Video Versus Direct Laryngoscopy for Intubation: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Direct laryngoscopy (DL) is a modality commonly used in endotracheal intubation (EI). Video laryngoscopy (VL) was introduced to further facilitate the procedure with enhancement in glottic views, which captures the video image of the vocal cords to be projected onto a screen, providing enhanced visualization. This real-time video projection aids in accurately placing the endotracheal tube (ETT) through the vocal cords. In emergency and critical care settings, both laryngoscopes are used for intubations. This study assesses the efficacy of both modalities by comparing success rates in first-attempt tracheal intubation in critically ill patients.  PubMed, EMBASE, and Scopus were searched and all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies until 2023 were included. Studies included patients in critical care settings undergoing EI under the guidance of either DL or VL. The primary outcome was the first attempt at successful tracheal intubation. The secondary outcomes assessed the comparative safety of DL and VL by comparing the rates of severe hypoxemia, severe hypotension, and cardiac arrest occurring during each modality. P-values were considered of statistical significance if below 0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using RevMan v5.4 (The Nordic Cochrane Centre, The Cochrane Collaboration, Copenhagen, Denmark). The results were displayed in the form of forest plots.  A total of eight studies were included with a total of 5348 patients, with 1780 in the DL group and 3568 in the VL group. Analysis revealed that in emergency situations, the success rate of intubation on the first attempt was significantly higher for VL than DL [81.5% vs 68%; RR= 1.19; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.29; p <0.00001; I2=70%]. There was no significant correlation between VL and severe hypoxemia [13.4% vs 11.6%; RR= 0.99; 95% CI: 0.74, 1.33; p =0.97; I2=46%], severe hypotension [6.09% vs 4.78%; RR:1.19; 95% CI: 0.83, 1.72; p =0.35, I2-15%], and cardiac arrest, [0.8% vs 0.4%; RR= 1.17; 95% CI: 0.37, 3.70]; p =0.79; I2=0%]. Our meta-analysis confirmed that VL has a higher success rate for first-pass intubation than DL. Furthermore, our analysis has shown no significant evidence linking VL to any adverse events.

Knowledge and attitude of pregnant women regarding HIV transmission, prevention and associated factors in Karachi, Pakistan - A cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to assess the misconceptions and attitude regarding HIV transmission and prevention among antenatal mothers, with regards to mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) in three tertiary care hospitals of Karachi. METHODS: A cross-sectional study comprising 350 pregnant females was conducted at three tertiary care hospitals in Karachi for 4 months, in 2018. A structured questionnaire covering knowledge about MTCT, prevention of mother-to-child-transmission (PMTCT) and attitudes about HIV transmission was used and all collected data entered and analyzed via SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) software version 25, owned by the IBM Company. PRINCIPLE RESULTS: Of the 350 pregnant females participating, around 66.7% (N = 232) were urban residents, lying in their mid-twenties and over 86% (N = 303) were Muslims. Over 14.3% (N = 52) of the participants had full knowledge regarding MTCT of HIV, with only 6% of the respondents having full knowledge related to PMTCT of HIV. Significant associations were found between knowledge about MTCT and residence (p = 0.001), education level (p = 0.001) and expected response from the partner (p = 0.001). While only 17% (60 out of 350) women agreed to invite their partner for testing, 84% showed an interest in looking after an HIV infected family member and 49% believed that all pregnant females should be tested for HIV. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that majority of the pregnant women in Karachi are unaware of MTCT and PMTCT and they are reluctant towards routine HIV testing. Thus, we see the need for collective and focused efforts for educational programs and further research.

Rescue of a cherubism bone marrow stromal culture phenotype by reducing TGFß signaling.

We utilized a bone marrow stromal culture system to investigate changes in TGFß signaling in a mouse model for cherubism (Sh3bp2KI/KI). Interestingly, bone marrow cultures derived from cherubism mice not only displayed impaired osteoblast differentiation, but also had spontaneous osteoclast formation. PAI1, a target gene of TGFß signaling, was elevated 2-fold in cherubism CD11b-,CD45- cells compared to wild type cells, while the expression of BAMBI, an inhibitor of TGFß signaling, was down-regulated. We also discovered that treatment of cherubism cultures with antagonists of the TGFß signaling pathway could largely rescue osteoblast differentiation and markedly reduce spontaneous osteoclast formation. Treatment with the type I TGFß receptor small molecule inhibitor SB505124 increased osteoblast reporter gene Col1a1-2.3 expression 24-fold and increased the expression of osteoblast gene markers Osterix (Sp7) 25-fold, Bone Sialoprotein (BSP) 7-fold, Osteocalcin (Bglap1) 100-fold, and Dentin Matrix Protein 1 (DMP1) 35-fold. In contrast, SB505124 treatment resulted in a significant reductions in osteoclast number and size. Gene expression analyses for RANKL, a positive regulator of osteoclast formation was 2.5-fold higher in osteoblast cultures derived from Sh3bp2KI/KI mice compared to wild type cultures, whereas OPG, an inhibitor of RANKL was 5-fold lower. However, SB505124 treatment reduced RANKL almost back down to wild type levels, while increasing OPG expression. Our studies also implicate a role for TGFß ligands in the etiology of cherubism. Blocking of TGFß ligands with the monoclonal antibody 1D11 increased Col1a1-2.3 reporter expression 4-fold and 13-fold in cultures derived from Sh3bp2KI/+ and Sh3bp2KI/KI mice, respectively. Serum levels of latent TGFß1 were also 2-fold higher in SH3BP2KI/KI mice compared to wild type littermates. Taken together, these studies provide evidence that elevated levels of TGFß signaling may contribute to the disease phenotype of cherubism and a reduction in pathway activity may be an effective therapeutic approach to treat this rare disease.

Effort-related motivational effects of the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-6: pharmacological and neurochemical characterization.

RATIONALE: Motivational dysfunctions such as anergia, fatigue, and reduced effort expenditure are common in patients with depression and other disorders. Pro-inflammatory cytokines are implicated in depression, and cytokine administration induces motivational deficits in humans. OBJECTIVES: These studies focused on the effects of the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) on effort-related decision-making. METHODS: Rats were assessed using the concurrent fixed ratio 5-lever pressing/chow feeding choice procedure, which measures the tendency of rats to work for a preferred food (high carbohydrate pellets) in the presence of a concurrently available but less preferred substitute (lab chow). RESULTS: IL-6 (2.0-8.0 µg/kg IP) shifted choice behavior, significantly decreasing lever pressing and increasing chow intake. Further experiments showed that the adenosine A2A antagonist MSX-3 and the stimulant methylphenidate attenuated the effort-related impairments produced by IL-6, increasing lever pressing and decreasing chow intake in IL-6 treated rats. The same doses of IL-6 did not alter food intake or preference in parallel free-feeding choice studies, demonstrating that these low doses were not altering preference for the high carbohydrate pellets or generally suppressing appetite. Also, IL-6 did not affect body temperature. Microdialysis studies showed that 8.0 µg/kg IL-6 significantly decreased extracellular dopamine in nucleus accumbens core. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, IL-6 reduces the tendency to work for food, even at low doses that do not produce fever or loss of appetite. Dopaminergic mechanisms may be involved in these effort-related effects. This research has implications for the involvement of cytokines in motivational dysfunctions such as anergia and fatigue.