Adventitial lymphatics and atherosclerosis.

Lymphatic vessels are important in reverse cholesterol transport and play a crucial role in regression of atherosclerotic plaque in experimental animal models. Therefore, we attempted to analyze adventitial microcirculation including lymphatic vessels and adventitial macrophages in large human arteries in various stages of atherosclerosis. Eighty-one arterial segments of large arteries (iliac arteries and abdominal aortas) were obtained from deceased organ donors. Lymphatic vessels were identified using anti-LYVE-1 and anti-D2-40/podoplanin immunohistochemical staining. Adventitial blood vessels and macrophages were visualized using anti-CD-31 and anti-CD-68. Intimal thickness was measured under 100x magnification with an Olympus BX 41 light microscope using the visual mode analySIS 3.2 software. Lymphatic vessels were counted in each cross section of the examined arteries, and adventitial blood vessels (CD31+) were counted using the "hot spot" method. Statistical analysis was performed with Statistica 9.1 PL software (StatSoft, Cracow, Poland). Mann-Whitney, F-Cox, Chi-square, and Spearman's correlation tests were performed and the differences were considered significant at p < 0.05. Lymphatic and blood vessels in the adventitia of examined arteries were identified and quantified. Significant positive correlations were found between the number of adventitial lymphatics (LYVE-L +) and intimal thickness (r = 0.37; p < 0.05) as well as with age of the subjects (r = 0.3; p < 0.05). Thus, lymphatic vessels are present in the adventitia of large arteries in humans and the number of adventitial lymphatic vessels increases with progression of atherosclerosis as assessed by intimal thickness.

Popliteal artery thrombosis secondary to a tibial osteochondroma.

Popliteal artery thrombosis may present as a complication of an osteochondroma located in the vicinity of the knee joint. This is a case report of a 26-year-old man with symptoms of the right lower extremity ischaemia without a previous history of vascular disease or trauma. Plain radiography, magnetic resonance angiography and Doppler ultrasonography documented the presence of an osteochondrous structure of the proximal tibial metaphysis, which displaced and compressed the popliteal artery, causing its occlusion due to intraluminal thrombosis..The patient was operated and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of osteochondroma.

Using bivariate signal analysis to characterize the epileptic focus: the benefit of surrogates.

The disease epilepsy is related to hypersynchronous activity of networks of neurons. While acute epileptic seizures are the most extreme manifestation of this hypersynchronous activity, an elevated level of interdependence of neuronal dynamics is thought to persist also during the seizure-free interval. In multichannel recordings from brain areas involved in the epileptic process, this interdependence can be reflected in an increased linear cross correlation but also in signal properties of higher order. Bivariate time series analysis comprises a variety of approaches, each with different degrees of sensitivity and specificity for interdependencies reflected in lower- or higher-order properties of pairs of simultaneously recorded signals. Here we investigate which approach is best suited to detect putatively elevated interdependence levels in signals recorded from brain areas involved in the epileptic process. For this purpose, we use the linear cross correlation that is sensitive to lower-order signatures of interdependence, a nonlinear interdependence measure that integrates both lower- and higher-order properties, and a surrogate-corrected nonlinear interdependence measure that aims to specifically characterize higher-order properties. We analyze intracranial electroencephalographic recordings of the seizure-free interval from 29 patients with an epileptic focus located in the medial temporal lobe. Our results show that all three approaches detect higher levels of interdependence for signals recorded from the brain hemisphere containing the epileptic focus as compared to signals recorded from the opposite hemisphere. For the linear cross correlation, however, these differences are not significant. For the nonlinear interdependence measure, results are significant but only of moderate accuracy with regard to the discriminative power for the focal and nonfocal hemispheres. The highest significance and accuracy is obtained for the surrogate-corrected nonlinear interdependence measure.

Presence of functional axillary lymph nodes and lymph drainage within arms in women with and without breast cancer-related lymphedema.

