n. sp., M. labicola n. sp., M. peritonaei n. sp., and M. pinnula n. sp.) are described based on microscopic and molecular data, confirming the known high radiation of these myxozoans in mullets. Additionally, Myxobolus pupkoi Gupta et al., 2022 is reported for the first time from C. labrosus, bringing forth a novel case of morphological plasticity between geographic isolates. We consider that molecular-based comparisons are imperative for the description of mugiliform-infecting Myxobolus, with distance estimation further matching two of the novel Myxobolus spp. with sphaeractinomyxon types previously reported from another Portuguese estuary. This finding supports sphaeractinomyxon as specific life cycle counterparts of Myxobolus that infect mullets. Phylogenetic analyses of 18S rDNA retrieved a monophyletic clade of mugiliform-infecting myxobolids comprising well-supported lineages of species parasitizing mullets from the genera Chelon, Mugil, Crenimugil, and Planiliza. The existence of more than one Chelon- and Planiliza-infecting lineage reveals that myxobolids parasitized members of these genera multiple times during their evolution. Lastly, the elevated number of unmatched sphaeractinomyxon sequences included in the Chelon-infecting lineages clearly shows that Myxobolus diversity hosted by this genus remains underrated.

Title: Un inventaire des myxozoaires du mulet lippu Chelon labrosus confirme le rayonnement réussi de Myxobolus chez les hôtes mugiliformes. Abstract: Un inventaire des myxozoaires a été réalisé sur des spécimens de mulets lippus Chelon labrosus (Risso) capturés dans l'estuaire du fleuve Douro, au nord du Portugal. Onze nouvelles espèces, toutes appartenant au genre Myxobolus Bütschli, 1882 (M. abdominalis n. sp., M. aestuarium n. sp., M. caudalis n. sp., M. chelonari n. sp., M. cucurbitiformis n. sp., M. douroensis n. sp., M. intestinicola n. sp., M. invictus n. sp., M. labicola n. sp., M. peritonaei n. sp. et M. pinnula n. sp.) sont décrites sur la base de données microscopiques et moléculaires, confirmant le rayonnement connu de ces myxozoaires chez les mulets. De plus, Myxobolus pupkoi Gupta et al., 2022 est signalé pour la première fois chez C. labrosus, démontrant un nouveau cas de plasticité morphologique entre des isolats géographiques. Nous considérons que les comparaisons moléculaires sont impératives pour la description des Myxobolus infectant les mugiliformes, l'estimation de la distance correspondant en outre à deux des nouveaux Myxobolus spp. avec des types de sphaeractinomyxons précédemment signalés dans un autre estuaire portugais. Cette découverte soutient les sphaeractinomyxons en tant que contreparties spécifiques du cycle de vie de Myxobolus qui infectent les mulets. Les analyses phylogénétiques de l'ADNr 18S ont montré un clade monophylétique de Myxobolidae infectant les mugiliformes, comprenant des lignées robustes d'espèces parasitant les mulets des genres Chelon, Mugil, Crenimugil et Planiliza. L'existence de plusieurs lignées infectant Chelon et Planiliza révèle que les Myxobolidae ont parasité des membres de ces genres plusieurs fois au cours de leur évolution. Enfin, le nombre élevé de séquences de sphaeractinomyxons non appariées incluses dans les lignées infectant Chelon montre clairement que la diversité de Myxobolus hébergée par ce genre reste sous-estimée.

Spatial Distribution of SARS-CoV-2 Receptors and Proteases in Testicular Cells.

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been found in the human testis on occasion, but subgenomic SARS-CoV-2 and infectious SARS-CoV-2 virions have not been found. There is no direct evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection of testicular cells. To better understand this, it is necessary to determine whether SARS-CoV-2 receptors and proteases are present in testicular cells. To overcome this limitation, we focused on elucidating with immunohistochemistry the spatial distribution of the SARS-CoV-2 receptors angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and cluster of differentiation 147 (CD147), as well as their viral spike protein priming proteases, transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) and cathepsin L (CTSL), required for viral fusion with host cells. At the protein level, human testicular tissue expressed both receptors and proteases studied. Both ACE2 and TMPRSS2 were found in interstitial cells (endothelium, Leydig, and myoid peritubular cells) and in the seminiferous epithelium (Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids). The presence of CD147 was observed in all cell types except endothelium and peritubular cells, while CTSL was exclusively observed in Leydig, peritubular, and Sertoli cells. These findings show that the ACE2 receptor and its protease TMPRSS2 are coexpressed in all testicular cells, as well as the CD147 receptor and its protease CTSL in Leydig and Sertoli cells, indicating that testicular SARS-CoV-2 infection cannot be ruled out without further investigation.

All that glitters is not gold: a stereological study of human donor oocytes.

Here we report a quantitative analysis of human metaphase II (MII) oocytes from a 22-year-old oocyte donor, retrieved after ovarian-controlled hyperstimulation. Five surplus donor oocytes were processed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and a stereological analysis was used to quantify the distribution of organelles, using the point-counting technique with an adequate stereological grid. Comparisons between means of the relative volumes (Vv) occupied by organelles in the three oocyte regions, cortex (C), subcortex (SC) and inner cytoplasm (IC), followed the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney U-test with Bonferroni correction. Life cell imaging and TEM analysis confirmed donor oocyte nuclear maturity. Results showed that the most abundant organelles were smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) elements (26.8%) and mitochondria (5.49%). Significant differences between oocyte regions were found for lysosomes (P = 0.003), cortical vesicles (P = 0.002) and large SER vesicles (P = 0.009). These results were quantitatively compared with previous results using prophase I (GV) and metaphase I (MI) immature oocytes. In donor MII oocytes there was a normal presence of cortical vesicles, SER tubules, SER small, medium and large vesicles, lysosomes and mitochondria. However, donor MII oocytes displayed signs of cytoplasmic immaturity, namely the presence of dictyosomes, present in GV oocytes and rare in MI oocytes, of SER very large vesicles, characteristic of GV oocytes, and the rarity of SER tubular aggregates. Results therefore indicate that the criterion of nuclear maturity used for donor oocyte selection does not always correspond to cytoplasmic maturity, which can partially explain implantation failures with the use of donor oocytes.

Gill histology and ultrastructure in Aplysia depilans (Mollusca, Euopisthobranchia).

The gill of Aplysia depilans consists of several wedge-shaped pinnules with a highly folded structure, differing from the typical ctenidial gills of mollusks. Light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate this organ in juveniles and adults. In this species, the gill epithelium comprised ciliated, unciliated, and secretory cells. The ultrastructural analysis suggests other functions for the gill besides respiration. The deep cell membrane invaginations associated with mitochondria in the basal region of epithelium point to a role in ion regulation. Endocytosis and intracellular digestion were other activities detected in epithelial cells. In juveniles, an intranuclear crystalline structure was seen in some ciliated cells. The presence of an intranuclear crystalline structure was frequently associated with chromatin decondensation, swelling of the nuclear envelope and endoplasmic reticulum cisternae, and abundance of Golgi stacks. As these intranuclear inclusions were not found in the gill of the adult specimens, their occurrence in the two juveniles seems likely to be an anomalous condition whose cause cannot be established at the moment. Mucous cells were the most abundant secretory cells in the epithelium, but a few epithelial serous cells were also found. In addition, large protein-secreting subepithelial cells had the main cell body inserted in the connective tissue and a long thin neck crossing the epithelium. Mucous cells can be considered responsible for the production of the mucus layer that protects the epithelium, but the specific functions of the epithelial and subepithelial protein-secreting cells remain elusive. Below the epithelium, a layer of connective tissue with muscle cells lined the narrow hemolymph space. The connective tissue included cells with a large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum cisternae. Bacteria were found on the surface of the gill, and the most abundant had a thin stalk for attachment to the epithelial cells.

