Corrigendum: Random cellulose acetate nanofibers: a breakthrough for cultivated meat production.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1297926.].

Butyrate inhibits LPC-induced endothelial dysfunction by regulating nNOS-produced NO and ROS production.

Lipids oxidation is a key risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC), the major component of oxidized LDL, is an important triggering agent for endothelial dysfunction and atherogenesis. Sodium butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, has demonstrated atheroprotective properties. So, we evaluate the role of butyrate in LPC-induced endothelial dysfunction. Vascular response to phenylephrine (Phe) and acetylcholine (Ach) was performed in aortic rings from male mice (C57BL/6J). The aortic rings were incubated with LPC (10 µM) and butyrate (0.01 or 0.1 Mm), with or without TRIM (an nNOS inhibitor). Endothelial cells (EA.hy296) were incubated with LPC and butyrate to evaluate nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, calcium influx, and the expression of total and phosphorylated nNOS and ERK½. We found that butyrate inhibited LPC-induced endothelial dysfunction by improving nNOS activity in aortic rings. In endothelial cells, butyrate reduced ROS production and increased nNOS-related NO release, by improving nNOS activation (phosphorylation at Ser1412). Additionally, butyrate prevented the increase in cytosolic calcium and inhibited ERk½ activation by LPC. In conclusion, butyrate inhibited LPC-induced vascular dysfunction by increasing nNOS-derived NO and reducing ROS production. Butyrate restored nNOS activation, which was associated with calcium handling normalization and reduction of ERK½ activation.

Bioactive cellulose acetate nanofiber loaded with annatto support skeletal muscle cell attachment and proliferation.

Electrospinning emerged as a promising technique to produce scaffolds for cultivated meat in function of its simplicity, versatility, cost-effectiveness, and scalability. Cellulose acetate (CA) is a biocompatible and low-cost material that support cell adhesion and proliferation. Here we investigated CA nanofibers, associated or not with a bioactive annatto extract (CA@A), a food-dye, as potential scaffolds for cultivated meat and muscle tissue engineering. The obtained CA nanofibers were evaluated concerning its physicochemical, morphological, mechanical and biological traits. UV-vis spectroscopy and contact angle measurements confirmed the annatto extract incorporation into the CA nanofibers and the surface wettability of both scaffolds, respectively. SEM images revealed that the scaffolds are porous, containing fibers with no specific alignment. Compared with the pure CA nanofibers, CA@A nanofibers showed increased fiber diameter (420 ± 212 nm vs. 284 ± 130 nm). Mechanical properties revealed that the annatto extract induces a reduction of the stiffness of the scaffold. Molecular analyses revealed that while CA scaffold favored C2C12 myoblast differentiation, the annatto-loaded CA scaffold favored a proliferative state of these cells. These results suggest that the combination of cellulose acetate fibers loaded with annatto extract may be an interesting economical alternative for support long-term muscle cells culture with potential application as scaffold for cultivated meat and muscle tissue engineering.

The atheroprotective role of fucoidan involves the reduction of foam cell formation by altering cholesterol flux-associated factors in macrophages.

Atherosclerosis is characterized by the accumulation of lipid-laden cells in the arterial walls, resulting from dysregulation of cholesterol homeostasis in the macrophage, triggered by oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Previous studies have shown that fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide from brown seaweeds, has several atheroprotective activities, however, the mechanism of fucoidan protection is not fully understood. Thus, we investigated the effect of fucoidan on atherogenesis in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE-/-) mice, on oxLDL uptake by macrophages, and on the expression of the flux-associated scavenger receptors by macrophages. Also, we examined the absorption and biodistribution of orally administered fucoidan. ApoE-/- mice fed on a cholesterol-rich diet supplemented with 1% fucoidan showed reduced dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Fucoidan was detected in blood and peripheral tissue after gavage, suggesting that it can exert direct systemic effects. In vitro, fucoidan reduced macrophage oxLDL uptake, which resulted in lower foam cell formation. This effect was associated with downregulation of the cholesterol influx-associated scavenger receptor (SR)-A expression, and upregulation of the cholesterol efflux-associated SR-B1 expression. In conclusion, fucoidan prevented oxLDL-mediated foam cell formation in macrophages by downregulating SR-A1/2 and by up-regulating SR-B1.

Random cellulose acetate nanofibers: a breakthrough for cultivated meat production.

Overcoming the challenge of creating thick, tissue-resembling muscle constructs is paramount in the field of cultivated meat production. This study investigates the remarkable potential of random cellulose acetate nanofibers (CAN) as a transformative scaffold for muscle tissue engineering (MTE), specifically in the context of cultivated meat applications. Through a comparative analysis between random and aligned CAN, utilizing C2C12 and H9c2 myoblasts, we unveil the unparalleled capabilities of random CAN in facilitating muscle differentiation, independent of differentiation media, by exploiting the YAP/TAZ-related mechanotransduction pathway. In addition, we have successfully developed a novel process for stacking cell-loaded CAN sheets, enabling the production of a three-dimensional meat product. C2C12 and H9c2 loaded CAN sheets were stacked (up to four layers) to form a ~300-400 µm thick tissue 2 cm in length, organized in a mesh of uniaxial aligned cells. To further demonstrate the effectiveness of this methodology for cultivated meat purposes, we have generated thick and viable constructs using chicken muscle satellite cells (cSCs) and random CAN. This groundbreaking discovery offers a cost-effective and biomimetic solution for cultivating and differentiating muscle cells, forging a crucial link between tissue engineering and the pursuit of sustainable and affordable cultivated meat production.

