Validación del índice pediátrico de mortalidad 2 (PIM2) en Argentina: un estudio prospectivo, multicéntrico, observacional / Validation of the Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 (PIM2) in Argentina: a prospective, multicenter, observational study

Introducción. El índice pediátrico de mortalidad 2 (Pediatric Index of Mortality 2; PIM2, por sus siglas en inglés) es uno de los puntajes más utilizados para la predicción de la mortalidad en pacientes ingresados en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos Pediátricos (UCIP) argentinas. El objetivo de este estudio fue validar el puntaje PIM2 en las UCIP integrantes del Programa de Calidad de Atención de la Sociedad Argentina de Terapia Intensiva. Población y métodos. Estudio multicéntrico, prospectivo, observacional, de corte transversal. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes de entre 1 mes y 16 años de edad, ingresados en las UCIP participantes entre el 01-01-2009 y el 31-122009. Se evaluó la discriminación y calibración del puntaje PIM2 en toda la población y en diferentes subgrupos (riesgo de mortalidad, edad, diagnósticos de ingreso). Resultados. Se incluyeron 2832 pacientes. El PIM2 predijo 246 muertes; sin embargo, fallecieron 297 pacientes (p <0,01). La razón de mortalidad estandarizada fue 1,20 (IC 95%: 1,01-1,43). El área bajo la curva ROC fue 0,84 (IC 95%: 0,82-0,86). Se detectaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las muertes observadas y las predichas para toda la población y en los distintos intervalos de riesgo (χ² 71,02; df 8; p <0,001). También se detectaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las muertes observadas y esperadas en los pacientes adolescentes (37/22, p= 0,03) y en aquellos ingresados con patología respiratoria (105/81, p= 0,03). Conclusiones. El puntaje PIM2 permite diferenciar adecuadamente los pacientes que sobreviven de aquellos que fallecen. Sin embargo, subvalora el riesgo de muerte en forma global, especialmente en los pacientes adolescentes y en aquellos ingresados por causa respiratoria. Es fundamental considerar estas diferencias al interpretar los resultados.

Introduction. The Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 (PIM2) is one of the most commonly used scoring systems to predict mortality in patients admitted to pediatric intensive care units (PICU) in Argentina. The objective of this study was to validate the PIM2 score in PICUs participating in the Quality of Care Program promoted by the Argentine Society of Intensive Care.Population and Methods. Multicenter, prospective, observational, cross-sectional study.All patients between 1 month and 16 years old admitted to participating PICUs between January 1st, 2009 and December 31st, 2009 were included. The discrimination and calibration of the PIM2 score were assessed in the entire population and in different subgroups (risk of mortality, age, diagnoses on admission).Results. Two thousand, eight hundred and thirty-two patients were included. PIM2 predicted 246 deaths; however, 297 patients died (p < 0.01). The standardized mortality ratio was 1.20 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.43). The area under the ROC curve was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.82-0.86). Statistically significant differences were detected between the observed and the predicted mortality for the entire population and for the different risk intervals (χ²: 71.02, df: 8, p < 0.001). Statistically significant differences were also found between observed and predicted mortality in adolescent patients (37/22, p = 0.03) and in those hospitalized due to respiratory disease (105/81, p = 0.03).Conclusions. The PIM2 score adequately discriminates survivors from non-survivors. However, it underscores the overall risk of death, especially in adolescent patients and those hospitalized due to respiratory disease. It is critical to take such differences into account when interpreting results.

Validation of the Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 (PIM2) in Argentina: a prospective, multicenter, observational study.

INTRODUCTION: The Pediatric Index of Mortality 2 (PIM2) is one of the most commonly used scoring systems to predict mortality in patients admitted to pediatric intensive care units (PICU) in Argentina. The objective of this study was to validate the PIM2 score in PICUs participating in the Quality of Care Program promoted by the Argentine Society of Intensive Care. POPULATION AND METHODS: Multicenter, prospective, observational, cross-sectional study. All patients between 1 month and 16 years old admitted to participating PICUs between January 1st, 2009 and December 31st, 2009 were included. The discrimination and calibration of the PIM2 score were assessed in the entire population and in different subgroups (risk of mortality, age, diagnoses on admission). RESULTS: Two thousand, eight hundred and thirty-two patients were included. PIM2 predicted 246 deaths; however, 297 patients died (p < 0.01). The standardized mortality ratio was 1.20 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.43). The area under the ROC curve was 0.84 (95% CI: 0.82-0.86). Statistically significant differences were detected between the observed and the predicted mortality for the entire population and for the different risk intervals (χ2: 71.02, df: 8, p < 0.001). Statistically significant differences were also found between observed and predicted mortality in adolescent patients (37/22, p = 0.03) and in those hospitalized due to respiratory disease (105/81, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The PIM2 score adequately discriminates survivors from non-survivors. However, it underscores the overall risk of death, especially in adolescent patients and those hospitalized due to respiratory disease. It is critical to take such differences into account when interpreting results.

