Prevalence and Risk Factors of Prenatal and Postnatal Depressive Symptoms in Babol Pregnancy Mental Health Registry: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Prenatal and postnatal depression (PND) is associated with adverse outcomes for mother, fetus, and child. The aim of study was to examine the prevalence and risk factors of prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional and hospital-based survey of 2305 pregnant women and post-partum women (18-48 years) that was registered in the Babol Pregnancy Mental Health Registry (BPMHR) database from June 2020 to March 2021. Two questionnaires, including demographics and depression, were analyzed in this study. Also, the Edinburg Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) was used to assess the depressive symptoms. Independent t test and the analysis of variance were used to compare the means. Multiple logistic regressions were used to determine risk factors for depressive symptoms. RESULTS: According to the EPDS scale, the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 19.8% in the pregnant woman group in comparison with the postpartum period (11.6%). Risk factors for antenatal depressive symptoms were parity (women with parity ≥ 4 vs. 1 parity, ß=1.808, P=0.020), two groups of gestational age (gestational age ≤12 weeks vs. 28 weeks, ß=1.562 P=0.030) as well as (gestational age 21-27 weeks vs. 28 weeks (ß=1.586, P=0.033), and high-risk pregnancy (high-risk vs. low-risk pregnancy, ß=1.457, P=0.003). For postnatal depressive symptoms, none of the factors were a significant risk. CONCLUSION: Prenatal and postnatal depressive symptoms should be screened, particularly for women in the first and second trimesters, with high parity, and those with a high-risk pregnancy, as recommended by the present study.

Psychological distress in pregnancy and postpartum: a cross-sectional study of Babol pregnancy mental health registry.

BACKGROUND: Psychological distress (PD) is a significant issue during pregnancy and postpartum, adversely affecting both children and mothers. This study aims to determine PD's prevalence and risk factors in a large Iranian population sample during pregnancy and postpartum. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the Babol Pregnancy Mental Health Registry (located in the north of Iran) between June 2020 and March 2021. A total of 2305 women were included, with 1639 during pregnancy and 666 during postpartum. Psychological distress was assessed using the Brief Symptoms Inventory (BSI-18), and data were analyzed using independent t-tests and multiple logistic regressions. RESULTS: The prevalence of psychological distress, defined by a cut-off score of BSI ≥ 13, was 19% during pregnancy and 15% during postpartum. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that high-risk pregnancy was the leading risk factor for psychological distress during the antenatal period (ß = 1.776, P < 0.001), as well as its three subscales: somatization (ß = 1.355, P = 0.019), anxiety symptoms (ß = 2.249, P < 0.001), and depressive symptoms (ß = 1.381, P = 0.028). Additionally, women with a gestational age < 20 weeks had a higher risk of psychological distress (ß = 1.344, P = 0.038) and the somatization subscale (ß = 1.641, P < 0.001). During the postpartum period, women residing in urban areas were at higher risk of psychological distress (ß = 1.949, P = 0.012), as well as two subscales: anxiety symptoms (ß = 1.998, P = 0.012) and depressive symptoms (ß = 1.949, P = 0.020). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of psychological distress emphasizes detecting and treating PD during pregnancy and postpartum, particularly in women with high-risk pregnancies. This study suggests that obstetricians and midwives should implement programs to identify women experiencing psychological distress during early pregnancy through postpartum visits.

Evaluation of the Salivary Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 in Women With Polycystic Ovaries Syndrome and Gingival Inflammation: A Case-Control Study.