OxLDL induces membrane structure rearrangement leading to biomechanics alteration and migration deficiency in macrophage.

Cholesterol sequestration from plasma membrane has been shown to induce lipid packing disruption, causing actin cytoskeleton reorganization and polymerization, increasing cell stiffness and inducing lysosomal exocytosis in non-professional phagocytes. Similarly, oxidized form of low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) has also been shown to disrupt lipid organization and packing in endothelial cells, leading to biomechanics alterations that interfere with membrane injury and repair. For macrophages, much is known about oxLDL effects in cell activation, cytokine production and foam cell formation. However, little is known about its impact in the organization of macrophage membrane structured domains and cellular mechanics, the focus of the present study. Treatment of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) with oxLDL not only altered membrane structure, and potentially the distribution of raft domains, but also induced actin rearrangement, diffuse integrin distribution and cell shrinkage, similarly to observed upon treatment of these cells with MßCD. Those alterations led to decreased migration efficiency. For both treatments, higher co-localization of actin cytoskeleton and GM1 was observed, indicating a similar mechanism of action involving raft-like domain dynamics. Lastly, like MßCD treatment, oxLDL also induced lysosomal spreading in BMDM. We propose that OxLDL induced re-organization of membrane/cytoskeleton complex in macrophages can be attributed to the insertion of oxysterols into the membrane, which lead to changes in lipid organization and disruption of membrane structure, similar to the effect of cholesterol depletion by MßCD treatment. These results indicate that oxLDL can induce physical alterations in the complex membrane/cytoskeleton of macrophages, leading to significant biomechanical changes that compromise cell behavior.

Biological and Molecular Effects of Trypanosoma cruzi Residence in a LAMP-Deficient Intracellular Environment.

Trypanosoma cruzi invades non-professional phagocytic cells by subverting their membrane repair process, which is dependent on membrane injury and cell signaling, intracellular calcium increase, and lysosome recruitment. Cells lacking lysosome-associated membrane proteins 1 and 2 (LAMP1 and LAMP2) are less permissive to parasite invasion but more prone to parasite intracellular multiplication. Several passages through a different intracellular environment can significantly change T. cruzi's gene expression profile. Here, we evaluated whether one single passage through LAMP-deficient (KO) or wild-type (WT) fibroblasts, thus different intracellular environments, could influence T. cruzi Y strain trypomastigotes' ability to invade L6 myoblasts and WT fibroblasts host cells. Parasites released from LAMP2 KO cells (TcY-L2-/-) showed higher invasion, calcium signaling, and membrane injury rates, for the assays in L6 myoblasts, when compared to those released from WT (TcY-WT) or LAMP1/2 KO cells (TcY-L1/2-/-). On the other hand, TcY-L1/2-/- showed higher invasion, calcium signaling, and cell membrane injury rates, for the assays in WT fibroblasts, compared to TcY-WT and TcY-L1/2-/-. Albeit TcY-WT presented an intermediary invasion and calcium signaling rates, compared to the others, in WT fibroblasts, they induced lower levels of injury, which reinforces that signals mediated by surface membrane protein interactions also have a significant contribution to trigger host cell calcium signals. These results clearly show that parasites released from WT or LAMP KO cells are distinct from each other. Additionally, these parasites' ability to invade the cell may be distinct depending on which cell type they interact with. Since these alterations most likely would reflect differences among parasite surface molecules, we also evaluated their proteome. We identified few protein complexes, membrane, and secreted proteins regulated in our dataset. Among those are some members of MASP, mucins, trans-sialidases, and gp63 proteins family, which are known to play an important role during parasite infection and could correlate to TcY-WT, TcY-L1/2-/-, and TcY-L2-/- biological behavior.

The recombinase Rad51 plays a key role in events of genetic exchange in Trypanosoma cruzi.

Detection of genetic exchange has been a limiting factor to deepen the knowledge on the mechanisms by which Trypanosoma cruzi is able to generate progeny and genetic diversity. Here we show that incorporation of halogenated thymidine analogues, followed by immunostaining, is a reliable method not only to detect T. cruzi fused-cell hybrids, but also to quantify their percentage in populations of this parasite. Through this approach, we were able to detect and quantify fused-cell hybrids of T. cruzi clones CL Brener and Y. Given the increased detection of fused-cell hybrids in naturally-occurring hybrid CL Brener strain, which displays increased levels of RAD51 and BRCA2 transcripts, we further investigated the role of Rad51 - a recombinase involved in homologous recombination - in the process of genetic exchange. We also verified that the detection of fused-cell hybrids in T. cruzi overexpressing RAD51 is increased when compared to wild-type cells, suggesting a key role for Rad51 either in the formation or in the stabilization of fused-cell hybrids in this organism.

Trypasonoma cruzi uses a specific subset of host cell lysosomes for cell invasion.

Trypanosoma cruzi is an intracellular parasite that depends on host cell lysosome recruitment and fusion for cell infection. Recently, we have shown that host cells present two differentially regulated lysosome pools. Treatment with methyl-beta cyclodextrin, a drug able to sequester cholesterol from plasma membrane, triggers the exocytosis of peripheral lysosomes, while treatment with Latrunculin-A, an actin depolymerizing drug, recruits a more internal pool. In this work we aimed to study which pool is used by the T. cruzi during invasion. We have shown that invasion is impaired when cells are previously treated with methyl-beta cyclodextrin, but not with Latrunculin-A, indicating that T. cruzi uses the cortical pool for invasion.