This pilot study was designed to investigate lymphatic transport in the arms of women after breast cancer treatment without lymphedema and with mild and severe arm lymphedema. Nineteen breast cancer survivors [6 without (Group 1), 6 with mild (Group 2) and 7 with severe (Group 3) lymphedema] were examined. Lymphatic transport in the arm and to axillary lymph nodes were evaluated using quantitative radionuclide lymphscintigraphy. The radioactivity ratio between the operated and unoperated axillae (axillary ratio), and both lymphatic transport and tracer disappearance rates (TDR) from the injection sites were calculated. We found that axillary ratio and lymphatic transport were significantly higher in Groups 1 and 2 compared to 3 and that TDR was not affected in any Group. Additionally, lymphscintigraphy revealed presence of functional axillary lymph nodes within the operated axilla in women without or with mild lymphedema, while in women with severe lymphedema, no axillary lymph nodes were visualized. We conclude from our subjects that breast cancer survivors who did not develop or had mild arm lymphedema have functional lymphatic transport and lymph nodes in the axillary area on the operated side. This suggests that efficient collateral circulation and/or peripheral lymphovenous communications has developed in these subjects which may be preventative for the development of severe lymphedema.

Angiogenic and coagulation-fibrinolysis factors in non Hodgkin's lymphoma.

High serum VEGF and bFGF levels are independent prognostic factors of poor prognosis in NHL patients. There is growing evidence that both angiogenesis and haemostatic aberrancies are integral parts of the pathobiology of cancer growth and dissemination. The purpose of the study was: (a) to analyze relations of VEGF and bFGF serum levels, fibrinogen and D-dimer plasma levels with lymphoma Ann Arbor Staging System (AASS) and International Prognostic Index (IPI) and, (b) to evaluate correlations between serum levels of angiogenic cytokines and plasma levels of coagulation-fibrinolysis factors in 52 previously untreated NHL patients included to the study. The control group consisted of 23 healthy volunteers. Serum VEGF, bFGF and plasma D-dimer levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Plasma levels of fibrinogen were determined on Behring Coagulation System (BCS) equipment. In lymphoma group serum VEGF and bFGF levels were significantly higher than in the control. Differences in concentrations of VEGF, bFGF between II, III and IV stage of disease acc. AASS were not statistically significant. Plasma levels of fibrinogen and D-dimer were elevated in lymphoma patients when compared with the control. Fibrinogen plasma levels were similar in all stages. The D-dimer level was significantly higher in patients with IV stage in comparison to stage II and III. Statistically significant differences of VEGF and bFGF serum levels were observed only between intermediate/high and high risk groups acc. IPI. Fibrinogen plasma levels were significantly higher in high risk group than in low risk group. D-dimer plasma levels were significantly higher in high risk group than in low risk group and low/intermediate group. We observed positive correlation between serum level of VEGF and plasma level of fibrinogen, and between serum level of bFGF and plasma level of fibrinogen. There was also negative correlation between serum level of VEGF and plasma level of D-dimer, and between serum level of bFGF and plasma level of D- dimer. Our study indicates that D-dimer level, but not VEGF, bFGF and fibrinogen correlates with AASS and IPI in NHL patients. Significant correlations between levels of VEGF/bFGF and fibrinogen/D-dimer suggest specific interactions between angiogenic and coagulation-fibrinolysis system.

Disability, psychological distress and quality of life in breast cancer survivors with arm lymphedema.

The aim of this study was to assess disability, psychological distress and quality of life in Polish breast cancer survivors with arm lymphedema. One thousand sets of questionnaires consisting of WHO-DAS II, GHQ-30, EORTC QLQ-C30 and QLQ-BR23 were sent to members of the Polish Federation of Breast Cancer Survivors Clubs "Amazonki." The response rate was 28.3% of whom 31.70% reported arm lymphedema. The WHO-DAS II survey showed that patients with arm lymphedema had a higher overall disability score (45.04 versus 38.80 in group without arm lymphedema; p=0.01) and higher mean values in the scales of understanding and communicating, getting around, life activities at home, getting along with people, participating in society. The EORTC QLQ-C30 survey showed that patients with lymphedema had lower mean values in physical (0.55 versus 0.65; p=0.001), emotional (0.47 versus 0.57; p=0.01), social (0.59 versus 0. 73; p=0.002), cognitive and role functioning, increased fatigue, pain, insomnia, dyspnea, nausealvomiting and financial problems. The EORTC QLQ-BR23 data demonstrated worse future perspectives and an increase in breast and arm symptoms, and the GHQ-30 survey produced higher psychological distress (scores 15.18 versus 11.24; p=0.004). In conclusion, breast cancer survivors with arm lymphedema were more disabled, experienced a poorer quality of life and had increased psychological distress in comparison to survivors without this condition.