Ent-kaurenoic acid-enriched Mikania glomerata leaves-complexed ß-cyclodextrin: Pharmaceutical development and in vivo antitumor activity in a sarcoma 180 mouse model.

The extract obtained from Mikania glomerata leaves rich in ent-kaurenoic acid (ERKA) shows cytotoxic activity in vitro, but its hydrophobic nature and thermosensitivity are issues to be solved prior to in vivo antitumor studies. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antitumor activity of inclusion complexes formed between ERKA and ß-cyclodextrin (ERKA:ß-CD) in rodents. ERKA:ß-CD complexes obtained by malaxation (MX) and co-evaporation (CE) methods were firstly characterized regarding their physical properties, encapsulation efficiency, and cytotoxicity againts L929 cells. The antitumor activity study was then performed in mice with sarcoma 180 treated with saline, 5-fluouracil (5FU) and ERKA:ß-CD at 30, 100 and 300 µg/kg. The weight, volume, percentage of inhibition growth, gross and pathological features and positivity for TUNEL, ki67, NFκB and NRF2 in the tumors were assessed. Serum lactate-dehydrogenase activity (LDH), white blood cells count (WBC) and both gross and pathological features of the liver, kidneys and spleen were also evaluated. The formation of the inclusion complexes was confirmed by thermal analysis and FTIR, and they were non-toxic for L929 cells. The MX provided a better complexation efficiency. ERKA:ß-CD300 promoted significant tumor growth inhibition, and attenuated the tumor mitotic activity and necrosis content, comparable to 5-fluorouracil. ERKA:ß-CD300 also increased TUNEL-detected cell death, reduced Ki67 and NF-kB immunoexpression, and partially inhibited the serum LDH activity. No side effect was observed in ERKA:ß-CD300-treated animals. The ERKA:ß-CD inclusion complexes at 300 µg/kg displays antitumour activity in mice with low systemic toxicity, likely due to inhibition on the NF-kB signaling pathway and LDH activity.

Tangency and multiple factors of violence against lecturer: nuances of the experience in pedagogical practices in health education / Tangenciamiento y multifactorialidad de la violencia contra el docente: situaciones vivenciadas en la práctica pedagógica en salud / Tangenciamento e multifatorialidade da violência contra o docente: nuances vivenciadas na prática pedagógica em saúde

ABSTRACT Objective: to identify factors that lead the teacher to experience violence in their pedagogical practice in health education. Method: research with a qualitative approach, based on the Grounded Theory, conducted with 11 professors of the nursing course of a public university in the central region of Brazil in 2020 and 2021. Online semi-structured interviews were analyzed partially in the light of the Constructivist Grounded Theory. Results: factors that lead lecturer to experience violence are characterized by institutional culture, gender, professor's perception of violence, and the triggers that drive students to commit violence. Social status and inequalities lead to positions of domination and, consequently, create a fertile ground for violence. Final Considerations: analyzing violence under Bourdieu's theory, it is clear that student violence towards lecturer and the reports contained in this study deserve pedagogical reflection. However, it is necessary to include these discussions as a background in teaching environments.

RESUMEN Objetivo: identificar los factores que hacen que el profesor experimente violencia en la práctica pedagógica en salud. Método: es una investigación de enfoque cualitativo realizada de 2020 a 2021 entre 11 docentes del curso de Enfermería de una universidad pública de la región central de Brasil, mediante entrevistas semiestructuradas en línea que fueron analizadas parcialmente a la luz de la Teoría Fundamentada en Datos Constructivista. Resultados: Los factores que llevan a los profesores a sufrir violencia están caracterizados por la cultura institucional, el género, la percepción de la violencia por parte de los profesores y los desencadenantes que incitan a los alumnos a practicar tal violencia. El origen social convertido en desigualdades desencadena posiciones de dominación y, en consecuencia, se constituye en un terreno fértil para la violencia. Consideraciones finales: Al analizar la violencia bajo los fundamentos de Pierre Bourdieu, es posible percibir que la violencia de los alumnos contra los profesores merece una reflexión desde el punto de vista pedagógico sobre los informes contenidos en las entrevistas. Sin embargo, es necesario insertar estos debates en las diferentes etapas de la enseñanza.

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar fatores que levam o professor a experienciar violência na prática pedagógica em saúde. Método: pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa ancorada no referencial da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados com 11 docentes do curso de Enfermagem de uma universidade pública da região central do Brasil em 2020 e 2021. Entrevistas semiestruturadas online foram analisadas parcialmente à luz da Teoria Fundamentada nos Dados Construtivista. Resultados: fatores que levam os docentes a experienciar a violência são caracterizados por cultura institucional, gênero, percepção de violência pelo docente e gatilhos que ensejam os estudantes a praticarem violência. Origem social convertida em desigualdades desencadeia posições de dominação e, consequentemente, constitui-se em terreno fértil para a violência. Considerações finais: analisando a violência sob os fundamentos de Pierre Bourdieu, percebe-se que a violência de alunos contra professores merece pedagogicamente reflexões sobre os relatos contidos nas entrevistas. Contudo, faz-se necessário perpassar tais discussões como pano de fundo nos palcos de ensino.

Tangency and multiple factors of violence against lecturer: nuances of the experience in pedagogical practices in health education.

OBJECTIVE: to identify factors that lead the teacher to experience violence in their pedagogical practice in health education. METHOD: research with a qualitative approach, based on the Grounded Theory, conducted with 11 professors of the nursing course of a public university in the central region of Brazil in 2020 and 2021. Online semi-structured interviews were analyzed partially in the light of the Constructivist Grounded Theory. RESULTS: factors that lead lecturer to experience violence are characterized by institutional culture, gender, professor's perception of violence, and the triggers that drive students to commit violence. Social status and inequalities lead to positions of domination and, consequently, create a fertile ground for violence. FINAL CONSIDERATIONS: analyzing violence under Bourdieu's theory, it is clear that student violence towards lecturer and the reports contained in this study deserve pedagogical reflection. However, it is necessary to include these discussions as a background in teaching environments.

From chicken to salad: Cooking salt as a potential vehicle of Salmonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes cross-contamination.

Epidemiological studies show that improper food handling practices at home account for a significant portion of foodborne illness cases. Mishandling of raw meat during meal preparation is one of the most frequent hazardous behaviours reported in observational research studies that potentially contributes to illness occurrence, particularly through the transfer of microbial pathogens from the raw meat to ready-to-eat (RTE) foods. This study evaluated the transfer of two major foodborne pathogens, Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes, from artificially contaminated chicken meat to lettuce via cooking salt (used for seasoning) during simulated domestic handling practices. Pieces of chicken breast fillets were spiked with five different loads (from ca. 1 to 5 Log CFU/g) of a multi-strain cocktail of either S. enterica or L. monocytogenes. Hands of volunteers (gloved) contaminated by handling the chicken, stirred the cooking salt that was further used to season lettuce leaves. A total of 15 events of cross-contamination (three volunteers and five bacterial loads) were tested for each pathogen. Immediately after the events, S. enterica was isolated from all the cooking salt samples (n = 15) and from 12 samples of seasoned lettuce; whereas L. monocytogenes was isolated from 13 salt samples and from all the seasoned lettuce samples (n = 15). In addition, S. enterica and L. monocytogenes were able to survive in artificially contaminated salt (with a water activity of 0.49) for, at least, 146 days and 126 days, respectively. The ability of these foodborne pathogens to survive for a long time in cooking salt, make it a good vehicle for transmission and cross-contamination if consumers do not adopt good hygiene practices when preparing meals.

