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Background: The current Japanese hypertension management guidelines (2019) recommend regular exercise for all patients with hypertension. However, limited evidence is available regarding the prevalence of exercise habits in these patients. Therefore, we examined the proportion of participants who met the recommendations on exercise in the Japanese hypertension management guidelines (2019) using a nationally representative sample. Methods: Participants aged ≥20 years from the Japanese National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted from 2013 to 2018 were included. Participants with hypertension were defined as those with blood pressure level ≥140/90 mmHg or those who used antihypertensive drugs. Adherence to the guideline recommendations, stratified by gender, age category, blood pressure level, and medication status, was examined. Results: This study included 13,414 participants with hypertension (age 68.2 ± 11.7 years, 48.1% men). Among them, 31.8% of participants with hypertension (36.8% of men and 27.3% of women) met the guidelines. Regarding age, the 20-64 years age group had the lowest proportion of patients who met the guidelines (22.4%), followed by those in the 65-74 (37.7%) and ≥75 years age groups (34.5%). Adherence to the guidelines did not significantly differ according to blood pressure levels (<120/<80, 120-129/<80, 130-139/80-89, 140-159/90-99, and 160-179/100-109 mmHg) and presence of antihypertensive medications. Conclusion: One-third of participants with hypertension engaged in exercise as recommended by the current hypertension management guidelines. Promotion of exercise therapy and monitoring exercise habits among participants with hypertension is warranted.
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OBJECTIVES: It is well known that low educational attainment is associated with cognitive function decline in older age. Childhood book availability may help to preserve cognitive function in older adults with low education. The study objective was to examine the association between childhood book availability and cognitive function among older adults with low educational attainment, and to investigate the mediating effect of the volume of reading-related brain regions (e.g., superior temporal cortex). METHODS: A cross-sectional study of community-dwelling older Japanese adults aged 65-84 years was conducted (nâ =â 474). Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Childhood book availability was assessed using a retrospective questionnaire. Brain region volume was measured using magnetic resonance imaging. Multivariate regression modeling and structural equation modeling were used for analysis. RESULTS: Both high educational attainment and childhood book availability were independently associated with high MMSE score. Stratification of educational level showed that childhood book availability was positively associated with MMSE score among participants with low educational attainment (coefficientâ =â 1.48, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.31 to 2.66), but not among those with moderate or high educational attainment (coefficient = -0.01, 95% CI: -1.44 to 1.42 and -1.21, 95% CI: -3.85 to 1.42, respectively). Among participants with low educational attainment, left superior temporal cortex volume mediated the association between childhood book availability and MMSE score. DISCUSSION: The availability of books in childhood helps to preserve cognitive function in older adults with low education via left superior temporal cortex volume. Further research is needed to replicate these findings.
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Cognición , Escolaridad , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética , Humanos , Anciano , Masculino , Femenino , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Estudios Transversales , Cognición/fisiología , Libros , Pruebas de Estado Mental y Demencia , Disfunción Cognitiva , Japón , Vida Independiente , Lectura , Lóbulo Temporal/diagnóstico por imagen , Lóbulo Temporal/fisiologíaRESUMEN
Objective This longitudinal study aimed to clarify the changes in the medical treatment behavior of Japanese patients with chronic diseases during the early phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and examine the factors associated with disease worsening. Methods Subjects with chronic diseases were selected from a panel survey that started at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic consists of 2,400 participants recruited via the Internet. Medical treatment behaviors (decrease in medical visit frequency, inability to take regular medications, and utilization of telephone/online medical care), psychological distress, and sociodemographic factors were evaluated at baseline (May 2020) and at the follow-up survey (February 2021). A worsening of chronic diseases was defined as those who answered "yes" to the question, "Has-the-condition-of-the-chronic-disease-worsened?". The factors related to the worsening of chronic diseases at follow-up were examined. Results A total of 514 participants (mean age 61.6±12.9 years) were analyzed. The percentage of participants who reported decreasing medical visit frequency was 34% at the baseline and 16.5% at follow-up, and those who reported a worsening of chronic diseases was 5.1% and 5.1%, respectively. A worsening of chronic diseases at follow-up was significantly associated with a younger age, a decreased frequency of medical visits, unemployment, a history of smoking, and psychological distress. Conclusions A decreased frequency of medical visits was observed among one-third of the participants with chronic disease in the early stage of the pandemic, and it reduced by half at follow-up. In the early stages of an emerging infectious disease pandemic, decreased regular hospital/clinic visits can lead to a worsening of chronic diseases. Those who had psychological distress, unemployment, and a history of smoking were vulnerable to a worsening chronic disease.
