Two-Step Conservative Surgery for Complicated Forms of Diabetes-Related Foot Osteomyelitis.

Diabetes-related foot osteomyelitis (DFO) is a common yet complex condition, often complicated by concurrent soft tissue infections (STIs). This study evaluates the efficacy of a two-step conservative surgical approach, hypothesizing that it offers comparable outcomes to a one-step procedure. Conducted on a cohort of 93 patients with DFO, the study categorized cases into two types: OM1 (osteomyelitis without STI) and OM2 (osteomyelitis with STI). OM2 was further subdivided into OM2a (early diagnosis) and OM2b (late diagnosis), with OM2 patients undergoing initial soft tissue debridement followed by elective bone surgery. The results indicated no significant differences in infection recurrence or amputation rates between the two surgical approaches, with recurrence observed in 20.7% of cases and amputations in 10.8%. The two-step procedure was associated with higher inflammatory responses and greater need for antibiotics and hospital admissions. However, these factors did not translate into increased recurrence or amputation compared to the one-step procedure. The study supports the two-step approach as a safe and effective method for managing complicated DFO cases, providing a viable alternative to immediate amputation or single-stage surgery. Despite some limitations, including regional specificity and potential underdiagnosis in late-diagnosed cases, the findings offer valuable insights for clinical management and suggest further research to refine treatment protocols. The study's strengths include confirmed histopathological diagnoses and consistent follow-up, reinforcing the validity of the two-step surgical approach for complex DFO treatment.

Outpatient Foot-Sparing Surgery Is Safe in Selected Patients with Diabetic Foot Infections.

OBJECTIVE: To determine if outpatient foot-sparing surgery for patients with diabetic foot infections (DFIs) is associated with a higher rate of treatment failure or longer healing time. METHODS: In this prospective observational study, the authors consecutively recruited a cohort of 200 patients with moderate and severe DFIs from the Diabetic Foot Unit of Hospital San Juan de Dios, Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, San José de Costa Rica, Costa Rica from October 15, 2020 to December 15, 2021. They compared outpatients with those admitted. Cox univariate analysis was performed, with time to treatment failure and time to healing as dependent variables and outpatient management as the independent variable. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients underwent surgery on an outpatient basis (35.5%), and 129 (64.5%) were admitted. Sixty of 111 patients (54.1%) with moderate infections were treated as outpatients versus 11 of 89 (12.4%) of those with severe infections. Twelve (16.9%) of the outpatients and 26 (20.2%) of those admitted presented failure (P = .57). The Cox univariate analysis with time to failure of treatment associated with outpatient management reported a hazard ratio of 1.26 (95% CI, 0.64-2.50; P = .50), and the analysis regarding healing time reported a hazard ratio of 0.91 (95% CI, 0.66-1.25; P = .56). CONCLUSIONS: Foot-sparing surgery on an outpatient basis was safe in more than half the cases of moderate DFIs, especially in patients with osteomyelitis. This approach is not associated with treatment failure or a longer healing time. Patients with severe infections, penetrating injuries, necrosis, or high inflammatory response and those with peripheral arterial disease who require revascularizations should be admitted to the hospital.

Interventions in the management of diabetes-related foot infections: A systematic review.

The optimal approaches to managing diabetic foot infections remain a challenge for clinicians. Despite an exponential rise in publications investigating different treatment strategies, the various agents studied generally produce comparable results, and high-quality data are scarce. In this systematic review, we searched the medical literature using the PubMed and Embase databases for published studies on the treatment of diabetic foot infections from 30 June 2018 to 30 June 2022. We combined this search with our previous literature search of a systematic review performed in 2020, in which the infection committee of the International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot searched the literature until June 2018. We defined the context of the literature by formulating clinical questions of interest, then developing structured clinical questions (Patients-Intervention-Control-Outcomes) to address these. We only included data from controlled studies of an intervention to prevent or cure a diabetic foot infection. Two independent reviewers selected articles for inclusion and then assessed their relevant outcomes and methodological quality. Our literature search identified a total of 5,418 articles, of which we selected 32 for full-text review. Overall, the newly available studies we identified since 2018 do not significantly modify the body of the 2020 statements for the interventions in the management of diabetes-related foot infections. The recent data confirm that outcomes in patients treated with the different antibiotic regimens for both skin and soft tissue infection and osteomyelitis of the diabetes-related foot are broadly equivalent across studies, with a few exceptions (tigecycline not non-inferior to ertapenem [±vancomycin]). The newly available data suggest that antibiotic therapy following surgical debridement for moderate or severe infections could be reduced to 10 days and to 3 weeks for osteomyelitis following surgical debridement of bone. Similar outcomes were reported in studies comparing primarily surgical and predominantly antibiotic treatment strategies in selected patients with diabetic foot osteomyelitis. There is insufficient high-quality evidence to assess the effect of various recent adjunctive therapies, such as cold plasma for infected foot ulcers and bioactive glass for osteomyelitis. Our updated systematic review confirms a trend to a better quality of the most recent trials and the need for further well-designed trials to produce higher quality evidence to underpin our recommendations.