Competencies of health personnel for the practice of health literacy in Brazil: A Delphi consensus survey.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify a set of competencies of health personnel for the practice of health literacy in Brazil. METHODS: Scoping review and online interviews with healthcare practitioners, followed by three rounds of the modified e-Delphi method with health literacy specialists from November/2020 to March/2021. During the rounds, the items were revised, new items added for review, and their importance was rated on a five-point Likert scale in an online form. Those items that achieved a mean Likert rating of 4+ (rated important to very important) and ≥ 90.0% agreement among the experts were maintained in each round. RESULTS: The initial competencies list contained 30 items from the literature scoping review and online interview with 46 Brazilian healthcare practitioners. 25 experts (health personnel with publications on health literacy) were invited to participate in the e-Delphi rounds. Of the total of 56 items evaluated, 28 reached consensus among the experts. The Brazilian competencies list differed from other consensuses by the emphasis on professional commitment to the literacy in health, autonomy and social context of the patient. CONCLUSION: For the Brazilian context, 28 competencies are relevant to the practice of health literacy in health care. This study is an initial step to develop the HL competences of Brazilian health professionals and an update of the skills evidenced in previous international studies.

Professional Responsiveness to Health Literacy: A Scoping Review.

BACKGROUND: Difficulty in understanding and using health information can harm the patient and increase the cost of care provided. So, this study classified and mapped the characteristics and interventions that make health care professionals responsive to the patient's health literacy. METHODS: Medline (PubMed), CINAHL (EBSCO), PsycInfo, ERIC (ProQuest), Lilacs (BVS) and EMBASE (Elsevier) were searched using a combination of controlled descriptors. The selected studies needed to address the concept or main focus of the study among health care professionals in the care or academic environment. KEY RESULTS: After reviewing 34 articles, 14 definitions and 10 subcategories of responsiveness were identified, and a broad characterization of health professional responsiveness to health literacy was proposed. Professional responsiveness to health literacy was characterized as knowing the definition and implications of health literacy for the patient's well-being and being able to develop, adapt, implement, and evaluate health education strategies. Nineteen strategies were mapped for education to ensure professional responsiveness to health literacy, classified as (A) expository (n = 18; 94.7%), (B) interactive (n = 9; 47.4%), (C) practice with educational materials (n = 2; 10.5%), (D) practice with standardized patient or simulation (n = 8; 42.1%), and (E) practice with actual patients (n = 4; 21.1%). DISCUSSION: These characteristics and interventions provide a useful taxonomy for the development of curricula and professional education programs, and for the validation and use of measures to evaluate the health workforce. [HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice. 2022;6(2):e96-e103.] Plain Language Summary: We found 14 definitions and 10 categories of professional responsiveness to health literacy. Professional responsiveness to health literacy was characterized as knowing the definition and implications of health literacy for the patient's well-being and being able to develop, adapt, implement, and evaluate health education strategies. Nineteen strategies were mapped for education to ensure professional responsiveness to health literacy.

[The Health Effects and Anesthetic Management for Patients Using E-Cigarettes and Heat-Not-Burn Tobacco Products: A Narrative Review]. / Consequências Fisiopatológicas e Abordagem Anestésica em Doentes Consumidores de Cigarros Eletrónicos e Produtos de Tabaco Aquecido: Revisão Narrativa.

INTRODUCTION: The implementation of policies aimed at promoting smoking cessation led to a decrease in the use of tobacco. There has been an increase in the use of systems such as electronic nicotine delivery systems and electronic non-nicotine delivery systems - also known as electronic cigarettes, and heat-not-burn tobacco products. The aim of this review is to describe the pathophysiological implications of these devices and their perioperative impact. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A literature search was carried out by the authors to identify studies published in English on PubMed and MEDLINE between 2007 and 2021, and using the terms 'vaping', 'electronic nicotine delivery systems', 'heated tobacco products', 'IQOS' and 'anesthesia'. A total of 654 articles were found, and the most relevant ones were selected. RESULTS: There is currently insufficient information available regarding the perioperative implications of electronic cigarettes and heat not-burn tobacco products. These devices release potentially harmful substances - such as nicotine - that have a negative impact on the health of consumers. These substances affect the cardiovascular, respiratory and immune systems, and can interact with multiple drugs, which can affect the anesthetic management. The users of these devices are also at a higher risk of explosion injuries and cancer. A number of interventions that may improve the perioperative management of these patients are suggested. CONCLUSION: Awareness of the potential harmful effects of these devices, and their perioperative implications, is essential, as it enables the implementation of interventions to minimize the risks and improve patient outcomes.