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COVID-19 , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/psicología , Masculino , Femenino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Estudios Longitudinales , Anciano , Enfermedad Crónica , Japón/epidemiología , SARS-CoV-2 , Pandemias , Adulto , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
This study examined associations between changes in neighbourhood walkability and body mass index (BMI) among 1041 residents who relocated within Brisbane, Australia between 2007 and 2016 over five waves of the HABITAT study. Measures included spatially-derived neighbourhood walkability (dwelling density, street connectivity, and land use mix) and self-reported height and weight. No associations were found between any neighbourhood walkability characteristics and BMI. Examining these associations over the life course, and the impact of residential relocation in the younger years, remains a priority for future research.
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Índice de Masa Corporal , Entorno Construido , Vivienda , Caminata , Caminata/fisiología , Estudios Longitudinales , Queensland , Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Entorno Construido/estadística & datos numéricos , Obesidad/epidemiología , Obesidad/etiología , Estatura , Peso Corporal , Autoinforme , Densidad de Población , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Factores Socioeconómicos , Actitud , Dinámica Poblacional , Vivienda/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
Objective: Few studies have detailed the physical activity and postural patterns (e.g. lying or sitting) in older adults with declining activities of daily living (ADL). Therefore, we aimed to address this issue by quantifying physical activity using an accelerometer and measuring time spent in various postures among older adults in assisted-living residences. Methods: We quantified physical activity using an accelerometer (ActivPAL) and measured time spent in various postures in 35 older adults (mean age: 89.1 years) with chronic conditions residing in two assisted-living residences in Japan. ActivPAL was attached to the thigh and trunk of patients to distinguish between sitting and lying postures. Results: Participants had a mean count of 6.2 comorbidities, and they were divided into three groups (fully independent, requiring minimal assistance and requiring care) based on their activities of daily living capacity using the Barthel Index. Residents aged ⩾90 years walked a mean of 1109.1 steps and spent 167.3 min upright per day. Fully independent participants walked a mean of 3587.6 steps daily; those requiring minimal assistance walked 1681.0 steps daily; and those requiring care walked 428.9 steps daily. Conclusions: Our findings indicated that step count, number of sit-to-stand transitions, stepping time, and upright time decreased significantly as activities of daily living capacity decreased. Comorbidity type and number of comorbidities were not related to their lying time except for depression status. Lying time was associated with depression status.
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OBJECTIVES: To examine the dose-response relationship between physical activity (PA) and all-cause and cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality, specifically among older adults. DESIGN: Umbrella review. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Eligible studies included systematic reviews with meta-analyses that investigated the association of aerobic PA, muscle-strengthening activity, and multicomponent PA, including exercise programs (such as aerobic, muscle strengthening, and balance training), with all-cause and CVD mortality among older adults aged ≥60 years. METHODS: We performed a literature search in PubMed, CINAHL, and the Cochrane Library for eligible studies published between January 2017 and March 2023 to update an umbrella review initially conducted by the United States 2018 PA Guidelines Advisory Committee. Studies included in the 2018 US PA and 2020 World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines were also reviewed. In addition, meta-analyses that reported effect sizes stratified by age and recruiting older adults (aged ≥60 years) were included. RESULTS: Overall, 16 relevant systematic reviews (10 from our review and 6 from the US and WHO guidelines) met the inclusion criteria. All these reviews showed that 7.5 to 15.0 metabolic equivalents (METs)-hours/week (around the recommended PA levels outlined in the US and WHO guidelines) substantially reduced mortality risks among older adults (approximately 19%-30% for all-cause mortality and 25%-34% for CVD mortality). Moreover, 15.0 to 22.5 MET-hours/week, exceeding the guideline-recommended PA levels, resulted in greater reductions in mortality risks by 35% to 37% and 38% to 40%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: PA substantially reduced all-cause and CVD mortality risks among older adults. Larger risk reductions may be achieved by engaging in PA levels higher than those recommended by the current international PA guidelines. Our findings suggest that recommending higher PA levels beyond the current guidelines may benefit older adults when developing future international PA guidelines.