IWGDF/IDSA guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes-related foot infections (IWGDF/IDSA 2023).

The International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) has published evidence-based guidelines on the management and prevention of diabetes-related foot diseases since 1999. The present guideline is an update of the 2019 IWGDF guideline on the diagnosis and management of foot infections in persons with diabetes mellitus. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework was used for the development of this guideline. This was structured around identifying clinically relevant questions in the P(A)ICO format, determining patient-important outcomes, systematically reviewing the evidence, assessing the certainty of the evidence, and finally moving from evidence to the recommendation. This guideline was developed for healthcare professionals involved in diabetes-related foot care to inform clinical care around patient-important outcomes. Two systematic reviews from 2019 were updated to inform this guideline, and a total of 149 studies (62 new) meeting inclusion criteria were identified from the updated search and incorporated in this guideline. Updated recommendations are derived from these systematic reviews, and best practice statements made where evidence was not available. Evidence was weighed in light of benefits and harms to arrive at a recommendation. The certainty of the evidence for some recommendations was modified in this update with a more refined application of the GRADE framework centred around patient important outcomes. This is highlighted in the rationale section of this update. A note is also made where the newly identified evidence did not alter the strength or certainty of evidence for previous recommendations. The recommendations presented here continue to cover various aspects of diagnosing soft tissue and bone infections, including the classification scheme for diagnosing infection and its severity. Guidance on how to collect microbiological samples, and how to process them to identify causative pathogens, is also outlined. Finally, we present the approach to treating foot infections in persons with diabetes, including selecting appropriate empiric and definitive antimicrobial therapy for soft tissue and bone infections; when and how to approach surgical treatment; and which adjunctive treatments may or may not affect the infectious outcomes of diabetes-related foot problems. We believe that following these recommendations will help healthcare professionals provide better care for persons with diabetes and foot infections, prevent the number of foot and limb amputations, and reduce the patient and healthcare burden of diabetes-related foot disease.

Diagnosis of infection in the foot of patients with diabetes: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Securing an early accurate diagnosis of diabetic foot infections and assessment of their severity are of paramount importance since these infections can cause great morbidity and potential mortality and present formidable challenges in surgical and antimicrobial treatment. METHODS: In June 2022, we searched the literature using PubMed and EMBASE for published studies on the diagnosis of diabetic foot infection (DFI). On the basis of pre-determined criteria, we reviewed prospective controlled, as well as non-controlled, studies in English. We then developed evidence statements based on the included papers. RESULTS: We selected a total of 64 papers that met our inclusion criteria. The certainty of the majority of the evidence statements was low because of the weak methodology of nearly all of the studies. The available data suggest that diagnosing diabetic foot infections on the basis of clinical signs and symptoms and classified according to the International Working Group of the Diabetic Foot/Infectious Diseases Society of America scheme correlates with the patient's likelihood of the need for hospitalisation, lower extremity amputation, and risk of death. Elevated levels of selected serum inflammatory markers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein and procalcitonin are supportive, but not diagnostic, of soft tissue infection. Culturing tissue samples of soft tissues or bone, when care is taken to avoid contamination, provides more accurate microbiological information than culturing superficial (swab) samples. Although non-culture techniques, especially next-generation sequencing, are likely to identify more bacteria from tissue samples including bone than standard cultures, no studies have established a significant impact on the management of patients with DFIs. In patients with suspected diabetic foot osteomyelitis, the combination of a positive probe-to-bone test and elevated ESR supports this diagnosis. Plain X-ray remains the first-line imaging examination when there is suspicion of diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO), but advanced imaging methods including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and nuclear imaging when MRI is not feasible help in cases when either the diagnosis or the localisation of infection is uncertain. Intra-operative or non-per-wound percutaneous biopsy is the best method to accurately identify bone pathogens in case of a suspicion of a DFO. Bedside percutaneous biopsies are effective and safe and are an option to obtain bone culture data when conventional (i.e. surgical or radiological) procedures are not feasible. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this systematic review of the diagnosis of diabetic foot infections provide some guidance for clinicians, but there is still a need for more prospective controlled studies of high quality.