Indications of nonlinear deterministic and finite-dimensional structures in time series of brain electrical activity: dependence on recording region and brain state.

We compare dynamical properties of brain electrical activity from different recording regions and from different physiological and pathological brain states. Using the nonlinear prediction error and an estimate of an effective correlation dimension in combination with the method of iterative amplitude adjusted surrogate data, we analyze sets of electroencephalographic (EEG) time series: surface EEG recordings from healthy volunteers with eyes closed and eyes open, and intracranial EEG recordings from epilepsy patients during the seizure free interval from within and from outside the seizure generating area as well as intracranial EEG recordings of epileptic seizures. As a preanalysis step an inclusion criterion of weak stationarity was applied. Surface EEG recordings with eyes open were compatible with the surrogates' null hypothesis of a Gaussian linear stochastic process. Strongest indications of nonlinear deterministic dynamics were found for seizure activity. Results of the other sets were found to be inbetween these two extremes.

Serum lipid peroxide levels and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity in premenopausal and postmenopausal women.

Free radical reactions are involved in processes connected with aging. Estradiol acts as antioxidant and free radical scavenger, but the mechanism of this action remains unknown. Estradiol has a hydroxyphenolic structure and may donate hydrogen atoms to lipid peroxyradicals to terminate chain reactions. There are a few reports concerning the influence of estradiol on natural antioxidant enzyme activity, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and catalase (CAT). The aim of this study was to estimate the relationship between the levels of estradiol and lipid peroxide (LPO), a marker of membrane lipid peroxidation, and the correlation between estradiol and erythrocyte SOD and GSH-Px activity. The study included 13 premenopausal and 13 postmenopausal healthy women. Serum levels of estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and LPO, and erythrocyte SOD and GSH-Px activity were estimated in all subjects. Premenopausal women revealed significantly higher estradiol levels and lower LPO concentrations, as well as significantly higher GSH-Px activity than the postmenopausal group. SOD activity did not differ between the two groups. There was a negative correlation between serum estradiol and LPO levels as well as a positive correlation between estradiol and GSH-Px activity. These results support the hypothesis that estradiol exerts its antioxidant action not only through its chemical structure but probably also through its influence on natural cellular antioxidant enzyme activity.

Nonlinear EEG analysis in epilepsy: its possible use for interictal focus localization, seizure anticipation, and prevention.

Several recent studies emphasize the high value of nonlinear EEG analysis particularly for improved characterization of epileptic brain states. In this review the authors report their work to increase insight into the spatial and temporal dynamics of the epileptogenic process. Specifically, they discuss possibilities for seizure anticipation, which is one of the most challenging aspects of epileptology. Although there are numerous studies exploring basic neuronal mechanisms that are likely to be associated with seizures, to date no definite information is available regarding how, when, or why a seizure occurs. Nonlinear EEG analysis now provides strong evidence that the interictal-ictal state transition is not an abrupt phenomenon. Rather, findings indicate that it is indeed possible to detect a preseizure phase. The unequivocal definition of such a state with a sufficient length would enable investigations of basic mechanisms leading to seizure initiation in humans, and development of adequate seizure prevention strategies.

Lead-cadmium interaction effect on the responsiveness of rat mesenteric vessels to norepinephrine and angiotensin II.

