Prevalence and incidence of heart failure in type 2 diabetes patients: results from a nationwide prospective cohort-the DIABET-IC study.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients have an increased risk of heart failure (HF). There are limited data on the association between HF and T2D in specific healthcare settings. This study sought to analyse the prevalence and incidence of HF in a contemporary cohort of T2D patients attending cardiology and endocrinology outpatient clinics. METHODS: We conducted an observational multicentre prospective study (DIABET-IC) that enrolled patients with a T2D diagnosis attending cardiology and endocrinology outpatient clinics in 30 centres in Spain between 2018 and 2019. The prevalence at the start of the study and the incidence of HF after a 3 year follow-up were calculated. HF was defined as the presence of typical symptoms and either: a) LVEF < 40%; or b) LVEF ≥ 40% with elevated natriuretic peptides and echocardiographic abnormalities. RESULTS: A total of 1249 T2D patients were included in the present analysis (67.6 ± 10.1 years, 31.7% female). HF was present in 490 participants at baseline (prevalence 39.2%), 150 (30.6%) of whom had a preserved ejection fraction. The presence of adverse social determinants and chronic conditions such as chronic kidney disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease were more frequent in HF patients. During the study period, there were 58 new diagnoses of HF (incidence 7.6%) among those without baseline HF. The incidence rate was 3.0 per 100 person-years. Independent predictors of incident HF were smoking, left ventricular ejection fraction, NT-ProBNP, history of tachyarrhythmia and treatment with pioglitazone, oral anticoagulants, or diuretics. Despite an average suboptimal glycaemic control, the use of antidiabetic drugs with cardiovascular benefits was low (30.4% for sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and 12.5% for glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists). CONCLUSIONS: In this contemporary cohort of T2D patients attending cardiology and endocrinology outpatient clinics, the prevalence and incidence of HF were high, comorbidities were frequent, and the use of antidiabetic agents with cardiovascular benefit was low. Outpatient care seems to be a unique opportunity for a comprehensive T2D approach that encompasses HF prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.

Incidence and clinical impact of inappropriate periprocedural and perioperative management of antiplatelet therapy.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: There is little evidence on the impact of current recommendations on the use of antiplatelet therapy during the perioperative and periprocedural period in our setting. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence and clinical impact of inappropriate use of antiplatelet therapy in a population of patients undergoing surgery or a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure in "real life" in Spain. METHODS: A prospective multicenter observational study of patients treated with antiplatelet agents requiring intervention was conducted. The incidence of thrombotic and hemorrhagic events at 30 days was analyzed according to peri-intervention management of antiplatelet therapy. RESULTS: We included 643 patients (31.9% women, 39.0% over 75 years of age), most of them (87.7%) receiving aspirin as antiplatelet therapy at a dose of 100mg/day. Indications for antiplatelet therapy were ischemic heart disease (44.9%), cerebrovascular disease (21.7%), and peripheral vascular disease (23.0%). Ischemic risk was low in 74.3%, while 51.6% had a low bleeding risk of the intervention. Periprocedural management was considered appropriate in 61.7% of cases. 30-day incidence of the combined primary endpoint of thrombotic events and major bleeding (12.1% versus 5.0%; p=0.002) and 30-day mortality (5.2% versus 1.5%; p=0.008) were significantly higher in patients with inappropriate periprocedural management of antiplatelet agents. CONCLUSIONS: Despite current recommendations for the use of antiplatelet drugs in the perioperative/periprocedural period, their implementation in the "real world" remains low. Inappropriate use is associated with an increased incidence of adverse events, both thrombotic and hemorrhagic.

Outcomes of patients with heart failure followed in units accredited by the SEC-Excelente-IC quality program according to the type of unit.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The development of specific heart failure (HF) units has improved the management of patients with this disease due to improved organization and resource management. The Spanish Society of Cardiology (SEC) has defined 3 types of HF units (community, specialized, and advanced) based on their complexity and service portfolio. Our aim was to compare the characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of patients with HF according to the type of unit. METHODS: We analyzed data from the SEC-Excelente-IC quality accreditation program registry, with 1716 patients consecutively included in two 1-month cutoffs (March and October) from 2019 to 2021 by 45 SEC-accredited HF units. We compared the characteristics, treatment and 1-year outcomes between the 3 types of units. RESULTS: Of the 1716 patients, 13.2% were treated in community units, 65.9% in specialized units, and 20.9% in advanced units. The rates of mortality (27.5 vs 15.5/100 patients-year; P<.001), admissions for HF (39.7 vs 29.2/100 patients-year; P=.019), total decompensations (56.1 vs 40.5/100 patients-year; P=.003), and combined death/admission for HF (45.2 vs 31.4/100 patients-year; P=.005) were higher in community units than in specialized/advanced units. Follow-up in a community unit was an independent predictor of higher mortality and admissions at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with follow-up by more specialized units, follow-up in a community unit was associated with a higher decompensation rate and increased 1-year mortality.

Gender differences in clinical features and outcomes of patients over 75 years presenting with acute heart failure. Results of a nationwide study (2016-2019).

BACKGROUND: Heart failure (HF) is a major health problem in Western countries, and a leading cause of hospitalizations and death. There is a scarcity of data on the influence of sex on HF outcomes in elderly patients. The aim of the present study was to analyze differences between men and women in clinical characteristics, in-hospital mortality, 30-day HF readmission rates, cardiovascular mortality and HF readmission rates at 1 year after discharge in patients older than 75 years hospitalized for HF in Spain. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients discharged with a main diagnosis of HF from all Spanish public hospitals between 2016 and 2019. Patients aged 75 years or older were selected, and a comparison was made between male and female patients. RESULTS: From 2016 to 2019, a total of 354,786 episodes of HF in this age subgroup were identified, 59.2% being women. The overall mean age was 85.2 ± 5.4 years, being higher in women (85.9 ± 5.5 vs. 84.2 ± 5.3 years, p < 0.001). Risk-adjusted in-hospital mortality was lower in women (odds ratio [OR]: 0.96, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.92-0.97; p < 0.001). Female sex also showed a protective effect for 30-day readmissions, with an OR of 1.06 (95% CI: 1.04-1.09; p < 0.001). One-year cardiovascular mortality (24.1% vs. 25.0%; p < 0.001) and one-year HF readmission rates (30.8% vs. 31.6%; p = 0.001) were lower in women. CONCLUSIONS: Almost 60% of hospital admissions for HF in people aged 75 years or older between 2016 and 2019 in Spain were female patients. Female sex seems to play a protective role on in-hospital mortality and the rate of admissions and mortality at 1 year after discharge.

Characteristics and in-hospital mortality of elderly patients with heart failure in Spanish hospitals.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of heart failure (HF) increases with age, and it is one of the leading causes of hospitalization and death in older patients. However, there are little data on in-hospital mortality in patients with HF ≥ 75 years in Spain. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of the Spanish Minimum Basic Data Set was performed, including all HF episodes discharged from public hospitals in Spain between 2016 and 2019. Coding was performed using the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. Patients ≥ 75 years with HF as the principal diagnosis were selected. We calculated: (1) the crude in-hospital mortality rate and its distribution according to age and sex; (2) the risk-standardized in-hospital mortality ratio; and (3) the association between in-hospital mortality and the availability of an intensive cardiac care unit (ICCU) in the hospital. RESULTS: We included 354,792 HF episodes of patients over 75 years. The mean age was 85.2 ± 5.5 years, and 59.2% of patients were women. The most frequent comorbidities were renal failure (46.1%), diabetes mellitus (35.5%), valvular disease (33.9%), cardiorespiratory failure (29.8%), and hypertension (26.9%). In-hospital mortality was 12.7%, and increased with age [odds ratio (OR) = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.07-1.07, P < 0.001] and was lower in women (OR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.92-0.97, P < 0.001). The main predictors of mortality were the presence of cardiogenic shock (OR = 19.5, 95% CI: 16.8-22.7, P < 0.001), stroke (OR = 3.5, 95% CI: 3.0-4.0, P < 0.001) and advanced cancer (OR = 2.6, 95% CI: 2.5-2.8, P < 0.001). In hospitals with ICCU, the in-hospital risk-adjusted mortality tended to be lower (OR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.72-1.00, P = 0.053). CONCLUSIONS: In-hospital mortality in patients with HF ≥ 75 years between 2016 and 2019 was 12.7%, higher in males and elderly patients. The main predictors of mortality were cardiogenic shock, stroke, and advanced cancer. There was a trend toward lower mortality in centers with an ICCU.

Validation of the TRI-SCORE in patients undergoing surgery for isolated tricuspid regurgitation.