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Ejercicio Físico , Mortalidad , Anciano , Humanos , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/mortalidad , Conducta de Reducción del Riesgo , Revisiones Sistemáticas como Asunto , Metaanálisis como AsuntoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the relationships of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) with all-cause and disease-specific mortality. We also investigated how the association between MVPA at leisure time (LT-MVPA) and health outcomes differs at different MVPA at work (WT-MVPA) levels. METHODS: The 81,601 community-dwelling Japanese persons age 50-79 yr who responded to a questionnaire in 2000-2003 were followed until 2018. Cox proportional hazard model was used to examine the association of total MVPA with risks of all-cause, cancer, heart disease, stroke, and respiratory disease mortality. Then, we compared the mortality risk according to the tertile of LT-MVPA, stratified by the tertile of WT-MVPA. RESULTS: During the 15.1 yr of average follow-up, 16,951 deaths were identified. Even total MVPA below the recommended volume (i.e., 0.1-1.49 MET·h·d -1 ) was associated with 11% to 24% reductions in all-cause (hazard ratio [HR], 0.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82-0.96) and heart disease mortality (HR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.61-0.94), compared with no MVPA at all. The further reduced risks were seen in MVPA up to 10 MET·h·d -1 . The inverse association between LT-MVPA and mortality risks was more evident at lower WT-MVPA, which was also inversely associated with the risks. CONCLUSIONS: Health benefits were observed at low levels of MVPA and up to 10 MET·h·d -1 , although the fine threshold for excessive MVPA was not clear. LT-MVPA had distinct health benefits especially for persons with lower WT-MVPA.
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Ejercicio Físico , Neoplasias , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Anciano , Modelos de Riesgos Proporcionales , Actividades Recreativas , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: We examined whether introduction of national guidelines limiting sports club activities at school was associated with adolescents' exercise and cardiorespiratory fitness. METHODS: We conducted interrupted time-series analysis to quantify the changes in prefecture-level aggregated data on exercise or sports activities and 20-m shuttle run (indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness) among adolescents in Japan before (2013-2017) and after (2018-2022) the introduction of the guidelines using data from the National Survey of Physical Fitness, Athletic Performance and Exercise Habits. RESULTS: The introduction of the guidelines was associated with reductions in exercise and sports activities duration (boys, -4.8 [95% CI -5.9, -3.8] min/day; girls, -5.5 [95% CI -6.2, -4.8] min/day) and performance of 20-m shuttle run (boys, -1.2 [95% CI -1.4, -1.0] laps; girls, -2.3 [95% CI -2.5, -2.2] laps). DISCUSSION: After introducing guidelines limiting sports club activities at school, levels of exercise or sports and cardiorespiratory fitness declined among adolescents.
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Capacidad Cardiovascular , Deportes , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Humanos , Ejercicio Físico , Aptitud Física , Instituciones AcadémicasRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: Changing the mode of commuting from nonactive by car or motorcycle to active by walking, cycling, or public transport is expected to benefit health. However, the proportion of nonactive commuters who can change their commute mode to active forms remains unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the proportions of nonactive commuters and of those who can change their commute mode to an active form in various regions in Japan. METHODS: In this descriptive study, data were used from an online survey conducted from April to May 2021. Participants included 3,000 adults (20 to 79 years), who were registered with an online survey company. Workers were asked their means of transportation to work and commuting time. Workers using a car or motorcycle for more than 1 minute for commuting were defined as nonactive commuters, and the others were defined as active commuters. Then, nonactive commuters were asked about the possibility of changing their commute mode to active commuting (0%-100%, 11 options in 10% increments). The possibility of change was classified into four groups, i.e., impossible (0%), difficult (10%-40%), probably possible (50%-90%), and possible (100%). The proportions of nonactive commuters and nonactive commuters who can transition to active commuting were described by region. RESULTS: A total of 2,683 participants answered the survey, including 1,647 workers, of whom 1,551 were commuters. The nonactive commuters accounted for 41.4% of commuters overall. The proportion of nonactive commuters was higher in rural than in urban regions. The proportion of nonactive commuters who could change their commute mode was 32.9% of the nonactive commuters or 12.8% of all workers. Among the nonactive commuters, the proportion who could change their commute mode was higher in urban than in rural regions. Of the total workers, the proportion of nonactive commuters who could change their commute mode was higher in rural regions. CONCLUSION: Nonactive commuters accounted for 41.4% of all commuters. The proportion of nonactive commuters who could change their commute mode among nonactive commuters was higher in urban regions. However, in rural regions, as the proportion of nonactive commuters was high, the proportion of nonactive commuters who could change their commute mode among total workers was also high. These results suggest that some of nonactive commuters can change their commute mode from nonactive to active commuting, in rural as well as in urban regions.
