Taming the storm: potential anti-inflammatory compounds targeting SARS-CoV-2 MPro.

In severe COVID-19 cases, an exacerbated inflammatory response triggers a cytokine storm that can worsen the prognosis. Compounds with both antiviral and anti-inflammatory activities show promise as candidates for COVID-19 therapy, as they potentially act against the SARS-CoV-2 infection regardless of the disease stage. One of the most attractive drug targets among coronaviruses is the main protease (MPro). This enzyme is crucial for cleaving polyproteins into non-structural proteins required for viral replication. The aim of this review was to identify SARS-CoV-2 MPro inhibitors with both antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties. The interactions of the compounds within the SARS-CoV-2 MPro binding site were analyzed through molecular docking when data from crystallographic structures were unavailable. 18 compounds were selected and classified into five different superclasses. Five of them exhibit high potency against MPro: GC-376, baicalein, naringenin, heparin, and carmofur, with IC50 values below 0.2 µM. The MPro inhibitors selected have the potential to alleviate lung edema and decrease cytokine release. These molecules mainly target three critical inflammatory pathways: NF-κB, JAK/STAT, and MAPK, all previously associated with COVID-19 pathogenesis. The structures of the compounds occupy the S1/S2 substrate binding subsite of the MPro. They interact with residues from the catalytic dyad (His41 and Cys145) and/or with the oxyanion hole (Gly143, Ser144, and Cys145), which are pivotal for substrate recognition. The MPro SARS-CoV-2 inhibitors with potential anti-inflammatory activities present here could be optimized for maximum efficacy and safety and be explored as potential treatment of both mild and severe COVID-19.

Targeting SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease (MPro) with Kinase Inhibitors: A Promising Approach for Discovering Antiviral and Anti-inflammatory Molecules against SARS-CoV-2.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus infected over 688 million people worldwide, causing public health concern and approximately 6.8 million deaths due to COVID-19. COVID-19, especially severe cases, is characterized by exacerbated lung inflammation with an increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines. In addition to antiviral drugs, there is a need for anti-inflammatory therapies to treat all phases of COVID-19. One of the most attractive drug targets for COVID-19 is the SARS-CoV-2 main protease (MPro), an enzyme responsible for cleaving polyproteins formed after the translation of viral RNA, which is essential for viral replication. MPro inhibitors, therefore, have the potential to stop viral replication and act as antiviral drugs. Considering that several kinase inhibitors are known for their action in inflammatory pathways, this could also be investigated toward a potential anti-inflammatory treatment for COVID-19. Therefore, the use of kinase inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 MPro may be a promising strategy to find molecules with dual activity─antiviral and anti-inflammatory. Considering this, the potential of six kinase inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 MPro were evaluated in silico and in vitro, including Baricitinib, Tofacitinib, Ruxolitinib, BIRB-796, Skepinone-L, and Sorafenib. To assess the inhibitory potential of the kinase inhibitors, a continuous fluorescent-based enzyme activity assay was optimized with SARS-CoV-2 MPro and MCA-AVLQSGFR-K(Dnp)-K-NH2 (substrate). BIRB-796 and Baricitinib were identified as inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 MPro, presenting IC50 values of 7.99 and 25.31 µM, respectively. As they are also known for their anti-inflammatory action, both are prototype compounds with the potential to present antiviral and anti-inflammatory activity against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

SARS-CoV-2 mutations in Brazil: from genomics to putative clinical conditions.

Due to the high rate of transmissibility, Brazil became the new COVID-19 outbreak epicenter and, since then, is being monitored to understand how SARS-CoV-2 mutates and spreads. We combined genomic and structural analysis to evaluate genomes isolated from different regions of Brazil and show that the most prevalent mutations were located in the S, N, ORF3a and ORF6 genes, which are involved in different stages of viral life cycle and its interaction with the host cells. Structural analysis brought to light the positions of these mutations on protein structures, contributing towards studies of selective structure-based drug discovery and vaccine development.

A Special View of What Was Almost Forgotten: p38δ MAPK.

The p38δ mitogen-activated protein kinase is an important signal transduction enzyme. p38δ has recently emerged as a drug target due to its tissue-specific expression patterns and its critical roles in regulation of cellular processes related to cancer and inflammatory diseases, such as cell proliferation, cell migration, apoptosis, and inflammatory responses. However, potent and specific p38δ inhibitors have not been defined so far. Moreover, in cancer disease, p38δ appears to act as a tumor suppressor or tumor promoter according to cancer and cell type studied. In this review, we outline the current understanding of p38δ roles in each cancer type, to define whether it is possible to delineate new cancer therapies based on small-molecule p38δ inhibitors. We also highlight recent advances made in the design of molecules with potential to inhibit p38 isoforms and discuss structural approaches to guide the search for p38δ inhibitors.

Discovery and Evaluation of Enantiopure 9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indoles as Nanomolar GSK-3ß Inhibitors with Improved Metabolic Stability.

Glycogen synthase kinase-3ß (GSK-3ß) is a potential target in the field of Alzheimer's disease drug discovery. We recently reported a new class of 9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indole-based GSK-3ß inhibitors, of which 3-(3-((7-chloro-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-4-yl)(methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)propanenitrile (1) demonstrated promising inhibitory potency. However, this compound underwent rapid degradation by human liver microsomes. Starting from 1, we prepared a series of amide-based derivatives and studied their structure-activity relationships against GSK-3ß supported by 1 µs molecular dynamics simulations. The biological potency of this series was substantially enhanced by identifying the eutomer configuration at the stereocenter. Moreover, the introduction of an amide bond proved to be an effective strategy to eliminate the metabolic hotspot. The most potent compounds, (R)-3-(3-((7-chloro-9H-pyrimido[4,5-b]indol-4-yl)(methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile ((R)-2) and (R)-1-(3-((7-bromo-9Hpyrimido[4,5-b]indol-4-yl)(methyl)amino)piperidin-1-yl)propan-1-one ((R)-28), exhibited IC50 values of 480 nM and 360 nM, respectively, and displayed improved metabolic stability. Their favorable biological profile is complemented by minimal cytotoxicity and neuroprotective properties.

Characterization and expression analysis of P5CS (Δ1-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase) gene in two distinct populations of the Atlantic Forest native species Eugenia uniflora L.

Eugenia uniflora is an Atlantic Forest native species, occurring in contrasting edaphoclimatic environments. The identification of genes involved in response to abiotic factors is very relevant to help in understanding the processes of local adaptation. 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase (P5CS) is one interesting gene to study in this species since it encodes a key enzyme of proline biosynthesis, which is an osmoprotectant during abiotic stress. Applying in silico analysis, we identified one P5CS gene sequence of E. uniflora (EuniP5CS). Phylogenetic analysis, as well as, gene and protein structure investigation, revealed that EuniP5CS is a member of P5CS gene family. Plants of E. uniflora from two distinct environments (restinga and riparian forest) presented differences in the proline accumulation and P5CS expression levels under growth-controlled conditions. Both proline accumulation and gene expression level of EuniP5CS were higher in the genotypes from riparian forest than those from restinga. When these plants were submitted to drought stress, EuniP5CS gene was up-regulated in the plants from restinga, but not in those from riparian forest. These results demonstrated that EuniP5CS is involved in proline biosynthesis in this species and suggest that P5CS gene may be an interesting candidate gene in future studies to understand the processes of local adaptation in E. uniflora.