Differences in Foot Infections Secondary to Puncture Wounds or Chronic Ulcers in Diabetes.

We hypothesized that foot infections secondary to a puncture wounds (PWs) have a worse prognosis concerning infection-related mortality, recurrence of the infection, and healing than those secondary to a chronic ulcer. We conducted a prospective study consisting of 200 patients with moderate-to-severe diabetic foot infections. The cohort consisted of 155 men (77.5%) and 45 women (22.5%). The mean age of the patients was 59 years (standard deviation 12.2). Puncture wounds were the cause of the infection in 107 patients (53.5%) and a chronic ulcer was the cause in 93 patients (46.5%). One hundred and eleven patients (55.5%) had moderate and 89 (44.5%) had severe infections. Osteomyelitis was more frequently found in chronic ulcers (71%) than in PWs (44.9%), P < .001. Cox's survival analysis using PWs as an explanatory variable showed no association with infection-related mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.32-3.46, P = .92), time to recurrence of infection (HR 0.64, 95% CI 0.27-1.51, P = .30), and time to healing (HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.60-1.08, P = .15). More than half of our patients had PWs as the mechanism by which the infection occurred. These patients usually had a lower rate of osteomyelitis but required hospitalization and antibiotic therapy more frequently than patients with infected chronic ulcers. We found no difference in outcomes between the 2 groups.

IWGDF/IDSA Guidelines on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Diabetes-related Foot Infections (IWGDF/IDSA 2023).

The International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot (IWGDF) has published evidence-based guidelines on the management and prevention of diabetes-related foot diseases since 1999. The present guideline is an update of the 2019 IWGDF guideline on the diagnosis and management of foot infections in persons with diabetes mellitus. The Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) framework was used for the development of this guideline. This was structured around identifying clinically relevant questions in the P(A)ICO format, determining patient-important outcomes, systematically reviewing the evidence, assessing the certainty of the evidence, and finally moving from evidence to the recommendation. This guideline was developed for healthcare professionals involved in diabetes-related foot care to inform clinical care around patient-important outcomes. Two systematic reviews from 2019 were updated to inform this guideline, and a total of 149 studies (62 new) meeting inclusion criteria were identified from the updated search and incorporated in this guideline. Updated recommendations are derived from these systematic reviews, and best practice statements made where evidence was not available. Evidence was weighed in light of benefits and harms to arrive at a recommendation. The certainty of the evidence for some recommendations was modified in this update with a more refined application of the GRADE framework centred around patient important outcomes. This is highlighted in the rationale section of this update. A note is also made where the newly identified evidence did not alter the strength or certainty of evidence for previous recommendations. The recommendations presented here continue to cover various aspects of diagnosing soft tissue and bone infections, including the classification scheme for diagnosing infection and its severity. Guidance on how to collect microbiological samples, and how to process them to identify causative pathogens, is also outlined. Finally, we present the approach to treating foot infections in persons with diabetes, including selecting appropriate empiric and definitive antimicrobial therapy for soft tissue and bone infections; when and how to approach surgical treatment; and which adjunctive treatments may or may not affect the infectious outcomes of diabetes-related foot problems. We believe that following these recommendations will help healthcare professionals provide better care for persons with diabetes and foot infections, prevent the number of foot and limb amputations, and reduce the patient and healthcare burden of diabetes-related foot disease.

Risk Factors Associated with Failure of Toe Amputation in Diabetic Foot Infections.