The comparison of the reactivity to norepinephrine (NE) and angiotensin II (A II) of isolated mesenteric blood vessels obtained from rats simultaneously poisoned with lead and cadmium to those responses of rats treated singly with lead or cadmium was performed. Male Buffalo rats aged 6-8 weeks were administered intragastrically with lead (35 mg Pb/kg body wt.) and/or cadmium (5 mg Cd/body wt.), once a week for a period of 7 weeks. Control rats were given equimolar amounts of sodium acetate and/or sodium chloride. Changes in mesenteric vascular resistance due to NE and A II injections were measured ex vivo as an increase in perfusion pressure in vessels prepared by McGregor's method. The dose-response curve for NE (0.01-5.0 microg) determined for vessels of rats poisoned simultaneously with lead and cadmium was shifted to the left in comparison to controls (not poisoned rats), similarly to these determined for rats poisoned with lead or cadmium. ED(50) NE pointed out in the control group (0.83+/-0.5 microg) was significantly greater than in metal treated groups (0.44+/-0.09; 0.45+/-0.26 and 0.5+/-0.11 microg in lead, cadmium, lead and cadmium-treated rats, respectively). This study indicated a tachyphylaxis in responses of isolated mesenteric vessels to A II injected in increasing doses, and the weaker, in comparison to controls, response of vessels of rats poisoned with lead and/or cadmium to A II at a dose of 0.4 microg. The decreasing response to A II could result from changes in calcium ions transport through L-type channels in vascular smooth muscle cells, because verapamil (2.0 microM) inhibited the A II-induced vasoconstriction more weakly in rats poisoned with metals than in controls. Inhibitor of prostaglandins synthesis, ketoprofen (200 microg/ml per min.) attenuated the pressor effect of NE in blood vessels obtained from all rats, but this effect was less potent in arteries of cadmium poisoned rats. Ketoprofen also inhibited the vasoconstrictory action of A II in all groups, but this effect was lower in vessels of rats poisoned simultaneously with lead and cadmium. We suggest that the release of vasoactive prostaglandins as a consequence of endothelial angiotensin receptor stimulation changes more under the influence of metals administered to rats simultaneously than under the influence or lead or cadmium administered singly. Treatment with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (L-NOARG; 22 microg/ml per min.) potentiated a NE-induced pressor response in all groups. However, the increase in perfusion pressure was greater in rats poisoned with cadmium in comparison to controls. L-NOARG potentiated the A II induced vasoconstriction only in cadmium poisoned rats, also indicating a greater influence of nitric oxide in cadmium treated rat vasculature. Two-way ANOVA showed the existence of lead-cadmium interactions effects on the reactivity of rat isolated mesenteric vessels to NE, A II and papaverine.

The epileptic process as nonlinear deterministic dynamics in a stochastic environment: an evaluation on mesial temporal lobe epilepsy.

The theory of deterministic chaos addresses simple deterministic dynamics in which nonlinearity gives rise to complex temporal behavior. Although biological neuronal networks such as the brain are highly complicated, a number of studies provide growing evidence that nonlinear time series analysis of brain electrical activity in patients with epilepsy is capable of providing potentially useful diagnostic information. In the present study, this analysis framework was extended by introducing a new measure xi, designed to discriminate between nonlinear deterministic and linear stochastic dynamics. For the evaluation of its discriminative power, xi was extracted from intracranial multi-channel EEGs recorded during the interictal state in 25 patients with unilateral mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Strong indications of nonlinear determinism were found in recordings from within the epileptogenic zone, while EEG signals from other sites mainly resembled linear stochastic dynamics. In all investigated cases, this differentiation allowed to retrospectively determine the side of the epileptogenic zone in full agreement with results of the presurgical workup.

[Is there any risk interaction between electromagnetic field generated by mobile phones and artificial pacemakers]. / Czy pole elektromagnetyczne wytwarzane przez telefonie komórkowa powoduje zaklócenia w dzialaniu sztucznych stymulatorów serca?

Electromagnetic noise is rapidly increasing in the environment. Electromagnetic fields (EMF) originating from a variety of different sources have been shown to interfere with the function of implanted cardiac pacemaker. The authors present the effect of EMF generated by wireless telephones on different types of artificial pacemakers. In addition, instructions on safe use of mobile phones addressed to people with implanted artificial pacemaker are provided.