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Ejercicio Físico , Transportes , Adulto , Humanos , Japón , Transportes/métodos , Caminata , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
PURPOSE: Visual impairment is a possible cause of physical frailty. Reduced physical activity (PA) may be involved in the pathway from visual impairment to physical frailty, although the association between vision and objectively measured PA among older adults remains unclear. This study examined the sex-specific association of subjective vision with intensity-specific PA and bout-specific sedentary behavior (SB) among community-dwelling, older Japanese adults. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study METHODS: This study used data from the Neuron to Environmental Impact across Generations study analyzing older adults (527 participants, aged 65-84 years) living in rural areas of Niigata Prefecture, Japan. Subjective vision was assessed by use of a questionnaire. Intensity-specific PA (light-intensity PA and moderate-to-vigorous PA [MVPA]), bout-specific SB, and daily step count were objectively evaluated by use of an accelerometer. The association of subjective vison with PA and SB, stratified by sex, was analyzed by means of general regression analyses, with adjustment for covariates. RESULTS: The data of 512 participants (men: 46.9%; with poor subjective vision: 22.9%) were analyzed. Poor subjective vision was significantly associated with log MVPA (partial regression coefficient = -0.261, P = .013) and log steps (partial regression coefficient = -0.164; P = .021) among women, whereas a tendency of an association was observed with prolonged SB time among men (partial regression coefficient: 39.1; P = .073). CONCLUSION: Older Japanese women with poor subjective vision performed less MVPA and had fewer step counts than those of participants with good subjective vision, and men with poor subjective vision had longer prolonged SB, which may all accelerate the process to physical frailty.
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Fragilidad , Vida Independiente , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Anciano , Conducta Sedentaria , Japón/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Trastornos de la VisiónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) surveillance, policy, and research efforts need to be periodically appraised to gain insight into national and global capacities for PA promotion. The aim of this paper was to assess the status and trends in PA surveillance, policy, and research in 164 countries. METHODS: We used data from the Global Observatory for Physical Activity (GoPA!) 2015 and 2020 surveys. Comprehensive searches were performed for each country to determine the level of development of their PA surveillance, policy, and research, and the findings were verified by the GoPA! Country Contacts. Trends were analyzed based on the data available for both survey years. RESULTS: The global 5-year progress in all 3 indicators was modest, with most countries either improving or staying at the same level. PA surveillance, policy, and research improved or remained at a high level in 48.1%, 40.6%, and 42.1% of the countries, respectively. PA surveillance, policy, and research scores decreased or remained at a low level in 8.3%, 15.8%, and 28.6% of the countries, respectively. The highest capacity for PA promotion was found in Europe, the lowest in Africa and low- and lower-middle-income countries. Although a large percentage of the world's population benefit from at least some PA policy, surveillance, and research efforts in their countries, 49.6 million people are without PA surveillance, 629.4 million people are without PA policy, and 108.7 million live in countries without any PA research output. A total of 6.3 billion people or 88.2% of the world's population live in countries where PA promotion capacity should be significantly improved. CONCLUSION: Despite PA is essential for health, there are large inequalities between countries and world regions in their capacity to promote PA. Coordinated efforts are needed to reduce the inequalities and improve the global capacity for PA promotion.