We aim to identify the factors associated with the failure of amputation of one to three toes (index toe amputation) in patients with diabetes and foot infection. We conducted a retrospective cohort of 175 patients with diabetes who were hospitalized for moderate to severe foot infection and underwent amputation of one to three toes. A Poisson regression model was used to determine the prevalence ratio (PR) as a measure of association. The mean age was 63.3 ± 11.4 years. Fifty-three patients presented failure after undergoing toe amputation (30.3%). Multivariate analysis, adjusted for age and sex, showed the following significant variables: severe infection (PR: 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.14-2.78; P = 0.011), infection by Escherichia coli (PR: 2.21; 95% CI: 1.42-3.43; P < 0.001), infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PR: 2.11; 95% CI: 1.29-3.43; P = 0.003) and prothrombin time (PR: 1.13; 95% CI: 1.05-1.21; P = 0.001), obesity (PR: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.37-0.93; P = 0.024), and haemoglobin value (PR: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.86-0.99; P = 0.023). About one-third of patients who underwent amputation of one to three toes for diabetic foot infection presented a failure and required a more proximal surgery. Severe infections, isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, and prolonged prothrombin time were associated with a higher prevalence of failure. However, obesity and an elevated haemoglobin level were associated with a lower prevalence of failure.

Residual osteomyelitis at the resection margin after conservative surgery is not associated with the recurrence of diabetic foot infection and may successfully be treated without postoperative antibiotic therapy.

AIMS: We hypothesize that microbiology- and pathology-confirmed positive bone margins after the resection of diabetes-related foot osteomyelitis are associated with worse outcomes. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study consisting of a cohort of 93 patients with diabetes-related foot osteomyelitis (histopathology confirmed) who underwent bone resection and where an additional bone biopsy was taken at the resection margin. The primary outcome was the recurrence of the infection. RESULTS: Pathology-confirmed positive margins were detected in 62 cases (66.7%), microbiology-confirmed positive margins were detected in 75 cases (80.6%) and recurrence was detected in 19 patients (20.4%). Chi-squared test failed to show the presence of an association between the recurrence of the infection with pathology-confirmed positive margins (p = 0.82), with microbiology-confirmed positive margins, (p = 0.34) and with the use of postoperative antibiotics (p = 0.70). Healing in patients with pathology-confirmed positive margins was achieved in a median of 12 weeks (95% CI 9.2-18) and those with pathology-confirmed negative margins in 14.9 weeks (95% CI 10.2-21.9), Log-rank test, p = 0.74. Thirty-four patients out of 61 available for follow-up (55.7%) with pathology-confirmed positive margins were treated without postoperative antibiotics. In that group, Chi-squared test failed to show the presence of an association between the recurrence of the infection with the use of postoperative antibiotics (p = 0.47). CONCLUSIONS: A positive margin was neither associated with the recurrence of the infection nor with the time to healing. More than half of patients with pathology-confirmed positive margins were treated without postoperative antibiotics and this approach was not associated with the recurrence of the infection.

Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index in Diabetic Foot Infections and Osteomyelitis.

The systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) was significantly higher in patients with severe infections, those with necrosis, and in those requiring admission, postoperative antibiotics, and any amputation. However, SII was significantly lower in patients with osteomyelitis compared to those with soft tissue infections. The correlation coefficients (rho) between SII and other inflammatory markers were as follows: WBC (Moderate correlation, 0.64, P < .001), ESR (Weak correlation, 0.34, P < .001), and CRP (Moderate correlation, 0.56, P < .001). The correlation coefficient (rho) between SII and the number of days admitted was moderate, 0.42 (P < .001). Based on a previous experience, SII may be an additional marker to diagnose osteomyelitis in the feet of patients with diabetes. Now, we need further research including SII, a low-cost and easy-to-measure index, in well-designed controlled studies to definitively clarify its role.

Extracellular to Intracellular Water Ratio Determined by Bioimpedance is Associated with Mortality in Patients Admitted for Diabetic Foot Ulcers.

