SYNTHESIS, IN-SILICO BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES, AND IN-VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME FARMAZANS DERIVATIVES CONTAINING SULFONAMIDE MOIETY.

The low effectiveness of currently available antibiotics is driving efforts worldwide to create new antimicrobial medicines. We made several novel formazan chemicals, including sulfonamides, and assessed how well they may work against bacteria. Consequently, attempts were undertaken to combine the moieties of formazan and sulfonamide to produce new derivatives or more effective antibacterial drugs. Condensing sulphanilamide with benzaldehydes in the presence of glacial acetic acid and ethanol produced a Schiff base of sulphonamide, which when combined with substituted benzene diazonium chlorides (2a-g) during condensation yields formazan derivatives (3a-g). Based on analytical and spectral data (IR, 1HNMR, and mass), the structures of all the synthesized compounds were described, and they agree well with the suggested ones. Using Ciprofloxacin and Ketoconazole as reference medications, the Agar diffusion method was utilized to assess the antibacterial activity of the synthesized compounds by measuring the zone of inhibition against harmful strains of bacteria and fungi. In contrast to the norm, every molecule examined has demonstrated a notable level of antibacterial activity.

In Silico and ADMET Studies of Spiro-Quinazoline Compounds as Acetylcholine Esterase Inhibitors Against Alzheimer's Disease.

BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative condition characterized by progressive cognitive decline and memory impairment resulting from the degeneration and death of brain neurons. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors are used in primary pharmacotherapy for numerous neurodegenerative conditions, providing their capacity to modulate acetylcholine levels crucial for cognitive function. Recently, quinazoline derivatives have emerged as a compelling model for neurodegenerative disease treatment, showcasing promising pharmacological features. Their unique structural features and pharmacokinetic profiles have sparked interest in their potential efficacy and safety across diverse neurodegenerative disorders. The exposure of quinazoline derivatives as a potential therapeutic way underscores the imperative for continued research exploration. Their multifaceted mechanisms of action and ability to target various pathways implicated in neurodegeneration offer exciting prospects for developing novel, effective, and well-tolerated treatments. Further investigations into their pharmacological activities and precise therapeutic roles are essential to advance our understanding of neurodegenerative disease pathophysiology and promote the development of modern therapeutic strategies to address this critical medical challenge. METHODS: Quinazoline derivatives have gained eminent acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitory activity. Their ability to effectively modulate AChE activity makes them promising candidates for treating neurological disorders, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). Their intricate molecular structures confer selectivity and affinity for AChE, offering potential for the development of novel therapeutic agents targeting cholinergic pathways. Hence, in this study, we designed, synthesized, and characterized a series of spiro[cycloalakane-1,2'-quinazoline derivatives (1-6) to assess their possible AChE inhibiting ability using docking into the active sites. RESULTS: The AChE inhibitory potential of spiro[cycloalkane-1,2'-quinazoline derivatives (1-6) was explored via docking studies of the AChE active site. The findings revealed significant inhibitory activity and highlighted the promising nature of these derivatives. CONCLUSION: The synthesized spiro[cycloalkane-1,2'-quinazoline derivatives (1-6) exhibited their notable potential as AChE inhibitors. The observed significant inhibitory activity suggested that these derivatives warrant further exploration as candidates for developing therapeutic agents in AChE inhibitory pathways. This study emphasizes the relevance of quinazoline derivatives in searching for novel treatments for neurological disorders, particularly associated with cholinergic dysfunction, and they could be a useful alternative therapeutic agent.

Atomistic Analysis of Sulphonamides as a Microbial Influenced Corrosion (MIC) Inhibitor.

Four sulfonamide-type microbial inhibitors were studied using density functional theory (DFT) to assess their effectiveness in controlling microbial corrosion. The experimental techniques (FTIR, SEM, EIS, EFM, and AFM) are beneficial for measuring properties such as chemical composition, bond formation, electrochemical behavior, and surface topography; however, DFT can be useful as a new method for understanding microbial corrosion. Sulfacetamide (SFC), sulfamerazine (SFM), sulfapyridine (SFP), and sulfathiazole (SFT) uniformly adsorb onto the iron surface and block the active site, reducing the corrosion rate. To study the effect on microbial activity, a 0.6 eV electric field was applied. The absolute increase in the interaction energy indicates that sulfonamides are effective microbial inhibitors. Electronic SFC, SFM, SFP, and SFT descriptors agree with the experimental inhibition efficiency. The shift of the density of state (DOS) toward a low energy level for sulfonamides indicates the stabilization of these molecules at the Fe (100) surface. The population analysis combined with atomic and molecular parameters further explains the anticorrosive mechanism of sulphonamides.

Green Hydrogen Production From Non-Traditional Water Sources: A Sustainable Energy Solution With Hydrogen Storage and Distribution.