[Vanadium: threat and hope]. / Wanad--zagrozenia i nadzieje.

Vanadium is an element classified in the group of heavy metals, very common in the natural environment and widely used in industry. It is mainly used in the production of nonferrous alloys, most resistant carbon steel, as well as in chemical, glass, paint and varnish, ceramic, and photographic industries. In the atmosphere, two second of vanadium originates from anthropogenic sources, sea-born aerosols and volcanic eruptions. Municipal waste is the major source of vanadium in surface water. It is one of the components of live organisms and participates in many biochemical processes essential for their proper functioning, but in higher concentrations it may induce acute or chronic intoxication that damage biological structures and disorder biochemical systems. The mechanism of vanadium toxic effect has not as yet been elucidated, however, it is already known that this mechanism is rooted among others in vanadium properties able to hinder a number of enzymatic systems. For vanadium the most "critical" systems are respiratory, urinary and hemopoietic. Vanadium salts may also be genotoxic and harmful at different phases of reproduction and development. Numerous studies of a possible use of vanadium in treatment of certain diseases, e.g., diabetes, have been carried out. Some findings on a potential antineoplastic or contraceptive effect of vanadium compounds have recently been reported. To sum up, there are numerous hazards associated with the wide industrial use of vanadium, nevertheless, the number of findings highlighting its nutritive and therapeutic properties is growing.

[Urinary trehalase activity as an indicator of renal dysfunction in lead smelters]. / Stezenie trehalazy w moczu jako wskaznik dysfunkcji nerek osób zawodowo narazonych na dzialanie olowiu.

Epidemiological and experimental studies have demonstrated that lead and cadmium are responsible for renal dysfunction. Urinary trehalase is known as a good marker of proximal tubular renal brush border destruction in the population environmentally exposed to cadmium. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of occupational exposure to lead on the renal function and urinary trehalase activity. The study was carried out in 68 workers, aged 46 +/- 6 years, employed in a copper foundry. Blood lead, cadmium, copper and manganese concentrations were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Urinary trehalase activity was determined by the method of Nakano and Itoh. Trehalase activity was increased in copper smelters as compared to controls. There also was a positive linear correlation between blood lead level and urinary trehalase activity (r = 0.44; p < 0.05). Negative correlations between blood lead and copper concentrations (r = -0.30; p < 0.05) and between serum copper and trehalase level (r = 0.68; p < 0.001) were found. The results show that urinary trehalase activity could be a good indicator of the renal brush border dysfunction in copper smelters. This marker could be useful in the early diagnosis of nephrotoxic effect of lead.

[Preliminary assessment of occupational exposure to Glutaraldehyde in selected endoscopic workplaces]. / Wstepna ocena narazenia zawodowego na aldehyd glutarowy w wybranych pracowniach endoskopowych.

The effect of occupational exposure to glutaric aldehyde in 17 endoscopic laboratories of the Wroclaw region was assessed. The level of glutaraldehyde concentration was measured, and the survey was carried out in a group of 34 laboratory employees. In 11 laboratories MAC and STEL values were exceeded. Undesirable effects following the contact with glutaric aldehyde were noted in 28 subjects (82%). The skin, mucous membrane and respiratory system irritations predominated among the symptoms observed. The data show that glutaric aldehyde may induce irritation or exert an allergic effects in medical personnel.

[Serum selectin E level in lead-exposed workers]. / Selektyna E w surowicy osób zawodowo narazonych na dzialanie olowiu.