Background Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disease of women of reproductive age that impacts their oral and systemic well-being. This study aimed to compare the gingival inflammation indices and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) of non-obese women with PCOS. Materials and methods This is a case-control study in which 78 women were referred to the Babol Clinic Hospital in Northern Iran between 2018 and 2019. They were divided into three groups: 26 women with PCOS and gingivitis, 26 women with PCOS with no gingivitis, and 26 women with no PCOS and no gingivitis as a control group. After recording the anthropometric and demographic variables, fasting saliva samples were taken from all participants before any periodontal intervention. These samples were transferred to Babol Molecular Cell Research Center under highly guaranteed cold-chain conditions to measure the serum levels of MMP-9. Periodontal status was evaluated for Gingival Index (GI), Plaque Index (PI), and Bleeding on Probing (BOP). Analysis of variance was used to compare the mean results for these indices. The significance level was considered when p ≤ 0.05. Results All the gingival indices were significantly higher for women with PCOS with gingivitis compared to the results for women from the other two groups. Similarly, women with PCOS showed high salivary MMP-9 levels but were within the normal reference ranges. Conclusion The gingival indices (GI, PI, and BOP) and salivary MMP-9 are higher in women with PCOS, regardless of the gingival status.

Evaluation of the effect of Silybum marianum extract on menopausal symptoms: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial.

The tendency to use herbs to manage menopausal symptoms has increased in recent years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of Silybum marianum (L.) compared with placebo in women with hot flashes. Eighty women were randomly allocated into two equal groups (S. marianum extract [400 mg/d] or placebo capsules). Hot flashes frequency and severity were evaluated in 12 weeks with the Greene Climacteric Scale (GCS) and the Hot Flash Related Daily Interference Scale (HFRDIS). The data were analyzed in SPSS software using t-test, Mann-Whitney, chi-square test and repeated measure analysis. Hot flashes frequency and severity decreased from 4.32 ± 0.20/day to 1.31 ± 0.15/day and from 5.25 ± 0.22 to 1.62 ± 0.08, respectively, during the study in test group (p < .001) which were significantly better than effects of placebo in all steps of study (p < .001). Significant decreases in GCS and HFRDIS scores were also detected in S. marianum group compared with placebo after 4, 8 and 12 weeks (p < .001). The results showed that S. marianum can decrease frequency and severity of hot flashes significantly. Considering the safety and high consumption of this herbal medicine worldwide, its use in women with menopausal symptoms can be helpful.

Elevated expression of IL-18 but not IL-1ß gene is associated with NALP3 and AIM2 inflammasome in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Inflammasome complex mediated interleukin 1ß (IL-1ß) and interleukin 18 (IL-18) production may be involved in immunopathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate involved inflammasome pathways in PCOS. Therefore, inflammasome genes expression and serum level of IL-1ß were evaluated in 30 patients with confirmed PCOS and 30 women without PCOS. A remarkable increase in expression of the nucleotide binding and oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NALP3), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), IL-18 and associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (CARD); (ASC) genes in PCOS were observed (p < 0.05). In contrast, expression level of NALP1, NALP12, NLR family apoptosis inhibitory proteins (NAIP), NLR family caspase recruitment domain (CARD) domain containing 4 (NLRC4) and IL-1ß genes was not significant. Although the IL-1ß protein level in serum of COS patients with BMI ≥ 25 was significantly higher than PCOS patient with BMI < 25, but there was no significant difference in non-PCOS individuals with BMI < 25 or ≥25. Furthermore, significant correlation between expression of AIM2 (r = 0.83, p = 0.032) and NALP3 (r = 0.59, p = 0.0001) was observed with IL-18, while a positive correlation (r = 0.84, p = 0.0001) was revealed between NAIP and IL-1ß. Based on the obtained results on inflammasome components along with increased expression of IL-1ß especially in overweight patients, it can be concluded that IL-18 expression as well as IL-1ß is probably due to activation of AIM2, NALP3 or NAIP inflammasome, which may play a critical role in immunopathology of PCOS.

Differences between infertile women with and without PCOS in terms of anxiety, coping styles, personality traits, and social adjustment: a case-control study.

