Iluminando las decisiones e intervenciones públicas para la población adulta mayor: estudio SABE Bogotá / Enlightening decisions and public interventions for the older adult population: SABE Bogotá study

ResumenObjetivo: Destacar los resultados de mayor impacto para la población adulta mayor en Bogotá, de ma-nera que sirvan como referencias para priorizar las decisiones y las medidas públicas en su beneficio. Materiales y métodos: Estudio de cohorte transversal, con un muestreo probabilístico por conglome-rados, polietápico, con un nivel de confiabilidad del 95% y un tamaño de 2000 personas entre 60 y 100 años. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de todas las variables, calculando distribuciones de frecuencias simples y posteriormente se hizo un análisis de dependencia y asociación con Chi cuadrado, T-test y regresiones logísticas multivariadas según correspondiera para cada caso. Adicionalmente se utilizan pruebas de Spearman Rho para analizar correlaciones. Se analizaron los temas principales: fragilidad, sarcopenia, nutrición, hipertensión arterial (HTA), depresión, violencia, discapacidad, vivir solo y pobreza. Resultados: Cerca del 40% de la población tenía desnutrición o estaba en riesgo de desnutri-ción, más del 60% era prefrágil o frágil y más del 11% tenía sarcopenia. La HTA se presentó en el 58% de los ancianos; la depresión estaba presente en uno de cada cuatro; 42% había sido víctima de agre-sión en el último año y el 43% desplazado por violencia en el transcurso de su vida. Más de la mitad tenía una discapacidad, 12,6% vivía solo y el 7,8% estaba en pobreza extrema. Conclusiones: Cada una de las temáticas desarrolladas aporta individualmente en la selección de los mejores derroteros de la política pública para el Distrito Capital, pues sólo su integración, bajo la tutela de los gestores de la misma y la participación ciudadana desde los diferentes escenarios y participantes, logrará el mejor impacto en la aplicabilidad de este trabajo de investigación

AbstractObjective:thisworkhighlightstheresultswiththegreatestimpactfortheolderadultpopula-tioninBogotá.Theseresultsshouldserveasreferencestoprioritizedecisionsanddeveloppublichealthinterventionstobenefittheseolderadults.Materials and methods:W euseddatafromacross-sectionalstudy,withamultistageprobabilisticsamplingbyconglomerates.Aofreliabilitylevelof95%wasestablishedandthesamplesizewas2000individualsbetweentheagesof60and100years.Adescriptiveanalysisofallthevariableswasconducted,esti-matingfrequenciesandsubsequentlyanalyzingdependencyandassociationwithChisquare,T-testsandmultivariatelogisticregressionsasappropriateforeachcase.Additionally,Spear-manRhotestswereusedtoanalyzecorrelations.Themaintopicsanalyzedwere:frailty,sarcopenia,nutrition,hypertension(HTN),depression,violence,disability,livingaloneandpoverty.Results:about40%ofthepopulationwasmalnourishedoratriskofmalnutrition,morethan60%waspre-frailorfrailandmorethan11%hadsarcopenia.HTNwasreportedin58%ofolderadults,42%hadbeenvictimsofviolenceinthelastyearand43%hadbeendisplacedbyviolenceduringtheirlife.Morethanhalfhaddisability,12,6%livedaloneand7,8%hadextremepoverty.Conclusions: theseresultsshouldhelpidentifythemostpressingissuesfacedbyolderadultsinthecapitalofColombiaandshoulddrivethedevelopmentofpublichealthinterventionsforthecity.Onlyintegrationoftheseresultswithactiveparticipa-tionofpolicymakersandthecommunitywillresultinimprovementsforolderadultsandthepopulationatlarge

Zinc deficiency primes the lung for ventilator-induced injury.

Mechanical ventilation is necessary to support patients with acute lung injury, but also exacerbates injury through mechanical stress-activated signaling pathways. We show that stretch applied to cultured human cells, and to mouse lungs in vivo, induces robust expression of metallothionein, a potent antioxidant and cytoprotective molecule critical for cellular zinc homeostasis. Furthermore, genetic deficiency of murine metallothionein genes exacerbated lung injury caused by high tidal volume mechanical ventilation, identifying an adaptive role for these genes in limiting lung injury. Stretch induction of metallothionein required zinc and the zinc-binding transcription factor MTF1. We further show that mouse dietary zinc deficiency potentiates ventilator-induced lung injury, and that plasma zinc levels are significantly reduced in human patients who go on to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) compared with healthy and non-ARDS intensive care unit (ICU) controls, as well as with other ICU patients without ARDS. Taken together, our findings identify a potentially novel adaptive response of the lung to stretch and a critical role for zinc in defining the lung's tolerance for mechanical ventilation. These results demonstrate that failure of stretch-adaptive responses play an important role in exacerbating mechanical ventilator-induced lung injury, and identify zinc and metallothionein as targets for lung-protective interventions in patients requiring mechanical ventilation.

Assessment of factors associated with functional status in 60 years-old and older adults in Bogotá, Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: Functional impairment produces a wide range of negative effects such as difficulty in mobility, social isolation, decreased quality of life, disability and institutionalization. Thus, functional status measurement is a marker of social wellbeing. OBJECTIVE: To determine and characterize the socio-demographic factors and health conditions related to functional impairment in older adults in Bogotá, Colombia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data was collected from the SABE Bogotá Study. Functional status was assessed using the Barthel and Lawton scales. Independent variables included socio-demographic factors, comorbidities, anthropometric measurements and physical activity (by tertiles). Bivariate analyzes were performed, and multivariate results were obtained using linear regression models. RESULTS: There were 2,000 participants aged 60 years and older, with a mean age of 71.2 ± 8 years. Younger age (standardized beta = -0.15, p<0.01), fewer medications (beta= -0.13, p<0.01), higher MMSE score (beta = 0.3, p< 0.01), higher level of physical activity (middle beta tertile = 0.18, p<0.01, and higher beta tertile= 0.18, p<0.01vs lower tertile) and better performance in the handgrip test (beta= 0.10, p<0.01) were associated with better function in daily life instrumental activities. Similarly, higher MMSE score (beta= 0.3, p<0.01) and better performance in the handgrip test (beta= 0.07, p= 0.02) were associated with better function in daily life basic activities. CONCLUSIONS: We found several factors related with functional impairment, which are likely to be modified to reduce dependence in this population.

Evaluación de factores asociados al estado funcional en ancianos de 60 años o más en Bogotá, Colombia / Assessment of factors associated with functional status in 60 years-old and older adults in Bogotá, Colombia

Resumen Introducción. La declinación funcional produce un amplio espectro de efectos negativos, como dificultad para la movilidad, aislamiento social, deterioro de la calidad de vida, discapacidad e internación en instituciones especializadas, lo cual convierte la medición de la funcionalidad en un marcador importante del bienestar. Objetivo. Caracterizar y determinar los factores asociados con el deterioro funcional del anciano en Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron los datos del Estudio SABE-Bogotá. El estado funcional de los participantes se evaluó mediante las escalas de Barthel y Lawton. Se usaron como variables independientes los factores sociodemográficos, las enfermedades concomitantes, las medidas antropométricas y los terciles de actividad física, y se obtuvieron análisis bivariados y multivariados con regresiones lineales. Resultados. Se entrevistaron 2.000 personas de 60 o más años, con una edad promedio de 71,2 ± 8 años. Una mayor funcionalidad en actividades instrumentales se asoció con una menor edad (valor beta estandarizado: -0,15; p<0,01), un menor número de medicamentos (valor beta: -0,13; p<0,01), un mayor puntaje en el Mini-mental State Examination, MMSE) (valor beta: 0,3; p<0,01), un mayor nivel de actividad física (tercil medio: 0,18; p<0,01 y tercil alto de beta: 0,18; p<0,01 Vs. tercil bajo) y una mayor fuerza de prensión (valor beta: 0,10; p<0,01),en tanto que una mayor funcionalidad en las actividades básicas se asoció con un mayor puntaje en el MMSE (valor beta: 0,3; p<0,01) y una mayor fuerza de prensión (valor beta: 0,07; p=0,020). Conclusiones. En este estudio se determinaron múltiples factores relacionados con la alteración funcional que pueden modificarse para disminuir la dependencia en este grupo poblacional.

Abstract Introduction: Functional impairment produces a wide range of negative effects such as difficulty in mobility, social isolation, decreased quality of life, disability and institutionalization. Thus, functional status measurement is a marker of social wellbeing. Objective: To determine and characterize the socio-demographic factors and health conditions related to functional impairment in older adults in Bogotá, Colombia. Materials and methods: Data was collected from the SABE Bogotá Study. Functional status was assessed using the Barthel and Lawton scales. Independent variables included socio-demographic factors, comorbidities, anthropometric measurements and physical activity (by tertiles). Bivariate analyzes were performed, and multivariate results were obtained using linear regression models. Results: There were 2,000 participants aged 60 years and older, with a mean age of 71.2 ± 8 years. Younger age (standardized beta = -0.15, p<0.01), fewer medications (beta= -0.13, p<0.01), higher MMSE score (beta = 0.3, p< 0.01), higher level of physical activity (middle beta tertile = 0.18, p<0.01, and higher beta tertile= 0.18, p<0.01vs lower tertile) and better performance in the handgrip test (beta=0.10, p<0.01) were associated with better function in daily life instrumental activities. Similarly, higher MMSE score (beta= 0.3, p<0.01) and better performance in the handgrip test (beta= 0.07, p= 0.02) were associated with better function in daily life basic activities. Conclusions: We found several factors related with functional impairment, which are likely to be modified to reduce dependence in this population.

Edentulism and dental prostheses in the elderly: impact on quality of life measured with EuroQol--visual analog scale (EQ-VAS).

The objective of this study was to measure the impact of edentulism and dental prostheses on quality of life (QOL) in older adults in Bogota, Colombia. Edentulism is a frequent condition in older adults and has great impact on their QOL. No epidemiological data are currently available on edentulism among older adults in Colombia. Data were obtained from the SABE-Bogota study, a cross-sectional study conducted in 2012, and used to analyze the EQ-VAS (Visual Analog Scale) from the EuroQol instrument to measure the perception of quality of life (QOL) in relation to edentulism. The study included 2,000 individuals over 60 years old. The Spearman-Rho correlation was used to analyze the correlation between EQ-VAS and edentulism. Chi-Square, ANOVA and t-test were used to study the differences in EQ-VAS scores between edentulous and healthy subjects. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Of the 2000 respondents, 98.3% were edentulous, 73.0% reported half or more missing teeth, 76.9% used dental prostheses and 23.7% had related eating problems. Older age, lower social class and lower education were related to edentulism. Individuals with fewer teeth and dental prostheses had lower EQ-VAS scores (p<0.05) and dental prosthesis did not improve EQ-VAS scores (p=0.22). Edentulism also showed a significant negative correlation with EQ-VAS scores (rho= -0.102, p<0.01). In summary, EQ-VAS is a useful tool for measuring the perception of QOL in dental health scenarios. Edentulism significantly affects QOL in older adults and the use of dental prosthesis does not improve the perception of QOL.

Increased yield of endothelial cells from peripheral blood for cell therapies and tissue engineering.

AIM: Peripheral blood-derived endothelial cells (pBD-ECs) are an attractive tool for cell therapies and tissue engineering, but have been limited by their low isolation yield. We increase pBD-EC yield via administration of the chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist AMD3100, as well as via a diluted whole blood incubation (DWBI). MATERIALS & METHODS: Porcine pBD-ECs were isolated using AMD3100 and DWBI and tested for EC markers, acetylated LDL uptake, growth kinetics, metabolic activity, flow-mediated nitric oxide production and seeded onto titanium tubes implanted into vessels of pigs. RESULTS: DWBI increased the yield of porcine pBD-ECs 6.6-fold, and AMD3100 increased the yield 4.5-fold. AMD3100-mobilized ECs were phenotypically indistinguishable from nonmobilized ECs. In porcine implants, the cells expressed endothelial nitric oxide synthase, reduced thrombin-antithrombin complex systemically and prevented thrombosis. CONCLUSION: Administration of AMD3100 and the DWBI method both increase pBD-EC yield.

Nutritional assessment and factors associated to malnutrition in older adults: a cross-sectional study in Bogotá, Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the nutritional status and factors associated to malnutrition in older adults. METHOD: Data come from the SABE Bogotá study (Health, Well-Being, and Aging), a cross-sectional survey conducted in Bogotá, Colombia, in 2012 in community-dwelling adults aged 60 years and older. Using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA), we evaluated the nutritional status and factors associated to malnutrition in this population with regression models. RESULTS: From the 1,573 older adults interviewed, 4.58% were malnourished and 34.27% were at risk of malnourishment. Factors associated to malnourishment were older age (odds ratio [OR] =1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [1.00, 1.04]), perceived poor health (OR = 1.46, 95% CI = [1.13, 1.88]), comorbidities (OR = 1.16, 95% CI = [1.04, 1.30]), and low calf circumference (OR = 2.63, 95% CI = [1.86, 3.72]). Having dentures, perception of being well-nourished, and higher functionality decreased the odds for malnourishment (p < .05). CONCLUSION: The MNA is useful to evaluate factors associated with malnutrition among older adults in Bogotá. Malnutrition is associated with perception of poor health, comorbidities, number of medications, and cognitive impairment.

Edentulism and dental prostheses in the elderly: impact on quality of life measured with EuroQol-visual analog scale (EQ-VAS) / Edentulismo y prótesis dentales en el adulto mayor: impacto sobre la calidad de vida medido con euroqol – escala visual análoga (eq-vas)

El objetivo de este estudio fue medir el impacto del edentulismo y el uso de prótesis dentales en la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores en Bogotá, Colombia. El edentulismo es frecuente en los adultos mayores y afecta profundamente su calidad de vida. Actualmente existen pocos datos epidemiológicos disponibles sobre este tema en nuestro medio. Los datos fueron extraídos del estudio SABE-Bogotá, estudio transversal por conglomerados llevado a cabo en el 2012. Se uso el EQ-VAS (escala visual análoga) como instrumento de medición de la percepción de la calidad de vida. El estudio incluyó 2.000 individuos mayores de 60 años. Se usó el test de Sperman-Rho para analizar la correlación entre el EQ-VAS, el edentulismo y el uso de prótesis. Las pruebas de Chi-cuadrado, ANOVA y t-test se usaron para estudiar las diferencias en los puntajes del EQ-VAS entre los sujetos edéntulos y sanos. La significancia estadística se estableció en <0.05. De los 2000 encuestados, 98.3 por ciento fueron edéntulos, 73.0 por ciento reportaron perdida de mas de la mitad de sus dientes, 76.9 por ciento reportaron usar prótesis dentales y 23.7 por ciento problemas relacionados con la alimentación. La edad avanzada, el estrato social bajo y el bajo nivel educativo se relacionaron con mayor pérdida dental. Individuos con pocos dientes y prótesis dentales tuvieron puntajes bajos en el EQ-VAS (p=0.22). La presencia de edentulismo también mostró una correlación negativa con los puntajes del EQ-VAS (rho= -0.102, p<0.01). Se concluye que EQ-VAS es un instrumento de gran utilidad para la medición de calidad de vida en contextos relacionados a salud oral. El edentulismo afecta significativamente la calidad de vida en los adultos mayores y el uso de prótesis dentales no mejora la percepción de la calidad de vida.

The objective of this study was to measure the impact of edentulismand dental prostheses on quality of life (QOL) in older adults inBogotá, Colombia. Edentulism is a frequent condition in olderadults and has great impact on their QOL. No epidemiologicaldata are currently available on edentulism among older adults inColombia. Data were obtained from the SABE-Bogotá study, across-sectional study conducted in 2012, and used to analyze theEQ-VAS (Visual Analog Scale) from the EuroQol instrument tomeasure the perception of quality of life (QOL) in relation toedentulism. The study included 2,000 individuals over 60 yearsold. The Spearman-Rho correlation was used to analyze thecorrelation between EQ-VAS and edentulism. Chi-Square, ANOVAand t-test were used to study the differences in EQ-VAS scoresbetween edentulous and healthy subjects. Statistical significancewas set at p<0.05. Of the 2000 respondents, 98.3% wereedentulous, 73.0% reported half or more missing teeth, 76.9%used dental prostheses and 23.7% had related eating problems.Older age, lower social class and lower education were related toedentulism. Individuals with fewer teeth and dental prostheses hadlower EQ-VAS scores (p<0.05) and dental prosthesis did notimprove EQ-VAS scores (p=0.22). Edentulism also showed asignificant negative correlation with EQ-VAS scores (rho= -0.102,p<0.01). In summary, EQ-VAS is a useful tool for measuring theperception of QOL in dental health scenarios. Edentulismsignificantly affects QOL in older adults and the use of dentalprosthesis does not improve the perception of QOL.

[Hearing disorders in elderly people, associated factors and quality of life: SABE Study, Bogotá, Colombia]. / Problemas de la audición en el adulto mayor, factores asociados y calidad de vida: estudio SABE, Bogotá, Colombia.

INTRODUCTION: The aging of the population is a universal epidemiological phenomenon which is not unfamiliar to us and is accompanied by a marked increase of life expectancy. Age-dependent comorbidities, such as hearing disorders, are more prevalent and affect the quality of life in a noticeable manner. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of hearing disorders, of the associated factors and their impact on the quality of life of older adults in Bogota. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data was taken from the Bogotá SABE Study, which included 2,000 individuals aged =60 years in a probabilistic cross-sectional study sampled by clusters (with 81.9% coverage). We used the "hearing disorders" variable relating it to socio-demographic variables, as well as to the use of hearing aids, the self-perceived health, the comorbidities, the functionality, the cognition and the quality of life as measured with the Visual Analog Scale of the EuroQol Group (EQ-VAS). RESULTS: We found a prevalence of hearing disorders in 267 individuals (13.5%), of whom 15% used hearing aids. The frequency was higher in individuals aged =75 years (46.1%), in the low socioeconomic level (20.2%) and among illiterate people (19.3%, p<0.05). Regarding comorbidities, we found a higher prevalence in individuals suffering from depression (20.2%, p<0.001), and high blood pressure (15%, p<0.01). The quality of life was worse in individuals with hearing disorders, as measured with the EuroQol EQ-VAS (60.93 ± 1.38 vs. 71.75 ± 0.45, p< 0.0001), but it improved among those who used hearing aids as compared to those who did not use them (59.59 ± 1.52, p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Hearing disorders are relevant in elderly individuals and they affect their perceived quality of life in a noticeable manner. In addition, they are associated with other clinical, functional and cognitive problems. Nevertheless, the intervention with hearing aids reverses that perception.

Problemas de la audición en el adulto mayor, factores asociados y calidad de vida: estudio SABE, Bogotá, Colombia / Hearing disorders in elderly people, associated factors and quality of life: SABE Study, Bogotá, Colombia

Introducción. El envejecimiento de la población es un fenómeno epidemiológico universal que conlleva un acentuado aumento de la expectativa de vida y al cual no somos ajenos. Las enfermedades concomitantes dependientes de la edad, entre ellas los problemas auditivos, son cada día más prevalentes e inciden notoriamente en la calidad de vida. Objetivo. Estimar la prevalencia de los problemas de audición, así como de los factores asociados y su efecto en la calidad de vida de los adultos mayores en Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Se analizaron los datos del estudio SABE, Bogotá, en el curso del cual se entrevistó a 2.000 personas de 60 años o más en una muestra transversal probabilística por conglomerados (cobertura de 81,9 %). Se utilizó la variable "problemas en la audición" y se relacionó con los factores sociodemográficos, el uso de dispositivos auriculares, la percepción de la propia salud, las enfermedades concomitantes, la funcionalidad, la cognición y la calidad de vida, medida esta con la escala visual analógica del grupo EuroQOL ( EuroQoL-Visual Analogue Scale , EQ-VAS). Resultados. Se encontró una prevalencia de problemas de audición en 267 personas (13,5 %), de las cuales el 15 % utilizaba audífonos; dicha prevalencia fue mayor en aquellas de 75 o más años (46,1 %), en el nivel socioeconómico bajo (20,2 %) y entre analfabetas (19,3 %, p<0,05). Se encontró mayor prevalencia en las personas con depresión (20,2 %, p<0,001) y con hipertensión arterial (15 %, p<0,01). En aquellas con problemas de audición se encontró peor calidad de vida medida por la EQ-VAS (60,93±1,38 Vs . 71,75±0,45, p<0,0001). Cuando las personas usaban los audífonos, su calidad de vida mejoraba en comparación con la de quienes no los utilizaban (59,59±1,52, p<0,01). Conclusiones. Los problemas auditivos son relevantes en los adultos mayores e inciden notoriamente en su percepción de la calidad de vida, asociándose con otras situaciones clínicas, funcionales y cognoscitivas; sin embargo, el uso de audífonos revierte esta percepción.

Introduction: The aging of the population is a universal epidemiological phenomenon which is not unfamiliar to us and is accompanied by a marked increase of life expectancy. Age-dependent comorbidities, such as hearing disorders, are more prevalent and affect the quality of life in a noticeable manner. Objective: To estimate the prevalence of hearing disorders, of the associated factors and their impact on the quality of life of older adults in Bogota. Materials and methods: Data was taken from the Bogotá SABE Study, which included 2,000 individuals aged =60 years in a probabilistic cross-sectional study sampled by clusters (with 81.9% coverage). We used the "hearing disorders" variable relating it to socio-demographic variables, as well as to the use of hearing aids, the self-perceived health, the comorbidities, the functionality, the cognition and the quality of life as measured with the Visual Analog Scale of the EuroQol Group (EQ-VAS). Results: We found a prevalence of hearing disorders in 267 individuals (13.5%), of whom 15% used hearing aids. The frequency was higher in individuals aged =75 years (46.1%), in the low socioeconomic level (20.2%) and among illiterate people (19.3%, p<0.05). Regarding comorbidities, we found a higher prevalence in individuals suffering from depression (20.2%, p<0.001), and high blood pressure (15%, p<0.01). The quality of life was worse in individuals with hearing disorders, as measured with the EuroQol EQ-VAS (60.93 ± 1.38 vs. 71.75 ± 0.45, p< 0.0001), but it improved among those who used hearing aids as compared to those who did not use them (59.59 ± 1.52, p<0.01). Conclusions: Hearing disorders are relevant in elderly individuals and they affect their perceived quality of life in a noticeable manner. In addition, they are associated with other clinical, functional and cognitive problems. Nevertheless, the intervention with hearing aids reverses that perception.