INTRODUCTION: Estimation of peri-procedural risk in patients with tricuspid regurgitation (TR) undergoing isolated tricuspid valve surgery (ITVS) is of paramount importance. The TRI-SCORE is a new surgical risk scale specifically developed for this purpose, which ranged from 0 to 12 points and included eight parameters: right-sided heart failure signs, daily dose of furosemide ≥125 mg, glomerular filtration rate <30 mL/min, elevated bilirubin (with a value of 2 points), age ≥70 years, New York Heart Association Class III-IV, left ventricular ejection fraction <60% and moderate/severe right ventricular dysfunction (with a value of 1 point). The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of the TRI-SCORE in an independent cohort of patients undergoing ITVS. METHODS: A retrospective observational study was performed in four centres, including consecutive adult patients undergoing ITVS for TR between 2005 and 2022. The TRI-SCORE and the traditional risk scores used in cardiac surgery (Logistic EuroScore (Log-ES) and EuroScore-II (ES-II)) were applied for each patient, and discrimination and calibration of the three scores were evaluated in the entire cohort. RESULTS: A total of 252 patients were included. The mean age was 61.5±11.2 years, 164 (65.1%) patients were female, and TR mechanism was functional in 160 (63.5%) patients. The observed in-hospital mortality was 10.3%. The estimated mortality by the Log-ES, ES-II and TRI-SCORE was 8.7±7.3%, 4.7±5.3% and 11.0±16.6%, respectively. Patients with a TRI-SCORE ≤4 and >4 had an in-hospital mortality of 1.3% and 25.0%, p=0.001, respectively. The discriminatory capacity of the TRI-SCORE had a C-statistic of 0.87 (0.81-0.92), which was significantly higher than both the Log-ES (0.65 (0.54-0.75)) and ES-II (0.67 (0.58-0.79)), p=0.001 (for both comparisons). CONCLUSION: This external validation of the TRI-SCORE demonstrated good performance to predict in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing ITVS, which was significantly better than the Log-ES and ES-II, which underestimated the observed mortality. These results support the widespread use of this score as a clinical tool.

One-year readmissions for circulatory diseases and in-hospital mortality after an index episode of heart failure in elderly patients. A nationwide data from public hospitals in Spain between 2016 and 2018.

INTRODUCTION: Heart failure (HF) is one of the leading causes of hospitalization and death in elderly patients. However, there is limited evidence on readmission and mortality 1-year after discharge for HF. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of the Minimum Basic Data Set, including HF episodes, discharged from Spanish hospitals between 2016 and 2018 in ≥ 75 years. We calculated: (a) the rate of readmissions due to circulatory system diseases (CSD) 365 days after index episode; (b) in-hospital mortality in readmissions; and (c) predictors of mortality and readmission. RESULTS: We included 178,523 patients (59.2% women) aged 85.1 ± 5.5 years. The most frequent comorbidities were arrhythmias (56.0%) and renal failure (39.5%). During the follow-up, 48,932 patients (27.4%) had at least one readmission for CSD and a crude rate of 40.2%, the most frequent one HF (52.8%). The median between the date of readmission and discharge from the last admission was 70 days [IQI 24; 171] for the first readmission. The most relevant predictors of the number of readmissions were valvular heart disease and myocardial ischemia. During the readmissions, 26,757 patients (79.1%) died, representing a cumulative in-hospital mortality of 47,945 (26.9%). The factors in the index episode predictors of mortality during readmissions were cardio-respiratory failure and stroke. The number of readmissions was a risk factor for in-hospital mortality (OR 1.13; 95% CI 1.11-1.14). CONCLUSIONS: The readmission rate for CSD 1-year after the index episode of HF in patients ≥ 75 years was 28.4%. The cumulative in-hospital mortality rate during the readmissions was 26.9%, and the number of rehospitalizations was identified as one of the main predictors of mortality.

Prospective observational registry of perioperative and periprocedural management of antithrombotic therapy in "real world": the REQXAA study.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: There is scarce real-world evidence on the management of perioperative antithrombotic treatment according to current recommendations. The aim of this study was to analyze the management of antithrombotic treatment in patients undergoing surgery or another invasive intervention and to assess the consequences of this management on the occurrence thrombotic or bleeding events. METHODS: This prospective, observational, multicenter and multispecialty study analyzed patients receiving antithrombotic therapy who underwent surgery or another invasive intervention. The primary endpoint was defined as the incidence of adverse (thrombotic and/or hemorrhagic) events after 30 days of follow-up with respect to management of perioperative antithrombotic drugs. RESULTS: We included 1266 patients (male: 63.5%; mean age 72.6 years). Nearly half of the patients (48.6%) were under chronic anticoagulation therapy (mainly for atrial fibrillation; CHA2DS2-VASC: 3.7), while 53.3% of the patients were under chronic antiplatelet therapy (mainly for coronary artery disease). Low ischemic and hemorrhagic risk was found in 66.7% and 51.9%, respectively. Antithrombotic therapy management was in line with current recommendations in only 57.3% of the patients. Inappropriate management of antithrombotic therapy was an independent risk factor for both thrombotic and hemorrhagic events. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of recommendations on the perioperative/periprocedural management of antithrombotic therapy in real-world patients is poor. Inappropriate management of antithrombotic treatment is associated with an increase in both thrombotic and hemorrhagic events.