[Prescription and use of antibiotics at a pediatric intensive care unit in Buenos Aires City]. / Prescripción y uso de antibióticos en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires.

INTRODUCTION: Antibiotics are the most prescribed drugs in pediatric intensive care units (PICU) with high impact in pathogens resistance and costs. OBJECTIVES: Evaluate prescription patterns and consumption of antibiotics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From July 2006 to January 2007, monthly cross-sectional cuts were done on antibiotics use at the 1st and 7th days of prescription. A monthly antibiotics consumption average was then calculated. RESULTS: Of 81 patients, 41 received antibiotics, of which 34 were treated for at least seven days. INDICATORS: 1. Mean antibiotics / patient: 83 antibiotics were used at the initial empirical treatment (meropenem 18%, vancomycin 16.8%, amikacin 16.8%, cefotaxime 13.2%, ceftazidime 6%, clarithromycin 6%, piperacillin-tazobactam 4.8%, colistin 4.8%). mean: 2 antibiotics/patient. 98 antibiotics were used at the 7th day (vancomycin 17.3%, meropenem 16.3%, amikacin 9.8%, minocycline 9.8%, colistin 9.1%, amphotericin 6.1%, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 4%, ceftazidime 5.1%). Mean: 2.8 antibiotics/patient. 2. Percentage of specimen obtained: Blood culture 100%, tracheal aspirate 68%, catheter culture 54.5% 3. Percentage of patients with positive culture: Pathogens were isolated in 56.1%, of which: Bacteria in 94.3%, Gram negative non fermenting strains, in 60.6%, Enterobacteriaceae in 24.2%, Gram positive cocci in 15% and Fungi in 5.7%. 4. Percentage of adjusted antibiotic scheme: 52%. 5. Percentage of interrupted antibiotics with negative culture: 22.2%. Monthly average of consumption was: meropenem 13.44; vancomycin 10.2; cefotaxime 3.6; ceftriaxone 2.20; piperacillin-tazobactam 7.38, amikacin 2.3. CONCLUSIONS: Vancomicyn and carbapenems were the antibiotics of greater use as initial empirical treatment. The initial empirical scheme would have to be adjusted to the microbiological results in order to obtain a more prudent antibiotic use.

Prescripción y uso de antibióticos en una unidad de cuidados intensivos pediátricos de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires / Prscription and use of antibiotics at a pediatric intensive care unit in Buenos Aires City

Los antibióticos son los medicamentos de mayor prescripción en terapia intensiva pediátrica(UTIP) con impacto en la resistencia bacterianay los costos.Objetivos. Evaluar patrones de prescripción y consumo de antibióticos. Material y métodos. Desde julio de 2006 hasta enerode 2007, se realizaron cortes de prevalencia mensualessobre uso de antibióticos al 1º y 7º día de la prescripción. Se calculó un promedio de consumo mensual para cada antibiótico. Resultados. De 81 pacientes, 41 recibieron antibióticos y, de ellos, 34 cumplieron al menos 7 días. Indicadores: 1. Promedio antibiótico por paciente: 83 antibióticos fueron utilizados en el esquema empírico(meropenem 18 por ciento, vancomicina 16,8 por ciento, amicacina16,8 por ciento, cefotaxima 13,2 por ciento, ceftazidima 6 por ciento, claritromicina 6 por ciento, piperacilina-tazobactam 4,8 por ciento, colistin4,8 por ciento). Promedio: 2 antibióticos/paciente; 98 antibióticosfueron relevados al 7o día (vancomicina17,3 por ciento, meropenem 16,3 por ciento, amicacina 9,8 por ciento, minociclina 9,8 por ciento, colistin 9,1 por ciento, anfotericina B 6,1 por ciento, cotrimoxazol4 por ciento, ceftazidima 5,1 por ciento). Promedio: 2,8 antibióticos/paciente.2. Porcentaje toma de muestras: hemocultivos 100 por ciento,aspirados traqueales 68 por ciento, catéteres 54,5 por ciento.3. Porcentaje de pacientes con aislamiento: presentaronaislamiento el 56,1 por ciento del total. Los hallazgos fueron:bacterias 94,3 por ciento, bacilos gramnegativos no fermentadores60,6 por ciento, enterobacterias 24,2 por ciento, cocos grampositivos15 por ciento, hongos 5,7 por ciento.4. Porcentaje de ajuste de esquemas antibióticos segúnmicrobiología: 52 por ciento.5. Porcentaje de suspensión antibiótica con cultivosnegativos: 22,2 por ciento .El promedio mensual de consumofue: meropenem 13,44; vancomicina 10,2; cefotaxima3,6; ceftriaxona 2,20; piperacilina-tazobactam 7,38 yamicacina 2,3