RESUMEN
The tobacco emission condensate, henceforth referred to as "tobacco condensate," plays a critical role in assessing the toxicity of tobacco products. This condensate, derived from tobacco emissions, provides an optimized liquid concentrate for storage and concentration control. Thus, the validation of its constituents is vital for toxicity assessments. This study used tobacco condensates from 3R4F cigarettes and three heated tobacco product (HTP) variants to quantify and contrast organic compounds (OCs) therein. The hazard index (HI) for tobacco emissions and condensates was determined to ascertain the assessment validity. The total particulate matter (TPM) for 3R4F registered at 17,667 µg cig-1, with its total OC (TOC) at 3777 µg cig-1. HTPs' TPM and TOC were 9342 ± 1918 µg cig-1 and 5258 ± 593 µg stick-1, respectively. 3R4F's heightened TPM likely arises from tar, while HTPs' OC concentrations are influenced by vegetable glycerin (2236-2688 µg stick-1) and propylene glycol (589-610 µg stick-1). During the condensation process, a substantial proportion of OCs in 3R4F smoke underwent significant concentration decreases, in contrast to HTPs, where fewer than half of the examined OCs exhibited notable concentration declines. The HI for tobacco emissions exhibited a marginally higher value compared to tobacco condensate, with variations ranging from 7.92% (HTPs) to 18.6% (3R4F), denoting a minimal differential. These observations emphasize the importance of accurate OC recovery techniques to maintain the validity and reliability of toxicity assessments based on tobacco condensates. This study not only deepens the comprehension of chemical behaviors in tobacco products but also establishes a novel benchmark for their toxicity evaluation, with profound implications for public health strategies and consumer protection.
Asunto(s)
Productos de Tabaco , Aerosoles/análisis , Material Particulado/toxicidad , Material Particulado/química , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Humo , Productos de Tabaco/análisisRESUMEN
Diverse harmful compounds can be emitted during the heating of tobacco sticks for heated tobacco products (HTPs). In this study, the generation of harmful compounds from the filter, instead of tobacco in tobacco sticks, was confirmed. The heat of a heated tobacco product device can be transferred to the tobacco stick filter, resulting in the generation of harmful compounds from the heated filter. Since the heating materials (tobacco consumable) of the tobacco sticks evaluated in this study were different depending on the brand, the harmful compounds emitted from the heated tobacco stick filters were examined by focusing on the carbonyl compounds, using three different tobacco stick parts. Acetaldehyde and propionaldehyde exhibited the highest concentrations in HTP aerosols produced by heating the tobacco consumable (conventional case) (63.5 ± 18.4 µg/stick and 1.71 ± 0.123 µg/stick, respectively). The aerosols produced by heating tobacco stick filters had higher formaldehyde and acrolein concentrations (0.945 ± 0.214 µg/stick and 0.519 ± 0.379 µg/stick) than the aerosols generated from heated tobacco consumable (0.641 ± 0.092 µg/stick and 0.220 ± 0.102 µg/stick). As such, formaldehyde and acrolein were produced by heating small parts of the mouthpiece of a tobacco stick, regardless of the heated tobacco product brand. In addition, acetone was only detected in the aerosols generated from heated filters (0.580 ± 0.305 µg/stick). Thus, safety evaluations of heated tobacco products should include considerations of the harmful compounds generated by heating tobacco stick mouthpieces for heated tobacco products in addition to those found in heated tobacco product aerosols.
Asunto(s)
Aerosoles/análisis , Contaminantes Atmosféricos/análisis , Formaldehído/análisis , Calor , Nicotiana/química , Compuestos Orgánicos/análisis , Productos de Tabaco/análisis , Sistemas Electrónicos de Liberación de Nicotina/estadística & datos numéricos , HumanosRESUMEN
To systematically regulate new types of cigarettes for which their safety has yet to be verified, such as heat-not-burn (HNB) products and electronic cigarettes (E-Cigs), the identification of chemicals in the new cigarette smoke is necessary. However, this is challenging due to the large number of new cigarette types and their different vaporization approaches. To address this issue, we herein report the development of a standardized new cigarette smoke generating (SNCSG) system based on heating-temperature control, which is able to generate smoke for all types of new cigarettes. Validation of the developed system was also carried out through analysis of the carbonyl compounds (e.g., formaldehyde and acetaldehyde) in the new cigarette smoke of HNB products and E-Cigs generated by the SNCSG system under different heating temperatures. The analytical results were used to validate the SNCSG system by comparison with those of previous studies. In all new cigarette smoke samples, the formaldehyde and acetaldehyde concentrations increased dramatically upon increasing the heating temperatures, especially over the reference heating range of each HNB device (mean concentration (µg/cigarette, n = 5 (HNB and E-Cig samples)): formaldehyde = 0.373-5.841 (250-320 °C), and acetaldehyde = 0.088-27.60 (250-320 °C). In the case of the HNB samples, the concentration differences determined by the heating temperatures of the tobacco stick were statistically significant, with p-values (ANOVA) of 1.85E-10 (formaldehyde) and 1.73E-08 (acetaldehyde). In the majority of smoke samples, acrolein and propionaldehyde were detected under relatively high heating temperature conditions (>250 °C) at 0.50 ± 1.76 µg/(cigarette or 10 µL), while acetone was detected under low heating temperature conditions (<250 °C) at 0.09 ± 0.17 µg/(cigarette or 10 µL). These results indicate that the developed SNCSG system could be suitable for application in the regulation of new types of cigarettes, regardless of the cigarette type and heating approach.