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Ejercicio Físico , Políticas , Humanos , Epidemiología del Derecho , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Salud GlobalRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The Olympic Games represent an opportunity to create a 'physical activity legacy' that promotes physical activity at the population level in the host nations and cities. However, previous studies showed little increase in population-level physical activity following the Olympics. The upsurge of public interest in sports and physical activity participation before the Olympics may diminish rapidly following the Games. We examined the pre-Games effects of the Olympics on Japanese population-level physical activity after the announcement of Tokyo's successful bid for the 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games in September 2013. METHODS: We used publicly available data from serial cross-sectional surveys conducted with nationally or regionally representative samples in Japan seven years before and after the announcement (from 2006-2020). The outcomes were 1) daily step counts and 2) exercise habit prevalence (≥ 30 min/day, ≥ 2 days/week, and over a year) from the National Health and Nutrition Surveys Japan (NHNS-J; 14 time points; aggregated data); and 3) sports participation (at least once a week) from the National Sports-Life Survey conducted every two years (NSLS; eight time points; individual-level data of 18,867 adults) and from the Public Opinion Survey on Sports Participation of Tokyo Residents (POSSP; eight time points; aggregated data). Age- and gender-adjusted regression models were used to estimate changes in the outcomes before and after the announcement. RESULTS: There were no significant pre-Games effects of the Olympics on national-level physical activity participation among Japanese adults. Sports participation (56.4% and 57.5%, respectively; P = 0.518), daily steps (6,535 and 6,686 steps/day; P = 0.353), and exercise habit (30.7% and 29.1%, P = 0.309) did not change significantly before and after the announcement. Although an increase in sports participation among Tokyo residents was not found in the NSLS (61.5% and 59.3%, P = 0.227), it was observed in the POSSP (49.1% and 57.7%, P = 0.019). Nonetheless, this increase might not be related to the pre-Games effects since the trend diminished following the announcement. CONCLUSIONS: Population-level physical activity did not show significant changes until 2020. Realising the physical activity legacy of an Olympics may require strategic promotion and cross-agency partnership implementation in the pre- and post-event period.
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Deportes , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Ejercicio Físico , Humanos , Japón , TokioRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Differences in accelerometer-measured sedentary behavior and different physical activity (PA) intensities between men and women have been poorly described. The authors examined gender differences in time-use activity composition and total volume of PA. METHODS: A cross-sectional mail survey was conducted from 2013 to 2015 with a randomized sample of 6000 middle-aged (40-64 y) community-dwelling Japanese adults living in urban and regional cities. Participants wore Active style Pro HJA-350IT on their waist for 7 consecutive days. Gender differences in activity time use was examined using compositional data analysis to control for time spent in all activity measures. RESULTS: In total, 757 participants (303 men, 52.3 [7.1] y) with valid data were included in the analysis. Women spent on average 12.6% less time in sedentary behavior and 23.4% more time in light-intensity PA than men, whereas no significant difference was found for moderate to vigorous PA. Women accumulated a significantly greater volume of PA than men (17.8 vs 15.0 metabolic equivalent of task h/d). CONCLUSIONS: Japanese middle-aged women showed higher levels of PA than men because they spent more time in light-intensity PA. Given the health benefits of light-intensity PA, evaluating only moderate to vigorous PA may lead to an underestimation of women's participation in PA.
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Ejercicio Físico , Conducta Sedentaria , Acelerometría , Adulto , Estudios Transversales , Análisis de Datos , Femenino , Humanos , Japón , Masculino , Persona de Mediana EdadRESUMEN
To reduce vaccine hesitancy, it is important to identify factors that can intervene at the individual or community level. Social capital is a possible factor because it is associated with various vaccine hesitancy, such as for measles and influenza. However, limited studies have explored the association between social capital and vaccination for COVID-19, which is an unprecedented pandemic and infodemic. Therefore, this study aimed to clarify the association between social capital and COVID-19 vaccination during the pandemic. This cross-sectional study used quota sampling for an online-based survey. Participants were asked whether they had previously been vaccinated for COVID-19 and their intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine booster. Social capital was evaluated using three measures (individual-level civic participation, social cohesion, and reciprocity). Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to clarify the association between social capital and previous COVID-19 vaccination status as well as intention to receive a COVID-19 booster. Participants were 2,313 individuals, of whom 87.2% had received a COVID-19 vaccine; 72.3% intended to obtain a COVID-19 booster. Individuals with any social capital are more likely to receive a COVID-19 vaccination than those with none (OR: 1.73, 95%CI: 1.18-2.54; OR: 1.58, 95%CI: 1.22-2.05; OR: 3.05, 95%CI: 2.15-4.33). These indicators were also associated with the intention to receive a COVID-19 booster. Thus, our results suggest that among the general public, those with individual-level social capital are more likely to receive a COVID-19 vaccination than those with none. Social capital may be a factor that can reduce vaccine hesitancy during a pandemic.
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COVID-19 , Capital Social , Humanos , Vacunas contra la COVID-19 , Estudios Transversales , COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/prevención & control , Japón/epidemiología , Vacilación a la Vacunación , VacunaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: This longitudinal study aimed to investigate how psychological distress levels changed from early to middle phases of the new coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic depending on the living arrangements of individuals. METHODS: An internet-based, longitudinal survey of 2,400 Japanese people was conducted every 5-6 weeks between February 2020 and January 2021. The presence of severe psychological distress (SPD) was measured using the Kessler's psychological distress scale. Living arrangements were classified into two groups (ie, living alone or living with others). Mixed-effects logistic regression analysis was performed to assess whether changes in SPD status were different depending on living arrangements. RESULTS: Of 2,400 respondents, 446 (18.5%) lived alone. Although the proportion of SPD in both individuals living alone and those living with others increased to the same extent in the early phase of the pandemic, the distress levels decreased after the early phase of the pandemic in the group living with others, compared with the group living alone, for which SPD remained high. The odds ratio (OR) of developing SPD in interaction term with survey phases tended to be higher among those who lived alone than those who lived with others in Phase 6 (OR 1.89; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99-3.64) and Phase 7 (OR 1.88; 95% CI, 0.97-3.63). CONCLUSION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, those living alone are persistently at a higher risk of SPD compared to those living with others. Effective countermeasures targeting those living alone, such as enhancing online communication or providing psychological therapies, are essential.
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COVID-19 , COVID-19/epidemiología , Ambiente en el Hogar , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Salud Mental , PandemiasRESUMEN
Background and Objective: The importance of brown adipose tissue (BAT) is well recognized in healthy infants and children. However, information regarding age-related changes in BAT vascular density (BAT-d) and the impact of BAT-d on body adiposity are lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the normal values of BAT-d, factors influencing BAT-d, and the impact of BAT-d on body adiposity in healthy infants and children. Methods: This study included 240 participants (127 girls and 113 boys) aged 1 month to 5 years. The tissue total hemoglobin concentration in the supraclavicular region adjusted according to the subcutaneous adipose tissue thickness (SAT) ([total-Hb-Adj]sup) as BAT-d. SAT in the deltoid and interscapular regions (SATdel+int), the Kaup index (body weight [g]/height or length [cm]/height or length [cm] × 10) as body adiposity, and fertilization season were also measured. Results: The [total-Hb-Adj]sup of boys was higher than that of girls (r = 0.277, p = 0.009). Younger children had a significantly higher Kaup index (r = 0.495, p < 0.001) and SATdel+int (r = 0.614, p < 0.001) than older children. Children who had higher [total-Hb-Adj]sup had a significantly lower Kaup index (r = 0.495, p = 0.037) and SATdel+int (r = 0.614, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The [total-Hb-Adj]sup, as a parameter of BAT-d, is negatively correlated with body adiposity in children aged 1 month to 5 years, and BAT might affect human obesity to a much greater extent than expected. To prevent or treat obesity in early childhood, the level of BAT-d should be considered when using a dietary intervention.