An increased extracellular water/intracellular water (ECW/ICW) ratio determined by bioimpedance has been related to mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. We aimed to evaluate the impact of body water distribution in patients with diabetes-related foot ulcers. Seventy-six patients were evaluated with bioimpedance, handgrip strength, and laboratory examinations. The ECW/ICW ratio is a prognostic factor for early mortality.

Mean Platelet Volume-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Is a Biomarker of 1-Year Mortality in Patients With Diabetic Foot Infections.

We aimed to evaluate the value of 2 peripheral blood cell ratios, the mean platelet volume-to-lymphocyte ratio (MPVLR) and the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) as prognostic biomarkers of mortality in patients with diabetic foot infections (DFIs). We conducted a prospective observational study consisting of a cohort of 200 patients with moderate to severe DFIs consecutively recruited from our Diabetic Foot Unit, Hospital San Juan de Dios, San José de Costa Rica, Costa Rica from October 15, 2020, to December 15, 2021. We studied the variables associated with one-year all-cause mortality using a multivariate backward Cox's regression model. Nonparametric Spearman Rho was used to study the linear correlation between NLR and MPVLR and other inflammatory markers. The variables associated with all-cause mortality were retinopathy (hazard ratio [HR]: 2.55, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.22-5.33, P = .01), estimated glomerular filtration rate (HR: 0.979, 95% CI: 0.969-0.990, P < .001), HbA1c (HR: 0.825, 95% CI: 0.702-0.969, P = .01), and MPVLR (HR: 1.093, 95% CI: 1.020-1.172, P = .01). NLR showed a strong correlation with white blood cell count (r = 0.60 [<0.001]) and c-reactive protein (r = 0.63 [<0.001]), and a weak correlation with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r = 0.33 [<0.001]), though it was not associated with mortality. In conclusion, apart from other risk factors of mortality, we have for the first time demonstrated that the increasing value of MPVLR is a factor associated with one-year mortality in patients with DFIs.

Clinical Features, Inflammatory Markers, and Limb Salvage in Older Adults with Diabetes-Related Foot Infections.

Little information exists about diabetic foot infections (DFIs) in older patients. We hypothesize that older patients with DFIs have different clinical features and worse outcomes than younger patients. We conducted a prospective observational study consisting of a cohort of patients with diabetes and moderate to severe DFIs. Patients included in the cohort were dichotomized into two groups using percentile 75 (P75) of age as the cut-off value. Patients aged > P75 presented with more comorbidities and foot-related complications, a higher rate of peripheral arterial disease (PAD), worse renal function (higher values of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, and lower values of estimated glomerular filtration rate), and lower values of HbA1c compared with younger patients. Infection severity, microbiological features, and inflammatory markers were similar in both groups. In the multivariate analysis, minor amputations were associated with age > P75 (OR = 2.8, 95% CI 1.3-5.9, p <0.01), necrosis (OR = 4.2, 95% CI 1.8-10.1, p < 0.01), and CRP values (OR = 1.045, 95% CI 1.018-1.073, p < 0.01). Major amputations were associated with a history of amputation (OR = 4.7, 95% CI 1.3-16.7, p = 0.01), PAD (OR = 4.3, 95% CI 1.2-14.6, p = 0.01), and albumin values (OR = 0.344, 95% CI 0.130-0.913, p = 0.03). In conclusion, limb salvage can be achieved in older patients with diabetes-related foot infections at the same rate as in younger patients, despite the fact that they have more comorbidities and foot-related complications, a higher rate of PAD, and worse renal function.

Handgrip Strength But Not Malnutrition According to Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition Criteria Is a Risk Factor for Mortality in Hospitalized Patients with Ischemic Diabetic Foot Ulcers.