Introdução: A implementação de medidas políticas para a cessação tabágica levou à diminuição do consumo de tabaco. Contudo, em contrapartida, tem-se verificado um aumento do consumo de sistemas eletrónicos de administração de nicotina e sistemas eletrónicos sem nicotina, também conhecidos como cigarros eletrónicos, e produtos de tabaco aquecido. O objetivo deste trabalho é rever as implicações fisiopatológicas da utilização destes dispositivos e as suas implicações no peri-operatório. Material e Métodos: A pesquisa na literatura foi efetuada pelos autores, identificando artigos de língua inglesa nas plataformas de pesquisa PubMed e MEDLINE, entre os anos 2007 e 2021, e usando os termos 'vaping', 'electronic nicotine delivery systems', 'heated tobacco products', 'IQOS' e 'anesthesia'. Foram obtidas 654 publicações, tendo sido selecionados as mais pertinentes. Resultados: Existe atualmente pouca informação relativamente às implicações peri-operatórias da utilização dos cigarros eletrónicos e dos produtos de tabaco aquecido. Estes sistemas libertam várias substâncias potencialmente nocivas, incluindo nicotina, com implicações negativas para a saúde dos consumidores. Interferem com o sistema cardiovascular, respiratório e imunológico e apresentam várias interações farmacológicas, com influência na abordagem anestésica. Verifica-se ainda um risco acrescido de lesões causadas por explosão do dispositivo e desenvolvimento de neoplasias. São sugeridas medidas para otimizar a abordagem destes doentes. Conclusão: O conhecimento sobre os potenciais efeitos deletérios da utilização destes dispositivos, assim como as suas implicações peri-operatórias, é fundamental e permite adotar medidas que minimizem riscos e melhorem a evolução destes doentes.

[Dimensions of student violence against the teacher]. / Dimensões da violência do aluno contra o professor.

Violence against teachers is a global concern and has a negative impact on the development of society. In this context, this study aimed to review definitions of violence against teachers to develop an integrated consensus and conceptual model. A scoping review of the literature was carried out to include articles that could answer the guiding question of the study: "What are the definitions and dimensions of student violence against teachers in teaching?" The studies included in the review, it was identified that violence against the teacher can be defined as a set of actions and situations caused by students in an insidious or chronic way in the workplace and/or through digital medium, mediated by the perception of violence, the copping mechanism of the teacher and the organizational management of the violence. The integrated model of violence against teachers comprises conceptual antecedents, such as previous experience with violence against the teacher, the cultural definition of violence and the perception of victimization. Violence against teachers is a multidimensional construct that results from the interaction with the student in the organizational and social context. The consequences of violence against the teacher include psychological, emotional, biological, professional and social harm.

A violência contra o professor é uma preocupação global e traz impacto negativo para o desenvolvimento da sociedade. Nesse contexto, o estudo objetivou revisar definições de violência contra o professor para desenvolver consenso integrado e modelo conceitual. Foi realizada uma revisão de escopo de literatura para incluir artigos que pudessem responder à pergunta norteadora da pesquisa: "Quais são as definições e as dimensões da violência do aluno contra o professor no ensino?" Nos estudos incluídos na revisão, identificou-se que a violência contra o professor pode ser definida como o conjunto de ações e situações provocadas por estudantes de forma insidiosa ou crônica no local de trabalho e/ou meio digital, mediadas por percepção de violência, mecanismo de enfrentamento do professor e gestão organizacional da violência. O modelo integrado de violência contra o professor compreende antecedentes conceituais, como a experiência anterior com violência contra o docente, definição cultural de violência e percepção de vitimização. A violência propriamente dita contra o professor é um construto multidimensional que resulta da interação com o estudante nos contextos organizacional e social. As consequências da violência contra o professor incluem danos psicológicos, emocionais, biológicos, profissionais e sociais.

Dimensões da violência do aluno contra o professor / Dimensions of student violence against the teacher

Resumo A violência contra o professor é uma preocupação global e traz impacto negativo para o desenvolvimento da sociedade. Nesse contexto, o estudo objetivou revisar definições de violência contra o professor para desenvolver consenso integrado e modelo conceitual. Foi realizada uma revisão de escopo de literatura para incluir artigos que pudessem responder à pergunta norteadora da pesquisa: "Quais são as definições e as dimensões da violência do aluno contra o professor no ensino?" Nos estudos incluídos na revisão, identificou-se que a violência contra o professor pode ser definida como o conjunto de ações e situações provocadas por estudantes de forma insidiosa ou crônica no local de trabalho e/ou meio digital, mediadas por percepção de violência, mecanismo de enfrentamento do professor e gestão organizacional da violência. O modelo integrado de violência contra o professor compreende antecedentes conceituais, como a experiência anterior com violência contra o docente, definição cultural de violência e percepção de vitimização. A violência propriamente dita contra o professor é um construto multidimensional que resulta da interação com o estudante nos contextos organizacional e social. As consequências da violência contra o professor incluem danos psicológicos, emocionais, biológicos, profissionais e sociais.

Abstract Violence against teachers is a global concern and has a negative impact on the development of society. In this context, this study aimed to review definitions of violence against teachers to develop an integrated consensus and conceptual model. A scoping review of the literature was carried out to include articles that could answer the guiding question of the study: "What are the definitions and dimensions of student violence against teachers in teaching?" The studies included in the review, it was identified that violence against the teacher can be defined as a set of actions and situations caused by students in an insidious or chronic way in the workplace and/or through digital medium, mediated by the perception of violence, the copping mechanism of the teacher and the organizational management of the violence. The integrated model of violence against teachers comprises conceptual antecedents, such as previous experience with violence against the teacher, the cultural definition of violence and the perception of victimization. Violence against teachers is a multidimensional construct that results from the interaction with the student in the organizational and social context. The consequences of violence against the teacher include psychological, emotional, biological, professional and social harm.

Photoprotection and skin irritation effect of hydrogels containing hydroalcoholic extract of red propolis: A natural pathway against skin cancer.

The use of natural products in sunscreen formulations as a prophylactic measure against skin cancer is receiving special attention attributed to the photoprotective and antioxidant properties of their chemical components. In this work, we describe the development of topical hydrogel formulations containing hydroalcoholic extract of red propolis (HERP), and the evaluation of the dermal sensitizing effect of the developed products. Sunscreen formulations composed of HERP in different concentrations (1.5, 2.5 or 3.5% w/w) alone or in combination with a chemical (octyl methoxycinnamate) and/or physical (titanium dioxide) filters were developed using poloxamer 407 as gel basis. The preliminary and accelerated stability tests, texture analysis and spreadability tests were performed. All formulations revealed to be stable in preliminary stability assessment. The formulations containing HERP 1.5 and 2.5% alone or associated with the filters showed intense modifications during accelerated stability test, which were confirmed by rheological analyses. The incorporation of HERP and filters in the poloxamer hydrogel decreased the toughness of product (p < 0.05) and the formulation containing HERP alone presented the lowest adhesivity (p < 0.001). The incorporation of HERP in the hydrogel decreased the poloxamer transition temperature, showing different rheological behavior with the increase of HERP concentration. The developed formulations were stable, exhibited non-Newtonian and pseudoplastic behavior, showing in vivo skin compatibility and no skin irritancy.

