Profiling Inflammatory Cytokines in a Cohort Study of Egyptian Patients with COVID-19 Infection.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is an international public health emergency with major disruptions and devastating health consequences resulting from the associated cytokine storm syndrome. The aim of our research was to assess the inflammatory biomarkers and risk factors associated with severity of (COVID-19) patients. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted and included 150 Egyptian patients with COVID-19. Patients were classified into mild, moderate, and severe according to the clinical and CT chest findings. Blood samples were collected from patients for laboratory assessment of inflammatory biomarkers. RESULTS: Our results showed significant negative correlation between oxygen saturation percent and serum levels of inflammatory markers. The correlations were statistically significant with IL-6, CRP, ferritin, LDH, and D-dimer which can be used as sensitive biomarkers for assessment of the risk of severity of infection in COVID 19 patients. CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed that the risk factors associated with severity of COVID 19 infection included older age, male gender, presence of underlying chronic disease, and increased levels of inflammatory biomarkers: CRP, LDH, ferritin, IL-6, and D-dimer.

Association of chitotriosidase enzyme activity and genotype with the risk of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes.

OBJECTIVE: The immune-inflammatory system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy; however, many of the mechanisms involved remain unclear. Chitotriosidase enzyme is an active human chitinase and a major protein product of activated macrophages. Although playing an important role in innate and acquired immunity, chitotriosidase involvement in the development of diabetic nephropathy is unknown. DESIGN AND METHODS: Chitotriosidase enzyme activity and the presence of the functional 24-bp duplication mutation of the chitotriosidase gene (CHIT1) were assessed in 262 Egyptian type 2 diabetic patients with and without nephropathy and 90 non-diabetic controls. In diabetic patients, multiple linear regression models were adapted to assess the association of chitotriosidase activity with two important measures of renal disease progression: urinary albumin/creatinine ratio and eGFR, while the association of the CHIT1 genotype with the incidence of nephropathy was evaluated by multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: In diabetic patients, chitotriosidase enzyme activity showed a statistically significant elevation as compared to controls and correlated positively with the progression of nephropathy. A significant association of chitotriosidase activity with both urinary albumin/creatinine ratio and eGFR was detected after adjusting for age, gender, duration of diabetes, body mass index, hypertension status, total cholesterol, triglycerides and HbA1c levels, P<0.001. We also identified a protective association between the CHIT1 mutated genotype and diabetic nephropathy after adjusting for the same confounders (odds ratio: 0.517, 95% CI: 0.289-0.924, P=0.026). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates for the first time that the immunomodulatory effects of chitotriosidase enzyme could be implicated in the development of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes.