Probabilistic prediction of segmental body composition in Iranian children and adolescents.

BACKGROUND: Adolescents' body composition is considered an important measure to evaluate health status. An examination of any of the segmental compartments by anthropometric indices is a more usable method than direct methods. OBJECTIVES: To propose a method based on the network approach for predicting segmental body composition components in adolescent boys and girls using anthropometric measurements. METHODS: A dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) dataset in the south of Iran, including 476 adolescents (235 girls and 241 boys) with a range of 9-18 years, was obtained. Several anthropometric prediction models based on the network approach were fitted to the training dataset (TRD 80%) using bnlearn, an R add-in package. The best fitted models were applied to the validation dataset (VAD 20%) to assess the prediction accuracy. RESULTS: Present equations consisting of age, weight, height, body mass index (BMI), and hip circumference accounted for 0.85 (P < 0.001) of the variability of DXA values in the corresponding age groups of boys. Similarly, reasonable estimates of DXA values could be obtained from age, weight, height, and BMI in girls over 13 years, and from age, weight, height, BMI, and waist circumference in girls under 13 years, respectively, of 0.77 and 0.83 (P < 0.001). Correlations between robust Gaussian Bayesian network (RGBN) predictions and DXA measurements were highly significant, averaging 0.87 for boys and 0.82 for girls (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The results revealed that, based on the present study's predictive models, adolescents' body composition might be estimated by input anthropometric information. Given the flexibility and modeling of the present method to test different motivated hypotheses, its application to body compositional data is highly appealing.

Non-linear association of body composition and its components with bone density in Iranian children and adolescents.

Peak bone mass is established during childhood. This study aimed to evaluate the associations of the components of overall body mass with areal bone mineral density Z-score in children. The findings of this study showed that children with greater overall body mass had higher aBMD Z-score. PURPOSE: Peak bone mass is established during childhood and adolescence. One of the important factors influencing predicted bone mass tracking in childhood and adolescence is alteration in the body composition during this growth period. This study aimed to evaluate the associations of the components of overall body mass with areal bone mineral density Z-score in children and adolescents. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 478 healthy Iranian children and adolescents (237 girls and 241 boys) who had DXA measures participated. We evaluated the linearity of associations using generalized additive models. RESULTS: Children's mean age was14 years with a range of 9-18 years, and 49.6% were girls. We found an increase in aBMD Z-score with increasing overall body mass (r = 0.25, p < 0.001). We observed this association with fat-free mass and total fat mass up to the 60th (~30 Kg) and 75th percentile (~12.5 Kg) [0.051 (95% CI, 0.027-0.075) increase in aBMD Z-score per 1 Kg increase in fat-free mass and 0.079 (95% CI, 0.044-0.114) increase in aBMD Z-score per 1 Kg increase in the total fat mass]. The correlation between Z-score of overall body mass and its components with aBMD Z-score was strongly positive. (P value < 0.001 for all) CONCLUSION: The findings of this study showed that children with greater overall body mass had higher aBMD Z-score. In addition, this study adds to a growing literature, suggesting that the relationship between body composition and BMD may be influenced by the pattern of fat and fat-free mass distribution in population.

The association between the score of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity traits and risky driving behaviors with alcohol intake and narcotics consumption among Iranian motorcyclists.

BACKGROUND: Motorcycle drivers are among the most vulnerable road users, accounting for a large proportion of global traffic accidents. This study aimed to investigate the association between the score of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) traits and risky driving behaviors (RDB) with alcohol intake (AI) and narcotics consumption (NC) among motorcyclists in Iran. METHODS: This multi-center cross-sectional study encompassed 1747 motorcyclists from three cities in Iran. A random sampling method was applied in this study, and the required data was collected using three standard questionnaires on ADHD, substance abuse, and RDB. Independent sample t-test, covariance analysis, and quantile regression (QR) were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The results of t-test and analysis of covariance indicated that AI and NC were significantly associated with ADHD score and RDB among the motorcycle drivers. Additionally, the QR models showed that these effects were significant at all quantiles of ADHD and RDB, even for individuals who were at lower quantiles. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the potential dangers of driving after AI and NC, appropriate measures should be adopted before certifying a driving license to screen ADHD as a predisposing factor for substance abuse and RDB. Furthermore, it is essential to equip traffic police with adequate diagnosis kits and establish heavy penalties for the offenders. In this regard, all interventions aimed to reduce traffic accidents among motorcycle drivers should be done considering the interrelationship between ADHD, RDB, and substance abuse.

Application of Freire's adult education model in modifying the psychological constructs of health belief model in self-medication behaviors of older adults: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Self-medication by older adults has been always a public health concern. The present study aimed to modify the psychological constructs of Health Belief Model (HBM) in relation to self-medication behaviors using Freire's Adult Education Model (FAEM) among older adults in Khorramabad, Iran, from 2017 to 2018. METHODS: The mean age of the older adults was 66.28 ± 7.18 years. This was a randomized controlled trial study conducted on 132 individuals older than 60 who were referred from different health care centers. The participants were selected using multistage sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of intervention and control. The data collection instruments included a questionnaire which was designed based on both HBM and self-medication behaviors questionnaire. The phase of adult education model (AEM) was used to modify the psychological constructs of HBM and self-medication behaviors. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20 with a significant level of 0.05. Descriptive statistical tests, chi-squared test, paired t-test, independent t-test, and univariate modeling were employed for the purpose of analyzing data. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between groups in terms of self-medication. Unawareness of the effects of medicine were the most important reason for self-medication (p = 0.50). The two groups were not significantly different in terms of knowledge, HBM constructs, and self-medication behaviors (p > 0.05). However, they came up to be considerably different for the above variables after the intervention was implemented (p <  0.05). When the findings were adjusted for the effects of confounding variables, there were significant differences between the two groups in almost all constructs of HBM and their behaviors (p <  0.05). However, the perceived barrier modality of HBM did not reach to a significant level of difference between two groups. CONCLUSION: The educational intervention, which was based on Freire's AEM, had positive effects on the constructs of HBM and consequently on self-medication behaviors. The psychological constructs of HBM were affected at the phases of listening to problems. Self-medication was tempered at the action-reflection phase with shared creation and evaluation of the action plan geared toward the achievement of the behavioral objectives. The results might be of importance to healthcare professionals involved in care of older patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials IRCT2013091814512N2. Registered on January 2 - prospectively registered, the trial was registered in the Iranian Clinical Trials Registry http://www.irct.ir .

A multivariate multilevel analysis of the risk factors associated with anthropometric indices in Iranian mid-adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The present study was conducted to jointly assess some specific factors related to body fat measures using a multivariate multilevel analysis in a representative sample of Iranian mid-adolescents. METHODS: This study was conducted among 2538 students (1286 boys) aged 14-20 years old, who were randomly selected among 16 public high schools by multi-stage random sampling procedure from all education districts of Shiraz, Iran. Data on demographic characteristics, family history of obesity, physical activity, socio-economic (SES) variables and screen time were collected. Height, weight, triceps (TST), abdominal (AST), and subscapular (SST) skinfold thickness were measured and their body mass index (BMI) was calculated. A multivariate multilevel approach was used to analyze the factors associated with obesity measures of the TST, AST, SST at the child and district levels. RESULTS: In this study, the prevalence of overweight and obesity was estimated to be 10.2 and 5.1%, respectively. Overall, the major portion of the total variance in TST (97.1%), AST (97.7%), and SST (97.5%) was found at the child level. The results of multivariate multilevel method revealed that being girls, having a family history of obesity, and SES were significantly associated with increasing of three body fat measures (all the p-values were less than 0.05). There were significant positive associations between moderate to vigorous physical activities with AST and SST (for AST: ß =2.54, SE = 1.40, p = 0.05; for SST: ß =2.24, SE = 1.20, p = 0.05). Compared to children in 14-16 age group, children in age group 16-18 years had less TST (ß = - 0.67, SE = 0.34, p = 0.04). Furthermore, other age groups and screen time did not play an important role in three outcome variables. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed some factors that contribute to three body fat measures. Therefore, it is necessary to develop effective interventions to prevent the effects of individual and environmental undesirable factors on childhood obesity in both family and community levels.

The Efficacy of Topical Basil Essential Oil on Relieving Migraine Headaches: A Randomized Triple-Blind Study.

OBJECTIVE: Complementary therapies have been increasingly used for the prevention and treatment of migraine so that there is a need for studies in this setting. This study sought to determine the effects of basil essential oil on the severity and frequency of migraine attack headaches. METHODS: A triple-blind clinical trial study was performed on 144 patients diagnosed with migraine. Patients were randomly allocated by a stratified method to four groups of 36 titled basil essential oil 2, 4, 6%, and placebo groups. Medications were used topically every 8 h for 3 successive months. In addition, each individual received 325 mg of acetaminophen every 12 h. The severity and frequency of migraine attacks were measured prior to the study, at weeks 2, 4, 8, and 12. The visual analog scale was used to measure pain intensity. The marginal model and generalized estimation equations were used to compare changes in the intensity and frequency of pain over time. RESULTS: The interaction of the dose and time factors was significant on both pain intensity (p < 0.001) and frequency of attack (p < 0.001). The odds ratio of higher pain intensity and rate ratio of higher frequency of attack in the intervention groups compared to the placebo group were decreased over the study time. CONCLUSION: Time lapse and higher doses of basil essential oil would reduce both the intensity and frequency of migraine attacks.

The Relationship between Exposure to Lead-Containing Welding Fumes and the Levels of Reproductive Hormones.

Background: Inhalation of lead oxide fumes may cause lead poisoning. Lead has been proven to have harmful effects on different organs. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the concentration of lead fumes and the levels of reproductive hormones among exposed welders. Methods: A total number of 165 individuals of a construction industry of water pipelines, including 85 welders as the exposure group and 80 administrative staff as the non-exposure group were selected for study. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) 7300 method was used for the purpose of sampling and analysis of lead fumes. Likewise, the NIOSH 8003 method was employed to determine the blood lead level. The level of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and testosterone were measured by Chemiluminescence immunoassay(CLIA) test. Data analyses were done by SPSS ver.21 using descriptive statistics, Student>s t-test and Spearman>s correlation test. Results: The average concentration of lead fumes in the breathing zone and blood were 0.57 ± 0.12 mg/m3 and 460.28 ± 93.65 µg/L, correspondingly, which both were significantly higher than threshold limit values (TLV) and biological exposure index (BEI) recommended by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)(P < 0.05). The mean levels of LH and FSH were higher in the exposed group than those in the control group (P < 0.05), however, the mean levels of testosterone were lower in the exposed group compared to non-exposed ones (P < 0.05). A strong correlation was found between the concentration of lead fumes and the blood lead levels (r = 0.82; P = 0.003). Blood lead levels were inversely related to the testosterone levels and directly related to LH (r = 0.72; P = 0.004) and FSH (r = 0.78; P = 0.001) levels. Conclusions: Occupational exposure to metal fumes containing lead among welders may alter the level of sexual hormones and potentially harm the reproductive system.

An investigation of the effects of infertility on Women's quality of life: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Human instinctively desire to have offspring. Infertility can cause painful emotional experiences throughout the life mainly known as quality of life impairment. This study aimed to investigate the impact of infertility on a woman's quality of life. METHODS: A number of 180 infertile and 540 fertile women participated in this matched case-control study. The cases were selected through a combination of multistage stratified and cluster sampling methods. For each infertile woman three fertile women were randomly selected. The data gathering instrument consisted of demographic variables and the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. Data collection was conducted through interview with participants. The multivariate marginal model and SPSS software 21 were used for data analyses with a significance level of 0.05. RESULTS: The results of the multivariate modeling show infertility can potentially affect various aspects of women's quality of life such as physical health (p <  0.001), mental health (p <  0.001), social health (p <  0.001) and the total score of quality of life (p <  0.001) significantly. CONCLUSION: An infertile woman practice a relatively lower scores in QOL sub-scales of mental, physical and environmental health; while they experience a higher social health score than a fertile woman.

The combined effect of vitamin C and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on fatigue following coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a triple-blind clinical trial.

Background Fatigue is a common compliant among patients who undergo coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. This may affect patients' function in all aspects. A few studies have already assessed the influence of complementary therapies on minimizing fatigue. This study aimed to investigate the combined effect of vitamin C and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) on fatigue following CABG surgery. Methods In this randomized, triple-blind placebo-controlled trial, 160 patients who already underwent CABG surgery were randomly assigned into an experimental or a control groups. Each group consisted of 80 patients. The experimental group was given both n-3 PUFA and vitamin C the day before surgery. They also received the same supplements in the first 5 days of operation. The control group received only placebo. Subjects in both groups responded to Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI-20) scale in the beginning, and at the end of the intervention as well as on the fifth day of the operation. Chi-square test and independent t-test were used for data analysis. Results The mean fatigue score in experimental and control groups came up to 62.01 ± 4.06 and 67.92 ± 4.95 (p<0.0001), respectively, which was greater than that of the values we had before intervention. The mean difference of fatigue score was 3.97 ± 3.49 and 9.56 ± 6.41 (p<0.0001) prior and following the intervention, correspondingly. Conclusion Combination of vitamin C and n-3 PUFA effectively reduces post-operative fatigue among patients who undergo CABG surgery.

The combined effects of cold therapy and music therapy on pain following chest tube removal among patients with cardiac bypass surgery.

BACKGROUND: Chest tube removal is an extremely painful procedure and patients may not respond well to palliative therapies. This study aimed to examine the effect of cold and music therapy individually, as well as a combination of these interventions on reducing pain following chest tube removal. METHODS: A factorial randomized-controlled clinical trial was performed on 180 patients who underwent cardiac surgery. Patients were randomized into four groups of 45. Group A used ice packs for 20 minutes prior to chest tube removal. Group B was assigned to listen to music for a total length of 30 minutes which started 15 minutes prior to chest tube removal. Group C received a combination of both interventions; and Group D received no interventions. Pain intensity was measured in each group every 15 minutes for a total of 3 readings. Analysis of variance, Tukey and Bonferroni post hoc tests, as well as repeated measures ANOVA were employed for data analysis. RESULTS: Cold therapy and combined method intervention effectively reduced the pain caused by chest tube removal (P < 0.001). Additionally, there were no statistically significant difference in pain intensity scores between groups at 15 minutes following chest tube removal (P = 0.07). CONCLUSION: Cold and music therapy can be used by nursing staff in clinical practice as a combined approach to provide effective pain control following chest tube removal.

Gestational Age and the Risk of Maternal Breast Cancer: A Population-Based Case-Control Study.

There is limited evidence that the gestational age at delivery may influence the risk of maternal breast cancer. While extreme prematurity has been suggested to increase the risk, there seems to be no study available so far that investigates the due effects of a late delivery. This research aimed to identify the impact of both preterm and late deliveries on the risk of maternal breast cancer within a period of 5 years after birth. Our dataset was created by linking data from the Nevada Cancer Registry database (1995-2008) and the birth certificates issued by the Nevada State Health Division (1994-2003). The study cohort consisted of 213,250 women who gave birth from January 1, 1994 to December 31, 2003. We performed a nested population-based case-control study on 126 Nevada mothers with a first lifetime breast cancer diagnosed from January 1, 1995 through December 31, 2003, and 504 Nevada cancer-free mothers. Women with pregnancies who progressed beyond 40 weeks of gestation were at a significantly lower risk of developing breast cancer for the 5-year period following a delivery, when compared to women who delivered at 37-40 weeks of gestation (OR: 0.33, 95% CI: 0.11-0.92) in a multivariate model. Additional pregnancy characteristics did not significantly predict the risk of maternal breast cancer. Pregnancies that extended beyond 40 weeks of gestation were strongly associated with a lower likelihood of premenopausal breast cancer. Biological plausibility for this association may correspond to the fact that as pregnancy develops into more advanced stages, mammary cells have more time to attain complete differentiation and maturation; a process that starts early in the third trimester.