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to identify differences in the level of anxiety, stress coping ways, personality traits, and social adjustments in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) compared to those without PCOS. METHODS: In a case-control study, 257 infertile of women were recruited at Fatemeh Azahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center (Babol, Iran) from May 2016 to December 2017. A total of 135 women with PCOS and 122 women without PCOS completed the following questionnaires; State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Ways of Coping Questionnaire (WCQ), NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI), and Bell's Adjustment Inventory. RESULTS: Infertile women with PCOS had a higher mean score of trait anxiety than those without PCOS (46.19 ± 5.29 vs 44.49 ± 5.13, P = 0.004), but no difference was observed for state anxiety. The two groups did not have any significant differences in the mean scores of social adjustment and ways of coping, except for social support and problem-focused coping which were higher in the PCOS group. The PCOS personality traits of PCOS infertile women were not different regarding neuroticism, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness. The only exception was that infertile PCOS women had a significantly higher mean score of openness to experience than those without PCOS (P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians could take advantage of the psychological differences of infertile women with PCOS and without PCOS for better management of PCOS in infertility settings; despite higher levels of anxiety they are more likely to cope with stress and are welcome to new experiences.

Effect of Metformin and Flutamide on Anthropometric Indices and Laboratory Tests in Obese/Overweight PCOS Women under Hypocaloric Diet.

BACKGROUND: This study was designed to investigate the effect of metformin and flutamide alone or in combination with anthropometric indices and laboratory tests of obese/overweight PCOS women under hypocaloric diet. METHODS: This single blind clinical trial was performed on 120 PCOS women. At the beginning, hypocaloric diet was recommended for the patients. After one month while they were on the diet, the patients were randomly divided in 4 groups; metformin (500 mg, 3/day), flutamide (250 mg, 2/day), combined, metformin (500 mg, 3/day) with flutamide (250 mg, 2/day) and finally placebo group. The patients were treated for 6 months. Anthropometric indices and laboratory tests (fasting and glucose-stimulated insulin levels, lipid profile and androgens) were measured. A one-way ANOVA (Post Hoc) and paired t-test were performed to analyze data. A p ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: After treatment, reduction in weight, BMI, hip circumference was significantly greater in the metformin group in comparison to other groups (p<0.05). In addition, the fasting insulin was significantly greater in metformin group and flutamide group in comparison to metformin+flutamide and placebo groups after treatment (p<0.05). Within groups, insulin level showed significant changes (before and after treatment) in metformin+flutamide group and LDL reduction was significant in flutamide group before and after treatment. Post hoc tukey and two-tailed with p≤0.05 were used to define statistical significance. CONCLUSION: Using combination of metformin and flutamide improves anthropometric indices and laboratory tests in obese/overweight PCOS women under hypocaloric diet.

Polycystic ovary syndrome in Iranian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is linked with metabolic syndrome, which includes obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and endocrine function in patients with PCOS. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of adolescent PCOS and characteristics associated with PCOS in adolescents in Babol, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1549 girl high school students aged 16-20 years who were living in Iran. After overnight fasting, blood samples were collected to determine hormones and lipid levels in PCOS patients between the first and fifth days of their menstrual period or withdrawal bleeding. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of adolescent PCOS was 129 (8.3%) (95% CI; 4.0, 12.0). Irregular menstruation was observed in 24.1% of adolescents. A total of 68% of PCOS adolescents had insulin resistance. Compared with non-PCOS adolescents, the OR of adolescent PCOS for family history of hirsutism was 1.53 (95% CI, 1.06-2.20; p=0.024), family history of irregular menstrual cycle was 2.27 (95% CI, 1.56-3.30; p<0.001), menarche age <13 years was 1.95 (95% CI, 1.36-2.81; p<0.001), hirsutism was 1.14 (CI 95%, 1.10-1.17; p<0.001), acne was 5.10 (CI 95%, 3.52-7.40; p<0.001), and wrist circumference was 1.28 (CI 95%, 1.07-1.54; p=0.007). CONCLUSION: The presenting findings showed the high prevalence of PCOS among Iranian adolescents. Emphasis should be placed on clinical screening in adolescents with high-risk factors, including irregular menstrual, menarche <13 years, hirsutism, acne, high wrist circumference, and paternal obesity to help reduce the risk of developing metabolic disturbance and to find ways to improve long-term health.