Objective: This study aimed to test the hypothesis that patients with malnutrition and impaired muscle function determined by hand grip strength (HGS) will have adverse outcomes. Approach: We conducted a prospective observational study of 77 patients admitted for ischemic diabetic foot ulcers (IDFU). Global Leadership Initiative on Malnutrition (GLIM) criteria were used to diagnose malnutrition. Values obtained with a dynamometer were dichotomized into values < and ≥ mean according to the values obtained in both sexes. The Cox proportional hazards model and the Kaplan-Meier method were applied. STROBE guidelines for cohorts were met in the present study. Results: In total, 55 patients (71.4%) were malnourished. Malnutrition according to GLIM criteria was not associated with adverse outcomes. HGS < mean was associated with patient age, duration of diabetes mellitus, body mass index, brachial circumference, plasma albumin, prealbumin, hemoglobin, transferrin, and HbA1c levels. Predictive variables of mortality after applying multivariate Cox model were age >69years (hazard ratio [HR] 4.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-12.0, p = 0.01), and HGS < mean (HR 3.7, 95% CI 1.2-11.3, p = 0.01). Survival time in patients with HGS < mean was shorter than in those with HGS ≥ mean, p < 0.01. Innovation: HGS is an easy and useful tool associated with nutritional parameters and with prognosis in patients admitted for IDFU. Conclusions: Neither malnutrition nor muscle function impairment were associated with limb loss or a need for readmission. Patients with HGS < mean presented shorter survival times. As HGS is a simple and cost-effective tool, it should be implemented as part of the nutritional admission evaluation.

Does Metabolic Control Have Any Influence on the Clinical Presentation and Short-Term Outcomes of Diabetic Foot Infections?

Objective: We hypothesized that patients with poor glycemic control undergoing treatment for diabetic foot infections (DFIs) would have a poorer prognosis than those with better metabolic control assessed by glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Approach: We analyzed a retrospective cohort of 245 patients with moderate and severe DFIs. HbA1c values were dichotomized (<7% or ≥7% and ≤75th percentile (P75) and >P75) to analyze patient outcomes regarding metabolic control. The present study adhered to the STROBE guidelines for cohort studies. Results: One hundred sixty-nine patients (69%) were men. Their mean age was 60.7 years (10.8). HbA1c ≥7% was detected in 203 patients (82.9%). P75 HbA1c was 10.9%. After performing univariate analysis, we found an association of HbA1c <7% with major amputations and mortality. However, after applying the logistic regression model, we did not find HbA1c <7% to be a predictive factor of major amputation. The risk factors for mortality following application of Cox's proportional hazards model were osteomyelitis (HR: 0.2, 95% CI: 0.07-0.62, p < 0.01), eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2 (HR: 2.7, 95% CI: 1.0-7.5, p = 0.04), and HbA1c <7% (HR: 4.9, 95% CI: 1.8-13.2, p < 0.01). Innovation: The group with optimal glycemic control (HbA1c <7%) had a shorter survival time than those with worse metabolic control. Conclusions: We did not find a longer duration of hospitalization, a higher rate of amputations, or longer healing times in the groups with worse metabolic control. HbA1c <7% was a risk factor for mid-term mortality.

Surgical Diabetic Foot Infections: Is Osteomyelitis Associated With a Worse Prognosis?

It has been reported that patients with diabetes and foot ulcers complicated with osteomyelitis (OM) have a worse prognosis than those complicated with soft tissue infections (STI). Our study aimed to determine whether OM is associated with a worse prognosis in cases of moderate and severe diabetic foot infections requiring surgery. A retrospective series consisted of 150 patients who underwent surgery for diabetic foot infections. We studied the differences between OM versus STI. Furthermore, diabetic foot infections were reclassified into four groups: moderate STI (M-STI), moderate OM (M-OM), severe STI (S-STI), and severe OM (S-OM). The variables associated with prognosis were limb loss, length of hospital stay, duration of antibiotic treatment, recurrence of the infection, and time to healing (both the initial ulcer and the postoperative wound). No differences in limb salvage, hospital stay, duration of antibiotic treatment, recurrence of the infection, and time to healing were found when comparing OM with STI. Patients with M-O had a higher rate of recurrences after initial treatment and a longer time to healing when comparing with M-STI. We didn't find any differences between severe infections with or without OM. In conclusion, we have found in our surgical series of diabetic foot infections that OM is not associated with worse prognosis when comparing with STI regarding limb loss rate, length of hospital stays, duration of antibiotic treatment, recurrence of the infection, and time to healing. The results of the present series should further be confirmed by other authors.

Conservative Surgery for Diabetic Foot Osteomyelitis is not Associated With Longer Survival Time Without Recurrence of Foot Ulcer When Compared With Amputation.