Green hydrogen development plays an essential role in creating a sustainable and environmentally conscious society while reducing reliance on traditional fossil fuels. Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysers (PEMWEs), are sensitive to water quality, with various impurities impacting their efficiency, the quality of the hydrogen produced, and the device's lifespan. High-purity water is required for PEM electrolyzers; Type II water, which is required for commercial electrolyzers, must have a resistivity greater than 1 MΩ cm, sodium, and chloride concentrations less than 5 µg/L, and total organic carbon (TOC) content less than 50 parts per billion. The majority of electrolyzers operate on freshwater, or total dissolved solids (TDS) <0.5 g/kg, whereas brackish, rainwater, wastewater, and seawater have TDSs of 1-35 g/kg, 0.01-0.15 g/kg, 0.5-2 g/kg, and 35-45 g/kg, respectively. This critical review offers, for the first time, a comprehensive overview of relevant impurities in operating electrolyzers and their impact. The findings of this study indicate that electrolysis-based H2 processes are promising options that contribute to the H2 production capacity but require improvements to produce larger competitive volumes. In addition, the main challenges and opportunities for generating, storing, transporting, and distributing hydrogen, as well as large-scale adoption are discussed.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric properties of the Urdu version of the avoidance endurance behavior questionnaire in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.

BACKGROUND: The Avoidance Endurance Questionnaire (AEQ) successfully measures the fear-avoidance and endurance-related responses to chronic pain. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to translate, cross-culturally adapt AEQ into Urdu and assess the reliability and validity of the Urdu version. METHOD: For the translation and cross-cultural adaptation process, the Beaton Guidelines were followed. A total of 103 participants responded to the Urdu version of the AEQ SF-12, Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and Numeric Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) at baseline and after 48 hours. The test-retest reliability was assessed using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Cronbach's alpha was used to measure internal consistency. To measure validity, Pearson's correlation between the subscales of AEQ-Urdu and other outcome measures (SF-12, PCS and NPRS scores) were used (p< 0.05). RESULTS: The mean age of the total 103 participants was 32.7 ± 10.90 among which 45 (43.6%) were male and 58 (56.3%) were female. The pre-final version of the translated AEQ was tested on 40 Urdu speaking participants and no major changes were made. The Cronbach's alpha for all subscales of the AEQ-Urdu ranged from 0.848-0.990. AEQ-U showed an excellent test-retest reliability with the ICC ranging from 0.775-0.996. The majority of the subscales of AEQ showed significant (p< 0.05) positive correlation with pain scales (PCS and NPRS) and negative correlation with the domains of SF-12. CONCLUSION: The AEQ-U has reliable and valid construct validity, good internal consistency, and test-retest reliability, indicating that it has adequate psychometric features and can be a useful tool for evaluating pain responses in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain.

Synthesis of hierarchical magnesium diboride-guar gum interfacial Ru nanocomposite electrode for enhanced supercapacitor performance.

Herein, we report for the first time a simple strategy to design a hierarchical chemically exfoliated magnesium diboride and guar gum network structure decorated with Ru nanoparticles (eMgB2-GG@Ru) as an electrode to evaluate its electrochemical performance for the application of supercapacitor. The eMgB2 and functionalized eMgB2-GG@Ru materials were thoroughly examined using XRD, TGA, DLS, FE-SEM, STEM, AFM, XPS, and BET techniques. The combined eMgB2-GG@Ru electrode exhibits a network structure morphology with an increased interlayer distance of eMgB2 nanolayers along with a uniform distribution of spherical Ru nanoparticles. The electrochemical performance of eMgB2-GG@Ru and its pristine materials was studied through CV, GCD, and EIS to determine their supercapacitor performance. The eMgB2-GG@Ru electrode demonstrates higher specific capacitance (352 F/g) than its eMgB2@Ru (258.9 F/g), and MgB2 (214.5 F/g) counterparts at a current density of 0.5 A/g in a three-electrode setup using 3 M KOH electrolyte. The hierarchical eMgB2-GG@Ru solid-state symmetric devices maintained higher capacity retention of 89 % even after 7000 cycles, achieving a maximum energy density of 26.12 kW/kg at the power density of 450 W/kg at 0.5 A/g. Therefore, the innovative eMgB2-GG@Ru electrode offers superior electrochemical performance with efficient electrolyte ion mobility for energy storage applications.

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada Syndrome: A Case Report.

Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH) is a neurological disorder that impacts vision and hearing by causing the immune system to attack melanocytes. Symptoms of the condition include flu-like symptoms, eye pain, headache, and dizziness, which may progress to vitiligo and hearing impairment. The diagnostic criteria include ocular involvement, generalized choroiditis, tinnitus, meningitis, and skin depigmentation. The treatment includes corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs. VKH is believed to be an autoimmune condition, possibly triggered by hereditary factors and cross-reactivity with cytomegalovirus. VKH is common in East Asia and India and has a genetic link to certain alleles. Inflammation generated by Th1 in melanocytes results in the production of granulomas. An analysis of a 48-year-old female with VKH disease revealed symptoms of anterior uveitis and subsequent glaucoma. The treatment involved the administration of systemic steroids and intratympanic steroid injections. Biochemical indicators showed signs of inflammation. Timely identification and therapy are essential for managing VKH. Further research is necessary to enhance outcomes for patients with VKH disease.

