Serum and Salivary Level of Nitric Oxide (NOx) and CRP in Oral Lichen Planus (OLP) Patients.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory oral mucosal disease with unclear etiology while a few cases of disease become malignant. PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the level of nitric oxide (NOx) and C-reactive protein (CRP) as oxidative stress and inflammation status in sample of OLP patients. MATERIALS AND METHOD: In this case-control study, serum and salivary NOx and CRP levels were evaluated in twenty two OLP patients as the case group confirmed by clinical and histopathological diagnosis, and twenty two healthy control groups collected from Tooba Oral Pathology Laboratory in Sari in 2016. The data were analyzed by using independent-samples t-test, Mann-Whitney U-test and Chi-square by using SPSS version 21. The statistical significant level was considered at p< 0.05. RESULTS: Salivary and serum NOx levels in case group showed statistically significantly higher than healthy control group (p= 0.035 and p= 0.001, respectively). CRP values were significantly higher both in serum (p= 0.001) and in saliva (p= 0.035). A significant correlation was found between CRP and NOx values in serum (r= 0.521, p= 0.0001) and saliva (r= 0.427, p= 0.045). CONCLUSION: Oxidative stress causes damage to organs in the human body. Correct understanding of oxidative stress and its association with free radicals and inflammatory markers related to oral disease are important for effective treatments. The results of the study advocate the effects of NOx and CRP levels in pathogenesis of OLP. Therefore, antioxidant drugs might probably be considered in the treatment of OLP.

Immunohistochemical Study of p53 Expression in Patients with Erosive and Non-Erosive Oral Lichen Planus.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: Oral lichen planus is a common mucocutaneous lesion with a chronic inflammatory process mediated by immune factors while a few cases of the disease become malignant. PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the frequency of p53 marker as a tumor suppressor in patients with erosive and non-erosive oral lichen planus (OLP) by using immunohistochemical methods. MATERIALS AND METHOD: This descriptive cross-sectional study investigated the p53 expression in 16 erosive OLP, 16 non-erosive OLP samples, and 8 samples of normal oral mucosa through immunohistochemistry. The percentage of stained cells in basal and suprabasal layers, and inflammatory infiltrate were graded according to the degree of staining; if 0%, <10%, 10-25%, and >50% of the cells were stained, they were considered as (-), (+), (++), (+++) and (++++), respectively. The obtained data was statistically analyzed and compared by using Chi square and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: The mean percentage of p53 positive cells in erosive OLP (34.5±14.2) was considerably higher than that in non-erosive OLP (23.8±10.4) and normal mucosa (17.5±17). There was a significant difference among the three groups of erosive, non-erosive and control in terms of staining intensity. No significant difference existed between the patients' age and sex in the two OLP groups. CONCLUSION: The increased incidence of p53 from normal mucosa to erosive OLP indicated the difference between biological behavior of erosive and non-erosive OLP. It can be claimed that the erosive OLP has great premalignant potential compared with the non-erosive one.

Association of dietary vitamin C and e intake and antioxidant enzymes in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus consist of a various metabolic diseases such as hyperglycemia, increase glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and disorder in antioxidant enzymes activity, hence supplementing with antioxidant nutrients, mainly vitamin C and E seems to reduce oxidative injure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). AIM: To evaluate outcome of vitamin C and E supplementation on type 2 DM patients. SETTING AND DESIGN: The study was completed in 170 T2DM on consumption of vitamin C, E, combination of C & E and placebo. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cases groups of this study consist of two major groups, which were named supplementation and placebo group. The group of supplementation consisted of 3 sub-groups, which received three capsules per day for a phase of three months. The parameters such as HbA1c, glucose, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxides (GSH) were evaluated in baseline and after three months with supplementation. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: The statistical analyses were evaluated with the use of mean ± SD, ANOVA-test and paired-sample t-test. RESULTS: Mean age of 170 patients, 84 male and 86 female were 53.82±5.26 in the range of 30-60 years. The blood pressure results showed significant differences between the all supplement groups in baseline as compared to after receiving supplements (p<0.05). Use of vitamin C, E, and E & C showed significant differences in concentration of plasma FBS and HbA1c (p<0.05 & <0.001), but there was no significant differences in placebo groups. SOD and GSH enzymes levels showed a significant increased after consumption of vitamins in supplementation groups (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: This research confirmed that subjects with T2DM after three months supplementation of vitamins demonstrated significantly low level of hypertension, decrease levels of blood glucose, and increase SOD and GSH enzyme activity that can probably reduce insulin resistance by enhanced lowering oxidative stress parameters.

The multiplicative interactions of leukocyte counts with some other risk factors enhance the prognostic value for coronary artery disease.

BACKGROUND: The markers of inflammation and (apo)lipoproteins are associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Simultaneous assessment of the risk factors has been proposed to improve the diagnosis of CAD. The aim of this study was to examine the potential interactions between leukocyte counts and other risk factors. METHODS: The markers of inflammation, (apo)(lipo)proteins, (non)electrolytes, hematological parameters and classical risk factors, were determined in 264 clinically stable angiographically documented subjects. The subjects were classified as CAD cases or controls according to the results of coronary angiography. RESULTS: The frequency and severity of CAD, Framingham CAD scores, relative and absolute risk for CAD and the prevalence of diabetes mellitus and smoking were significantly higher in the third relative to the first tertile of leukocyte counts. Subjects with leukocyte counts in the upper tertile had significant higher levels of serum glucose, triglyceride, hsC-reactive protein, potassium, phosphorus and measured osmolality, and lower levels of apoAI, total protein, albumin and the ratio of albumin/globulins. Analyses by bivariate correlation on differential leukocyte counts showed that these associations are carried mostly by neutrophil, except for diabetes, glucose and triglyceride which were due to lymphocyte counts. By constructing dummy combined variables, high leukocyte counts accompanied by smoking, hypertension, diabetes, and high levels of serum glucose, cholesterol, apoB and apoB/apoAI ratio, exhibited amplified high risk for CAD. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that leukocyte count does interact multiplicatively with smoking, hypertension, diabetes, glucose, cholesterol, apoB and apoB/AI ratio. The simultaneous assessment of leukocyte counts and interactive risk factors enhances the diagnosis of CAD.

Indicators of dehydration and haemoconcentration are associated with the prevalence and severity of coronary artery disease.

1. The vascular endothelium is injured by blood flow abnormalities exacerbated by different risk factors, including markers of haemoconcentration. The aim of the present study was to assess the association between markers of haemoconcentration and dehydration and the prevalence and severity of coronary artery disease (CAD). 2. Subjects in the present study (189 men and 126 women) were classified as either CAD cases or controls according to the results of coronary angiography. The severity of CAD was scored on the basis of the number and the extent of lesions on coronary arteries. Serum electrolytes, osmolality and haematological parameters were measured. 3. Compared with control subjects, patient with CAD had increased levels of serum osmolality, calculated osmolality, tonicity, sodium, glucose and blood urea nitrogen (BUN). Significant differences were also observed in the haematocrit and haemoglobin concentration, but not in erythrocyte counts and total serum protein. On multiple logistic regression analysis adjusting for major risk factors, serum osmolality, glucose and BUN exhibited significant associations with CAD, but the correlations were lessened by diabetes. Analysis using anova showed a significant correlation between serum osmolality, sodium, glucose and BUN and the severity of CAD. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curves, as a relative measure of the test's efficiency, was the highest and significant for serum osmolality, BUN and glucose. 4. The results indicate that some of the markers of dehydration and haemoconcentration are associated significantly with the prevalence and severity of CAD, but the independence of these correlations is questioned. These markers may play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis.