Cause and preventability of in-hospital mortality after PCI: A statewide root-cause analysis of 1,163 deaths.

BACKGROUND: Mortality is the most devastating complication of percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). Identifying the most common causes and mechanisms of death after PCI in contemporary practice is an important step in further reducing periprocedural mortality. OBJECTIVES: To systematically analyze the cause and circumstances of in-hospital mortality in a large, multi-center, statewide cohort. METHODS: In-hospital deaths after PCI occurring at 39 hospitals included in the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Cardiovascular Consortium (BMC2) between 2012 and 2014 were retrospectively reviewed using validated methods. A priori PCI-related mortality risk was estimated using the validated BMC2 model. RESULTS: A total of 1,163 deaths after PCI were included in the study. Mean age was 71±13 years, and 507 (44%) were women. Left ventricular failure was the most common cause of death (52% of cases). The circumstance of death was most commonly related to prior acute cardiovascular condition (61% of cases). Procedural complications were considered contributing to mortality in 235 (20%) cases. Death was rated as not preventable or slightly preventable in 1,045 (89.9%) cases. The majority of the deaths occurred in intermediate or high-risk patients, but 328 (28.2%) deaths occurred in low-risk patients (<5% predicted risk of mortality). PCI was considered rarely appropriate in 30% of preventable deaths. CONCLUSIONS: In-hospital mortality after PCI is rare, and primarily related to pre-existing critical acute cardiovascular condition. However, approximately 10% of deaths were preventable. Further research is needed to characterize preventable deaths, in order to develop strategies to improve procedural safety.

Impact of Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Pressure on the Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention.

Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) is an important hemodynamic marker of left ventricular performance and affects coronary perfusion. We evaluated the association of LVEDP with patient outcomes after elective or urgent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). We included n = 49,600 patients undergoing elective or urgent PCI. Patients were divided according to LVEDP tertile for descriptive analysis. The primary end point was in-hospital mortality. A recursive partitioning tree model for mortality was built to guide decision-making in patients with high LVEDP undergoing nonemergent PCI. Overall, n = 18,099 patients had an LVEDP <13 mm Hg, n = 15,416 had an LVEDP 13 to 18 mm Hg, and n = 16,085 had an LVEDP >18 mm Hg. Patients in the high LVEDP tertile had a worse clinical and angiographic/procedural profile and experienced a higher incidence of in-hospital post-PCI adverse outcomes, including death (LVEDP <13 mm Hg 0.3% vs LVEDP 13 to 18 mm Hg 0.4% vs LVEDP >18 mm Hg 0.8%, p <0.001). An elevated LVEDP was an independent predictor of adverse outcomes including mortality. An LVEDP ≥26 mm Hg was identified as a marker of high mortality (1.5%) in patients who underwent elective PCI, with rates varying from 0.5% to 10.4%, based upon a clinical profile defined by hemoglobin, systolic blood pressure, renal and left ventricular function, and atrial fibrillation. In conclusion, an elevated LVEDP is observed in 1/3 of the patients who underwent elective or urgent PCI and is associated with higher rates of in-hospital adverse outcomes, including death. Patients with an LVEDP ≥26 mm Hg who underwent elective PCI had markedly higher mortality rates, suggesting that such patients may warrant further optimization before PCI.

Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With a History of Gastrointestinal Bleeding (From the Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan Cardiovascular Consortium).

Potent antithrombotic agents are routinely prescribed after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) to reduce ischemic complications. However, in patients who are at an increased bleeding risk, this may pose significant risks. We sought to evaluate the association between a history of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) and outcomes after PCI. We linked clinical registry data from PCIs performed at 48 Michigan hospitals between 1/2013 and 3/2018 to Medicare claims. We used 1:5 propensity score matching to adjust for patient characteristics. In-hospital outcomes included bleeding, transfusion, stroke or death. Post-discharge outcomes included 90-day all-cause readmission and long-term mortality. Of 30,206 patients, 1.1% had a history of GIB. Patients with a history of GIB were more likely to be older, female, and have more cardiovascular comorbidities. After matching, those with a history of GIB (n = 312) had increased post-procedural transfusions (15.7% vs 8.4%; p < 0.001), bleeding (11.9% vs 5.2%; p < 0.001), and major bleeding (2.8% vs 0.6%; p = 0.004). Ninety-day readmission rates were similar among those with and without a history of GIB (34.3% vs 31.3%; p = 0.318). There was no significant difference in post-discharge survival (1 year: 78% vs 80%; p = 0.217; 5 years: 54% vs 51%; p = 0.189). In conclusion, after adjusting for baseline characteristics, patients with a history of GIB had increased risk of post-PCI in-hospital bleeding complications. However, a history of GIB was not significantly associated with 90-day readmission or long-term survival.

A comparative analysis of distribution and conservation of microsatellites in the transcripts of sequenced Fusarium species and development of genic-SSR markers for polymorphism analysis.

We used an in silico approach to survey and compare microsatellites in transcript sequences of four sequenced members of genus Fusarium. G + C content of transcripts was found to be positively correlated with the frequency of SSRs. Our analysis revealed that, in all the four transcript sequences studied, the occurrence, relative abundance and density of microsatellites varied and was not influenced by transcript sizes. No correlation between relative abundance and transcript sizes was observed. The relative abundance and density of microsatellites were highest in the transcripts of Fusarium solani when compared with F. graminearum, F. verticillioides and F. oxysporum. The maximum frequency of SSRs among all four sequence sets was of trinucleotide repeats (67.8%), whereas the dinucleotide repeat represents <1%. Among all classes of repeats, 36.5% motifs were found conserved within Fusarium species. In order to study polymorphism within Fusarium isolates, 11 polymorphic genic-SSR markers were developed. Of the 11 markers, 5 were from F. oxysporum and remaining 6 belongs to F. solani. SSR markers from F. oxysporum were found to be more polymorphic (38%) as compared to F. solani (26%). Eleven polymorphic markers obtained in this study clearly demonstrate the utility of newly developed SSR markers in establishing genetic relationships among different isolates of Fusarium.

Isolation and Characterization of Streptomycetes with-Plant Growth Promoting Potential from Mangrove Ecosystem.

A total of 66 actinomycetes isolates were isolated from mangroves of Andhra Pradesh, India, using various enrichment techniques and pretreatments. The samples were collected from Coringa mangrove ecosystem and pre-treated by enrichment with CaCO3, sodium dodecyl sulphate and phenol, plated on the media supplemented with cycloheximide (50 mg/ml), nystatin (25 mg/ml) and nalidixic acid (50 mg/ml). The population count of actinomycetes fluctuated from 1.9 x 10(5) to 8.0 x 10(5)/g soil. Out of the isolated 66 actinomycetes, 8 isolates possessing plant growth promoting potential were further studied and characterized by physiological and biochemical traits and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing as different species of Streptomycetes genera.

Influence of long term irrigation with pulp and paper mill effluent on the bacterial community structure and catabolic function in soil.

Microbial communities play a vital role in maintaining soil health. A multiphasic approach to assess the effect of pulp and paper mill effluent on both the structure and function of microbial soil communities is taken. Bacterial communities from agricultural soils irrigated with pulp and paper mill effluent were compared to communities form soils irrigated with well water. Samples were taken from fields in the state of Uttarakhand, India, where pulp and paper mill effluent has been used for irrigation for over 25 years. Comparisons of bacterial community structure were conducted using sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene from both isolates and clone libraries attained from the soil. Community-level physiological profiling was used to characterize the functional diversity and catabolic profile of the bacterial communities. The multiphasic approach using both physiological and molecular techniques proved to be a powerful tool in evaluating the soil bacterial community population and population differences therein. A significant and consistent difference in the population structure and function was found for the bacterial communities from soil irrigated with effluent in comparison to fields irrigated with well water. The diversity index parameters indicated that the microbial community in pulp and paper mill effluent irrigated fields were more diverse in both structure and function. This suggests that the pulp and paper mill effluent is not having a negative effect on the soil microbial community, but in fact may have a positive influence. In terms of soil health, this finding supports the continued use of pulp and paper mill effluent for irrigation. This is however only one aspect of soil health which was evaluated. Further studies on soil resistance and robustness could be undertaken to holistically evaluate soil health in this situation.

Genetic and functional diversity of fluorescent Pseudomonas from rhizospheric soils of wheat crop.

Wheat rhizospheric soils were collected from different part of northern and eastern Indo-Gangetic plains, which is being irrigated from water of Ganga River. Isolation of fluorescent Pseudomonas species was carried out from the soil samples collected. The percentage of isolates positive for indolic compound, P-solubilisation, siderophore production and ACC deaminase activity were 64.0, 38.6, 63.5, and 19.7, respectively. A total of 543 isolates were randomly selected for studies based on the genus specific confirmation by the Pseudomonas specific primer. Among the 543 isolates, 26 different clusters were formed from 16S rDNA-RFLP whereas 27 clusters were generated by the rpoB-RFLP with similarity percent ranging from 3 to 100%. 16S rDNA sequencing showed 9 different species of Pseudomonas whereas, rpoB sequencing showed 13 different species of Pseudomonas. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rDNA gene sequences generated 15 branches showing the more than 70% of boot strap value, whereas 18 branches in the rpoB based phylogenetic tree were supported by bootstrap values above 70%. Diversity indices based on rpoB were higher than the ribosomal RNA gene.

Isolation and characterization of siderophore producing antagonistic rhizobacteria against Rhizoctonia solani.

Plant protection through siderophore producing rhizobacteria (SPR) has emerged as a sustainable approach for crop health management. In present study, 220 bacteria isolated from tomato rhizosphere were screened for in vitro antagonistic activity against Rhizoctonia solani AG-4. Nine potent antagonistic strains viz., Alcaligenes sp. (MUN1, MB21, and MPF37), Enterobacter sp. (MPM1), Pseudomonas sp. (M10A and MB65), P. aeruginosa (MPF14 and MB123) and P. fluorescens (MPF47) were identified on the basis of physiological characters and 16S rDNA sequencing. These strains were able to produce hydrolytic enzymes, hydrogen cyanide, indole acetic acid, although, only few strains were able to solubilize phosphate. Two strains (MB123 and MPF47) showed significant disease reduction in glasshouse conditions were further evaluated under field conditions using three different application methods. Application of P. fluorescens (MPF47) in nursery as soil mix + seedling root treatments prior to transplantation resulted in significant disease reduction compared to control. Total chlorophyll and available iron were significantly higher in the MPF47 treated plants in contrast to infected control. In conclusion, siderophore producing bacteria MPF47 have strong biocontrol abilities and its application as soil mix + seedling root treatments provided strong shield to plant roots against R. solani and could be used for effective bio-management of pathogen.

Intracoronary glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor infusion via a perfusion coronary catheter to decrease thrombus burden: results from the ClearWay™ Multicenter Registry.

OBJECTIVES: This multicenter registry aimed to assess the ClearWay™ (CW) perfusion catheter in reduction of thrombus burden and improvement of the coronary flow during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). BACKGROUND: The presence or development of thrombus during PCI is associated with poor prognosis. METHODS: The utility of the CW perfusion catheter was assessed in patients who presented with intracoronary thrombus and were subjected to PCI. Data were collected by online survey from 15 US sites. Angiographic assessment of the coronary thrombus burden and the coronary flow after intracoronary infusion of glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa inhibitors via the CW catheter was evaluated at baseline, immediately after infusion, and at the end of the procedure. The cohort included 102 patients; 71.6% presented with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI), 21.6% with non-ST-elevation MI, 5.9% with stable angina pectoris, and 2.9% with silent ischemia. The mean cohort age was 59.9±14.5years and comprised mostly of men (72.5%). RESULTS: GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors were infused via the CW catheter on average 1.1±0.3 times, with a mean pressure of 4.2±2.7atm and a mean infusion time of 55±55s. Following the infusion, Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow improved by 1° in 71 patients (69.6%) and by 2° in 51 patients (50%), while visible thrombus was reduced by 52% (p<0.001). In the final angiogram, TIMI flow was restored in 90.2% and clearance of a visible thrombus was obtained in 91.8% of the lesions. CONCLUSION: Intracoronary infusion of GP IIb/IIIa inhibitors via the perfusion CW catheter is associated with significant reduction in thrombus burden and with improvement of the coronary flow in patients presenting or developing thrombus burden during PCI.

Cold-active hydrolases producing bacteria from two different sub-glacial Himalayan lakes.

Microorganisms, native to the cold environments have successfully acclimatized their physiological, metabolic, and biological features, exhibiting uniqueness in their enzymes, proteins, and membrane structures. These cold-active enzymes have immense biotechnological potential. The diversity of culturable bacteria in two different water lakes (the sub-glacial freshwater and the brackish) of Himalayas was analyzed using SYBR green staining and cultural methods. A total of 140 bacteria were isolated and were grouped as psychrophiles, psychrotrophs, and psychrotolerant organisms, based on their optimal temperature for growth. The amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis using three restriction enzymes facilitated the grouping of these isolates into 96 genotypes at ≥85% polymorphism. Phylogenetic analysis using 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the bacterial strains from both lakes belonged to Firmicutes, Proteobacteria (α, ß, and γ) or Actinobacteria. Screening of the germplasm for the activity of different cold-active hydrolases such as protease, amylase, xylanase, and cellulase, revealed that about 16 isolates were positive, and exhibiting a wide range of stability at various temperature and pH. Our results suggest that the distinctly different ecosystems of sub-glacial freshwater and brackish water lakes have diverse groups of bacteria, which can be an excellent source of extracellular hydrolases with a wide range of thermal stability.

Optimization of media components for chitinase production by chickpea rhizosphere associated Lysinibacillus fusiformis B-CM18.

Chitinase producing strain B-CM18 was isolated from chickpea rhizosphere and identified as Lysinibacillus fusiformis B-CM18. It showed in vitro antifungal activity against a wide range of fungal plant pathogens and was found to produce several PGPR activities. Further, a multivariate response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effects of different factors on chitinolytic activity and optimizing enzyme production. A central composite design was employed to achieve the highest chitinase production at optimum values of the process variables, viz., temperature (20-45 °C), sodium chloride (2-7%), starch (0.1-1%) and yeast extract (0.1-1%), added in the minimal medium supplemented with colloidal chitin (1-10%; w:w). The fit of the model (R(2) = 0.5692) was found to be significant. The production medium to achieve the highest chitinase production (101 U ml(-1) ) was composed of the minimal medium composed of chitin (6.09%), NaCl (4.5%), starch (0.55%) and yeast extract (0.55%) with temperature (32.5 °C). The results show that the optimization strategy led to an increase in chitinase production by 56.1-fold. The molecular mass of the chitinase was estimated to be 20 kDa by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Further, purified chitinase showed strong antifungal activity against test pathogens. Overall, these results may serve as a base line data for enhancing the chitinolytic potential of bacterial antagonists for bio-management of chickpea pathogens.

Isolation of oxalic acid tolerating fungi and decipherization of its potential to control Sclerotinia sclerotiorum through oxalate oxidase like protein.

Oxalic acid plays major role in the pathogenesis by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum; it lowers the pH of nearby environment and creates the favorable condition for the infection. In this study we examined the degradation of oxalic acid through oxalate oxidase and biocontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. A survey was conducted to collect the rhizospheric soil samples from Indo-Gangetic Plains of India to isolate the efficient fungal strains able to tolerate oxalic acid. A total of 120 fungal strains were isolated from root adhering soils of different vegetable crops. Out of 120 strains a total of 80 isolates were able to grow at 10 mM of oxalic acid whereas only 15 isolates were grow at 50 mM of oxalic acid concentration. Then we examined the antagonistic activity of the 15 isolates against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. These strains potentially inhibit the growth of the test pathogen. A total of three potential strains and two standard cultures of fungi were tested for the oxalate oxidase activity. Strains S7 showed the maximum degradation of oxalic acid (23 %) after 60 min of incubation with fungal extract having oxalate oxidase activity. Microscopic observation and ITS (internally transcribed spacers) sequencing categorized the potential fungal strains into the Aspergillus, Fusarium and Trichoderma. Trichoderma sp. are well studied biocontrol agent and interestingly we also found the oxalate oxidase type activity in these strains which further strengthens the potentiality of these biocontrol agents.

Exploration and characterization of agriculturally and industrially important haloalkaliphilic bacteria from environmental samples of hypersaline Sambhar lake, India.

Screening of bacteria from Sambhar lake, an extreme hypersaline environment of India, led to the isolation of 93 haloalkaliphilic bacteria growing optimally in media with 2-25 % salt and 6-12 pH. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, 93 isolates were further categorized into 32 groups, with each group representing a different taxa belonging to 3 phyla (Firmicutes, Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria). Majority of the isolates (53.12 %) showed similarity with phylum Firmicutes which was followed by Proteobacteria (40.63 %) and Actinobacteria (6.25 %). The isolates belonging to 32 representative groups were further evaluated for the production of extracellular enzymes viz. amylase, cellulase, protease and xylanase, plant growth promoting attributes and BIOLOG™ substrate usage. Among all the isolates, xylanase producing isolates were in maximum (68 %) as compared to protease (56 %), cellulase (40 %), and amylase (37 %) producing strains. Similarly, among plant growth promoting activities, ammonia producing isolates were highest (56 %) when compared to those producing ACC deaminase (53 %), IAA (50 %), hydrogen cyanide (28 %), siderophore (21 %) and solubilizing P (34 %). Isolates showing enzymatic and PGP activities could be further utilized for promoting plant growth in saline affected area.

Characterization of mycolytic enzymes of Bacillus strains and their bio-protection role against Rhizoctonia solani in tomato.

Four antagonists bacteria namely, Bacillus megaterium MB3, B. subtilis MB14, B. subtilis MB99 and B. amyloliquefaciens MB101 were able to produce chitinase, ß-1,3-glucanase and protease in different range with the presence of Rhizoctonia solani cell wall as a carbon source. Amplification of chitinase (chiA) gene of 270 bp and ß-1, 3-glucanase gene of 415 bp was given supportive evidence at molecular level of antibiosis. After in vitro screening, all antagonists were tested against R. solani under greenhouse conditions. Root treatment of Bacillus strains showed superior defense during pathogen suppression in terms of chitinase, glucanase, peroxidase, poly phenol oxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and total phenolic content in leaves of tomato. All these enzymes accumulated high in tomato leaves as compared to roots. Pathogenesis-related proteins and defense-related enzymes accumulation was directly correlated with plant protection and greenhouse results indicated that B. amyloliquefaciens MB101- and B. subtilis MB14-treated plants offered 69.76 and 61.51 % disease reductions, respectively, over the infected control. These results established that these organisms have the potential to act as biocontrol agents. This study could be highlighted a mutual importance of liquid formulation of antagonistic Bacillus spp. against root associated sclerotia former pathogen R. solani.

Epiphytic pink-pigmented methylotrophic bacteria enhance germination and seedling growth of wheat (Triticum aestivum) by producing phytohormone.

Methylotrophic bacteria were isolated from the phyllosphere of different crop plants such as sugarcane, pigeonpea, mustard, potato and radish. The methylotrophic isolates were differentiated based on growth characteristics and colony morphology on methanol supplemented ammonium mineral salts medium. Amplification of the mxaF gene helped in the identification of the methylotrophic isolates as belonging to the genus Methylobacterium. Cell-free culture filtrates of these strains enhanced seed germination of wheat (Triticum aestivum) with highest values of 98.3% observed using Methylobacterium sp. (NC4). Highest values of seedling length and vigour were recorded with Methylobacterium sp. (NC28). HPLC analysis of production by bacterial strains ranged from 1.09 to 9.89 µg ml(-1) of cytokinins in the culture filtrate. Such cytokinin producing beneficial methylotrophs can be useful in developing bio-inoculants through co-inoculation of pink-pigmented facultative methylotrophs with other compatible bacterial strains, for improving plant growth and productivity, in an environment-friendly manner.

A comparative in silico analysis on frequency and distribution of microsatellites in coding regions of three formae speciales of Fusarium oxysporum and development of EST-SSR markers for polymorphism studies.

Fusarium oxysporum is a ubiquitous species complex of soil-borne plant pathogens comprising of many different formae speciales, each characterized by a high degree of host specificity. In the present investigation, we surveyed microsatellites in the available express sequence tags and transcript sequences of three formae speciales of F. oxysporum viz. melonis (Fom), cucumerium (Foc), and lycopersici (Fol). The relative abundance and density of microsatellites were higher in Fom when compared with Foc and Fol. Thirty microsatellite primers were designed, ten from each forma specialis, for genetic characterization of F. oxysporum isolates belonging to five formae speciales. Of the 30 primers, only 14 showed amplification. A total of 28 alleles were amplified by 14 primers with an average of two alleles per marker. Eight markers showed 100% polymorphism. The markers were found to be more polymorphic (47%) in Fol as compared to Fom and Foc; however, polymorphic information content was the maximum (0.899) in FocSSR-3. Nine polymorphic markers obtained in this study clearly demonstrate the utility of newly developed markers in establishing genetic relationships among different isolates of F. oxysporum.

Studies on Exo-Chitinase Production from Trichoderma asperellum UTP-16 and Its Characterization.

The growth conditions for chitinase production by Trichoderma asperellum UTP-16 in solid state fermentation was optimized using response surface methodology based on central composite design. The chitinase production was optimized, using one-factor at a time approach, with six independent variables (temperature, pH, NaCl, incubation period, nitrogen and carbon sources) and 3.31 Units per gram dry substrate (U gds(-1)) exo-chitinase yield was obtained. A 21.15% increase was recorded in chitinase activity (4.01 U gds(-1)) through surface response methodology, indicates that it is a powerful and rapid tool for optimization of physical and nutritional variables. Further, efficiency of crude enzyme was evaluated against phytopathogenic Fusarium spp. and a mycelial growth inhibition up to 3.5-6.5 mm was achieved in well diffusion assay. These results could be supplemented as basic information for the development of enzyme based formulation of T. asperellum UTP-16 and its use as a biocontrol agent.

Genetic and functional diversity of Bacillus strains in the soils long-term irrigated with paper and pulp mill effluent.

The genetic and functional diversity of Bacillus and Bacillus-derived genera was analyzed in soil samples collected from three different fields near Century Paper Mill, Lal Kuan, Uttarakhand, India. Two had been subjected to concentrated and diluted effluent irrigation for the past 25 years and were designated as a concentrated effluent irrigated field (CEIF) and a dilute effluent irrigated field (DEIF), respectively. The field irrigated with fresh water was designated as a water irrigated field (WIF). Increase in pH, Na and Zn content and decrease in Fe content was observed due to effluent irrigation. The population count of Bacillus and Bacillus-derived was maximum in DEIF followed by WIF and CEIF. Variations in plant growth-promoting traits and extracellular enzymes were observed among the isolates from the three different field soils. Based on the amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) with three restriction enzymes, all the selected 104 isolates were clustered into 14 groups. The sequencing of the representative isolates revealed that the majority belonged to the genus Bacillus, while three isolates belonged to Paenibacillus, Lysinibacillus and Orthinibacillus. There were a few species like Orthinibacillus contaminans, B. oleronius, B. safensis, B. methylotrophicus, B. stratosphericus, B. aryabhattai, B. asahii and B. bataviensis that were prevalent only in DEIF and CEIF but not in WIF field soil. The diversity index parameters like the Shannon Index, indices of species richness and species evenness based on biochemical profiling and ARDRA profiling revealed that Bacillaceae members in the fresh water irrigated field were diverse.

Cyanobacteria-mediated phenylpropanoids and phytohormones in rice (Oryza sativa) enhance plant growth and stress tolerance.

Phenylpropanoids, flavonoids and plant growth regulators in rice (Oryza sativa) variety (UPR 1823) inoculated with different cyanobacterial strains namely Anabaena oryzae, Anabaena doliolum, Phormidium fragile, Calothrix geitonos, Hapalosiphon intricatus, Aulosira fertilissima, Tolypothrix tenuis, Oscillatoria acuta and Plectonema boryanum were quantified using HPLC in pot conditions after 15 and 30 days. Qualitative analysis of the induced compounds using reverse phase HPLC and further confirmation with LC-MS/MS showed consistent accumulation of phenolic acids (gallic, gentisic, caffeic, chlorogenic and ferulic acids), flavonoids (rutin and quercetin) and phytohormones (indole acetic acid and indole butyric acid) in rice leaves. Plant growth promotion (shoot, root length and biomass) was positively correlated with total protein and chlorophyll content of leaves. Enzyme activity of peroxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase and total phenolic content was fairly high in rice leaves inoculated with O. acuta and P. boryanum after 30 days. Differential systemic accumulation of phenylpropanoids in plant leaves led us to conclude that cyanobacterial inoculation correlates positively with plant growth promotion and stress tolerance in rice. Furthermore, the study helped in deciphering possible mechanisms underlying plant growth promotion and stress tolerance in rice following cyanobacterial inoculation and indicated the less explored avenue of cyanobacterial colonization in stress tolerance against abiotic stress.