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OBJECTIVES: Having gratitude is associated with reduced social isolation and depression, which are risk factors for dementia. However, it is unknown whether gratitude is directly associated with cognitive function. This study aimed to determine associations between gratitude and cognitive function and to elucidate the underlying biological mechanism by testing the mediating role of brain regions among healthy older people. METHODS: We used cross-sectional data from the 2017 Neuron to Environmental Impact across Generations (NEIGE) study of community-dwelling older adults aged ≥ 65 years (n = 478). Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Levels of gratitude were assessed using the two-items of Gratitude Questionnaire. Volumes of brain regions associated with emotional processing and social interaction were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Linear regression models and structural equation models were used to examine associations between level of gratitude, brain volume, and cognitive function. RESULTS: The mean gratitude score was 6.3 (SD=0.9) and the mean MMSE score was 27.1 (SD=2.5). Regression analysis showed that higher levels of gratitude were associated with better cognitive function (coefficient=0.25, 95% CI: 0.01, 0.49), adjusting for age, sex, education, marital status, and depressive symptoms. Higher levels of gratitude were associated with larger volumes of right amygdala and left fusiform gyrus. Structural equation model analysis showed that amygdala volumes mediated the association between gratitude and cognitive function. CONCLUSION: Higher levels of gratitude were positively associated with cognitive function, partially mediated through the amygdala, which is involved in processing emotion and memory.
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Encéfalo , Cognición , Anciano , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Cognición/fisiología , Estudios Transversales , Ambiente , Humanos , Pruebas de Estado Mental y DemenciaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Sedentary behavior and decreased physical activity are associated with reduced kidney function, yet most evidence is based on self-reported physical activity. This study investigated the association between accelerometer-based physical activity level and kidney function in a general Japanese population. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 440 community-dwelling Japanese participants, aged 35-79 years. Time (min/d) was assessed for the following types of physical activity: sedentary behavior, light physical activity (LPA), and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). Kidney function was assessed using estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). A linear regression model was employed to calculate the ß coefficient of eGFR for a 60-min/d increase in sedentary behavior and LPA and a 10-min/d increase in MVPA. A logistic regression model was used to calculate the odds ratio for low eGFR (< 60 versus ≥60 mL/min/1.73m2) for a 60-min/d or 10-min/d increase in each physical activity type. RESULTS: MVPA time and eGFR were positively associated in both men and women, after adjusting for age, body mass index, and other clinical characteristics (Men: ß, 0.91; P = 0.021; Women: ß, 0.70; P = 0.034). In women, sedentary behavior and eGFR were inversely associated after adjusting for the same factors (ß, - 1.06; P = 0.048). The odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for low eGFR associated with a 60-min increase in sedentary behavior was 1.65 (1.07-2.55) after adjusting for the same factors in women. CONCLUSION: Longer sedentary behavior and shorter MVPA time were associated with lower kidney function in the Japanese population.
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Ejercicio Físico/fisiología , Riñón/fisiología , Acelerometría , Adulto , Anciano , Estudios Transversales , Tasa de Filtración Glomerular , Humanos , Vida Independiente , Japón , Riñón/fisiopatología , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Análisis de Regresión , Insuficiencia Renal Crónica/fisiopatología , Factores de Riesgo , Conducta SedentariaRESUMEN
People have a preference for, and feel better in, beautiful natural environments. However, there are no epidemiological studies on the association between neighborhood beauty and neuroimaging measures. We aimed to determine association between neighborhood beauty and regional brain volume. Participants were 476 community-dwelling older adults from the Neuron to Environmental Impact across Generations (NEIGE) study. Subjective neighborhood beauty was assessed through participants' perception of beautiful scenery within 1 km of their home. Objective measures of neighborhood indicators (green spaces, blue spaces, and plant diversity) within 1 km of participants' homes were obtained using a geographic information system. Volumes of brain regions associated with experience of beauty were measured using magnetic resonance imaging. We estimated associations between neighborhood beauty and regional brain volume using linear regression. Of the participants, 42% rated their neighborhoods as very beautiful, and 17% rated them as not at all beautiful. Higher subjective neighborhood beauty was associated with larger bilateral medial orbitofrontal cortex and insula volumes (all p for trend < 0.01). Brain volume was not associated with objective neighborhood measures. Subjective neighborhood beauty was associated with brain regions related to rewards and decision making, suggesting that these brain regions underpin the perception of neighborhood beauty.