Lead is recognised as a potential atherogenic factor. One of the earliest events in the development of atherosclerosis is monicyte attachment to the endothelial surface. This is followed by recruitment of monocytes into the subendothelial space and ingestion of modified LDL by these cells. In turn, modified LDL stimulates endothelial cells to induce expression of proinflammatory adhesion molecules, such as selectins, which further promote monocyte migration. It was observed that atherosclerotic vascular damage is associated with increased level of circulating selectin E. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of the occupational exposure to lead on the serum selectin E level. The study involved 80 patients, including 37 workers of a copper foundry and 43 people not exposed to lead. The subjects were matched in pairs according to sex, age and cholesterol concentration in blood. There were 25 hipercholesterolemic pairs and 9 pairs with normal serum total cholesterol. People exposed to lead had higher (about 7 ng/ml) serum selectin E concentration than those not exposed. There was positive linear correlation between selectin E and triglycerides in the whole group (p < 0.01), and the strongest correlation was observed in the group of subjects not exposed to lead (aged 40-60, r = 0.74). In the context of the described hypertriglyceridemic action induced by lead, these results suggest that lead could potentially act as an atherogenic factor in the early, inflammatory stage of atherosclerosis.

Nonlinear EEG analysis and its potential role in epileptology.

Deterministic chaos offers a striking explanation for apparently irregular behavior of the brain that is evidenced in the EEG. Recent developments in the physical-mathematical framework of the theory of nonlinear dynamics (colloquially often termed chaos theory) provide new concepts and powerful algorithms to analyze such time series. Because of its high versatility, nonlinear time series analysis has already gone beyond the physical sciences and, at present, is being successfully applied in a variety of disciplines, including cardiology, neurology, psychiatry, and epileptology. However, it is well known that different influencing factors limit the use of nonlinear measures to characterize EEG dynamics in a strict sense. Nevertheless, when interpreted with care, relative estimates of, e.g., the correlation dimension or the Lyapunov exponents, can reliably characterize different states of normal and pathologic brain function. In epileptology, extraction of nonlinear measures from the intracranially recorded EEG promises to be important for clinical practice. In addition to an immense reduction of information content of long-lasting EEG recordings, previous studies have shown that these measures enable (a) localization of the primary epileptogenic area in different cerebral regions during the interictal state, (b) investigations of antiepileptic drug effects, (c) analyses of spatio-temporal interactions between the epileptogenic zone and other brain areas, and (d) detection of features predictive of imminent seizure activity. Nonlinear time series analysis provides new and supplementary information about the epileptogenic process and thus contributes to an improvement in presurgical evaluation.

[Effect of arsenic and its compounds on the circulatory system]. / Wplyw arsenu na uklad krazenia.

Arsenic is a metal which occurs widely in both occupational and physical environments. Therefore, its easy accessibility and high toxicity raise the question on whether arsenic, particularly in relatively small doses, can cause damage of relevant molecular, biochemical and clinical significance to the cardiovascular system. The present review is focused on the confirmed and potential mechanisms of arsenic effect on the function and structure of vascular endothelium (nitric oxide, peroxynitrite), its role in stimulating the oxidative species formation (hydroxyperoxide, superoxide and lipid peroxide formation), as well as in decreasing the antioxidative response (enzymes: superoxide dysmutase, catalase, glutation peroxidase), its cytotoxic effects, including immunotoxic properties, arsenic action in the signal transduction pathways network (kinases and DNA transcription factors), impact on cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, not to mention its interference with DNA synthesis and repair processes. Apart from mechanisms of arsenic action, the article provides the up-to-date information on various cardiovascular diseases of the established or presumed arsenic origin.

[Chromium carcinogenicity]. / Rakotwórczosc chromu.

Chromium belongs to the group of trace elements hich are essential in numerous functions of the human body. Chromium deficiency may be responsible for various dysfunctions, whereas exposure to chromium at higher concentrations is toxic and may lead to the occurrence of neoplastic diseases. Epidemiological studies of chromium exposure proved its carcinogenity, and thus the IARC recognised Cr(VI) and its compounds as one of ascertained carcinogens. Some findings of these studies were reviewed in the first part of this work. The second part presents some molecular aspects of chromium carcinogenity which are still the subject of medical research. The direct and indirect effects of chromium and its compounds on DNA are analysed as are the relationships between the level of chromium oxidation and carcinogenity, and between the presence of reductants and the kind of DNA damage. Methods for the assessment of chromium mutagenity and genotoxicity are also discussed, and special attention is paid to tests of mutation in bacteria and yeast as well as to sister chromatid exchange (SCE) test.