Avaliação de neurônios mioentéricos NADPH-diaforase positivos do íleo de ratos diabéticos suplementados com Acetil-L-Carnitina / Evaluation of positive NADPH-diaphorase myenteric neurons in diabetic rats supplemented with Acetyl-L-Carnitine

Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação com acetil-L-carnitina (ALC) sobre os neurônios mioentéricos do íleo de ratos após a indução de diabetes. Foram usados animais diabéticos suplementados com ALC (DC), diabéticos (D), normoglicêmicos suplementados com ALC (CC) e normoglicêmicos (C). Neurônios NADPH-d foram quantificados e mensurados. Observou-se redução na glicemia e na ingestão de água no grupo DC. A densidade neuronal em 12,72mm² de íleo foi semelhante nos quatro grupos (p>0,05): DC (558,8 ± 220,2), D (513,4 ± 72,01), CC (645,2 ± 144,9) e C (934 ± 248,5). A área média do corpo celular dos neurônios (µm²) nos animais diabéticos, DC (303,9 ± 114,2) e D (285,4 ± 111,8), foram maiores que nos grupos normoglicêmicos, CC (173,6 ± 53,78) e C (158,4 ± 53,73). A área do íleo (mm²) também mostrou-se maior nos animais dos grupos diabéticos, DC (190,96) e D (171,62) quando comparados aos normoglicêmicos: CC (138,04) e C (130,06). Entretanto no grupo DC, ambas as áreas foram maiores que no D (P<0,05). Assim, pode se inferir discreto incremento na população neuronal. Os dados indicaram que a ALC não interferiu nos mecanismos que promovem aumento na produção de óxido nítrico (NO) pelos neurônios mioentéricos do íleo e que a maior dilatação do íleo no grupo DC poderia ser resultante de efeito colateral da dose de carnitina empregada.

The objective was to evaluate supplementation with acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) on myenteric neurons of the ileum of rats after induction of diabetes. Diabetic animals supplemented with ALC (DC), diabetic (D), normoglycemic animals supplemented with ALC (CC) and normoglycemic (C) were used. NADPH-d neurons were quantified and measured. There was a reduction in blood glucose and water intake in the DC group. The neuronal density in 12.72mm² of ileum was similar in the four groups (p>0.05): DC (558.8 ± 220.2), D (513.4 ± 72.01), CC (645.2 ± 144.9) and C (934 ± 248.5). The mean cell body area of neurons (µm²) in diabetic animals, DC (303.9 ± 114.2) and D (285.4 ± 111.8), were greater than in the normoglycemic groups, CC (173.6 ± 53.78) and C (158.4 ± 53.73). The ileum area (mm²) was larger in animals of the diabetic groups, CD (190.96) and D (171.62) compared to the normoglycemic groups: CC (138.04) and C (130.04). However, in the DC group, both areas were larger than in D (p<0.05). Thus, a slight increase in neuronal population can be inferred. The data indicated that ALC did not interfere with mechanisms that promote an increase in the production of nitric oxide (NO) by myenteric neurons of the ileum and that the greater dilation of the ileum in the DC group could be the result of a side effect of the dose of carnitine used.

Quality of life of master's and doctoral students in health.

OBJECTIVES: to assess the quality of life of master's and doctoral students in health. METHODS: this is a cross-sectional study carried out with 503 master's and doctoral students from the Brazilian Center-West, using the WHOQOL-BREF to analyze their quality of life. Analysis included Cronbach's alpha coefficient, confirmatory factor analysis and bivariate and multivariate analyzes. RESULTS: older age and having a child were associated with higher average quality of life scores, while diagnosis of anxiety/depression, difficulty in managing academic and personal activities and thinking about dropping out of course were associated with lower average scores in quality of life domains (p <0.05). CONCLUSIONS: master's and doctoral students have reduced quality of life during the entire training period, mainly in psychological and physical health. The management of academic activities and dropping out of course are the main variables associated with decreased students' quality of life.