Conservative surgery of diabetic foot osteomyelitis (DFO) in which bone infection is removed without amputation could minimize the biomechanical changes associated with foot surgery. We hypothesize that patients who undergo conservative surgery will have a longer survival time without recurrence of foot ulcers and further amputations than those who undergo any type of amputation to treat DFO. We assessed a retrospective cohort of 108 patients who underwent surgery for DFO from January 2011 to December 2012. Patients were followed-up until May 2020. Reulceration and reamputation-free survival times were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method and were calculated from the date of first surgery to recurrence, new amputation, or end of the study. A stratified log rank was used to study differences among groups. Cumulative survival without recurrences at 1, 5, and 8 years was 95%, 36%, and 29%, respectively, in patients who underwent conservative surgery and 95%, 43%, and 30%, respectively, in those undergoing amputation. Cumulative survival without a new amputation at 1, 5, and 8 years was 100%, 80%, and 80%, respectively, in patients who underwent conservative surgery and 98%, 82%, and 69%, respectively, in those undergoing amputation. No differences were found regarding either recurrence (log rank, P = .98) or new amputations (log rank, P = .64). In conclusion, conservative surgery is as safe as amputation to arrest bone infection in the feet of patients with diabetes. Conservative surgery was not associated with a lower rate of recurrence and new amputations than those patients who underwent amputations.

Onychomycosis and Tinea Pedis in the Feet of Patients With Diabetes.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of onychomycosis and interdigital tinea pedis in a cohort of Spanish patients with diabetes in whom onychomycosis was clinically suspected (n = 101). Samples from a first toenail scraping and the fourth toe clefts were subjected to potassium hydroxide direct vision and incubated in Sabouraud and dermatophyte test medium. Fifty-eight samples were also analyzed by a pathologist using periodic acid-Schiff staining and Calcofluor white direct fluorescence microscopy. Onychomycosis was only confirmed in 41 patients (40.6%). The most frequent aetiological agent was Trichophyton rubrum, isolated in 10 patients (36%), followed by Candida parapsilosis in 7 patients (25%). Tests on the fourth toe cleft samples were only positive in 11 patients (10.9%), and in all cases, onychomycosis was also diagnosed. Neuroischemic foot was the only significant variable associated with onychomycosis in the univariate analysis (P < .01). A positive result for mycosis in the fourth toe cleft was found in 11 cases (10.9%) and was associated with a history of myocardial infarction (P< .01; odds ratio [OR]: 84.2, confidence interval [CI]: 6.8-1036.4) and neuroischemic foot (P< .01; OR: 13.7, CI: 12.6-71.6) in the multivariate model. In conclusion, the prevalence of onychomycosis and tinea pedis in patients with diabetes in whom onychomycosis was clinically suspected was 40.6% and 10.9%, respectively. In addition, onychomycosis was not always associated with tinea pedis. These results show that clinical diagnosis has low accuracy in people with diabetes mellitus, and that diagnosis should not be based on clinical toenail characteristics alone.

Long-term Mortality of a Cohort of Patients Undergoing Surgical Treatment for Diabetic Foot Infections. An 8-year Follow-up Study.

We analyzed a retrospective cohort of 150 patients with diabetic foot infections (DFIs) who underwent surgical treatment to determine long-term outcomes. The median follow-up of the series was 7.6 years. Cox's proportional hazards model for survival time was performed and hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated. Survival times were plotted using the Kaplan-Meier method. Fifteen patients (10%) required readmission after discharge from the hospital for a recurrence of the infection. Ninety patients (60%) had re-ulcerations. Forty-nine (54.4% of those re-ulcerated) required new admission and 24 of them (26.6% of those re-ulcerated) finally required a new amputation. Overall cumulative survival rates at 1, 5, and 8 years were 95%, 78%, and 64%, respectively. Predictive variables of long-term mortality were insulin treatment (HR: 2.0, 95% CI: 1.1-3.6, P = .01), female sex (HR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.7-5.3, P<.01) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 (HR: 2.2, 95% CI: 1.1-4.2, P = .01). In conclusion, patients undergoing surgical treatment for DFIs had a high rate of recurrences and mortality. Women, patients who underwent treatment with insulin, and those with eGFR <60 ml/min/1.73 m2 had a higher risk of long-term mortality.