Asunto(s)
Sistemas Electrónicos de Liberación de Nicotina , Productos de Tabaco , Calor , Humo/análisis , Fumar , NicotianaRESUMEN
When assessing the inhalation toxicity of diverse inhalable substances, a first step is accurate quantitative analysis. In this study, we developed a method for the quantitative analysis of methylisothiazolinone (MIT) and methylchloroisothiazolinone (CMIT), main components in humidifier disinfectants. A simple thermal desorption (TD) method was used to analyze the CMIT/MIT. Using this method, sample loss during aerosolization was minimized compared with other more complicated pretreatment methods, like solvent absorption and extraction (SV). The results of the TD and SV methods were compared to determine the optimal analytical system for CMIT/MIT analysis. In both methods, the concentration of MIT increased systematically with increasing the CMIT/MIT aerosol concentration (R2 > 0.98). The MIT contents in the aerosol given by the two analytical methods were somewhat similar (MIT content = 1.52% (sample solution), 1.43% (TD) and 1.18% (SV)). In contrast, the measured CMIT content in the aerosol was different depending on the type of pretreatment used. The CMIT content was 2.90% for the TD method, while that for the solvent method recorded 0.75% (CMIT content of the sample solution = 4.66%). We confirmed that the sample loss of the CMIT with high reactivity occurred in the complicated sampling and pretreatment steps of the SV method.
RESUMEN
The quantitative analysis of target substances is an important part of assessing the toxicity of diverse materials. Usually, the quantitation of target compounds is conducted by instrumental analysis such as chromatography and capillary electrophoresis. If solvents are used in the pretreatment step of the target analyte quantification, it would be crucial to examine the solvent effect on the quantitative analysis. Therefore, in this study, we assessed the solvent effects using four different solvents (methanol, hexane, phosphate buffered saline (PBS), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)) and three toxic compounds (benzene, toluene, and methylisothiazolinone (MIT)). Liquid working standards containing the toxic compounds were prepared by dilution with each solvent and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). As a result, we found that the response factor (RF) values of the target analytes were different, depending on the solvent types. In particular, benzene and toluene exhibited their highest RF values (33,674 ng-1 and 78,604 ng-1, respectively) in hexane, while the RF value of MIT was the highest (9,067 ng-1) in PBS. Considering the correlation (R 2) and relative standard deviation (RSD) values, all target analytes showed fairly good values (R 2 > 0.99 and RSD < 10%) in methanol and DMSO. In contrast, low R 2 (0.0562) and high RSD (10.6%) values of MIT were detected in hexane, while benzene and toluene exhibited relatively low R 2 and high RSD values in PBS (mean R 2 = 0.9892 ± 0.0146 and mean RSD = 13.3 ± 4.1%). Based on these findings, we concluded that the results and reliability of the quantitative analysis change depending on the analyte and solvent types. Therefore, in order to accurately assess the toxicity of target compounds, reliable analytical data should be obtained, preferentially by considering the solvent types.
RESUMEN
Cigarette smoke is a major risk factor for several diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary and cardiovascular diseases. The toxicity of the cigarette smoke can be determined in vitro. The cytotoxicity test of the cigarette smoke is commonly conducted using the cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) and cigarette smoke extract (CSE). The CSC and CSE methods are well known for sampling of the particles and water-soluble compounds in the cigarette smoke, respectively. In this study, the CSC and CSE were analyzed by using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) system equipped with a wax column for separation of the volatile organic compounds. The cytotoxic effect of the CSC and CSE were evaluated thoroughly by comparing the analytical results of the CSC and CSE samples. The total concentration of the volatile organic compounds detected in the CSC sample was similar to that in the CSE sample based on the peak area. Except for the dimethyl sulfoxide solvent, nicotine had the highest concentration in the CSC sample, while acetonitrile had the highest concentration in the CSE sample. The compositions were as follows: (1) CSC sample: 55.8% nicotine, 18.0% nicotyrine, 3.20% 1,2,3-propanetriol, triacetate, 1.28% ethyl chloride, 1.22% phenol, etc. and (2) CSE sample: 18.7% acetonitrile, 18.0% acetone, 12.5% 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propanenitrile, 8.98% nicotine, 5.86% nicotyrine, etc. In this manner, to accurately examine the cytotoxicity of the cigarette smoke using CSC or CSE, the components and their concentrations in the CSC and CSE samples should be considered.