Pharmacological management of transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy: a scoping review.

AIMS: Transthyretin amyloid cardiomyopathy (ATTR-CM) is characterized by the accumulation of transthyretin (TTR) protein in the myocardium. The aim of this scoping review is to provide a descriptive summary of the clinical trials and observational studies that evaluated the clinical efficacy and safety of various agents used in ATTR-CM, with a goal of identifying the contemporary gaps in literature and to reveal future research opportunities. METHODS AND RESULTS: The search was performed in line with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. A literature search using several databases for observational and clinical trials investigating the treatment modalities for ATTR-CM was undertaken. We extracted data including study characteristics, primary endpoints, and adverse events from each study. A total of 19 studies were included in our scoping review. Out of which, 8 were clinical trials and 11 were observational analyses. The drugs evaluated included tafamadis, acoramidis, revusiran, doxycycline and tauroursodeoxycholic acid and doxycycline, diflusinil, inotersan, eplontersen, and patisiran. Tafamidis has shown to be efficacious in the management of ATTR-CM, particularly when initiated at earlier stages. RNA interference and antisense oligonucleotide drugs have shown promising impacts on quality of life. Additionally, this review identified gaps in the literature, particularly among long-term outcomes, comparative effectiveness, and the translation of research into economic contexts. CONCLUSION: Multiple pharmacological options are potential disease-modifying therapies for ATTR-CM. However, many gaps exist in the understanding of these various drug therapies, warranting further research. The future directions for management of ATTR-CM are promising in regard to improving prognostic implications.

Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Applications of Aerva persica Aqueous-Root Extract-Mediated Synthesis of ZnO Nanoparticles.

In the present study, ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized by using aqueous extracts of Aerva persica roots. Characterization of as-prepared ZnO nanoparticles was carried out using different techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and BET surface area analysis. Morphological analysis confirmed the small, aggregated flake-shaped morphology of as-synthesized ZnO nanostructures. The as-prepared ZnO nanoparticles were analyzed for their potential application as anti-inflammatory (using in vivo inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema) and antioxidant (using in vitro radical scavenging activity) agents. The ZnO nanoparticles were found to have a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity comparable to that of standard ascorbic acid (antioxidant) and indomethacin (anti-inflammatory drug). Therefore, due to their ecofriendly synthesis, nontoxicity, and biocompatible nature, zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized successfully from roots extract of the plant Aerva persica with potent efficiencies can be utilized for different biomedical applications.

Network pharmacology and experimental insights into STAT3 inhibition by novel isoxazole derivatives of piperic acid in triple negative breast cancer.

STAT3 is a crucial member within a family of seven essential transcription factors. Elevated STAT3 levels have been identified in various cancer types, notably in breast cancer (BC). Consequently, inhibiting STAT3 is recognized as a promising and effective strategy for therapeutic intervention against breast cancer. We herein synthesize a library of isoxazole (PAIs) from piperic acid [2E, 4E)-5-(2H-1,3-Benzodioxol-5-yl) penta-2,4-dienoic acid] on treatment with propargyl bromide followed by oxime under prescribed reaction conditions. Piperic acid was obtained by hydrolysis of piperine extracted from Piper nigrum. First, we checked the binding potential of isoxazole derivatives with breast cancer target proteins by network pharmacology, molecular docking, molecular dynamic (MD) simulation and cytotoxicity analysis as potential anti-breast cancer (BC) agents. The multi-source databases were used to identify possible targets for isoxazole derivatives. A network of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) was generated by obtaining 877 target genes that overlapped gene symbols associated with isoxazole derivatives and BC. Molecular docking and MD modelling demonstrated a strong affinity between isoxazole derivatives and essential target genes. Further, the cell viability studies of isoxazole derivatives on the human breast carcinoma cell lines showed toxicity in all breast cancer cell lines. In summary, our study indicated that the isoxazole derivative showed the significant anticancer activity. The results highlight the prospective utility of isoxazole derivatives as new drug candidates for anticancer chemotherapy, suggesting route for the continued exploration and development of drugs suitable for clinical applications.

Compatibility Effects of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel Blend on Fuel System Elastomers in Compression Ignition Engines.

Alternative energy sources, such as biodiesel, play a vital role in environmental protection. Waste cooking oil (WCO) biodiesel has promising applications in compression ignition engines. A major problem regarding biodiesel implementation is the deterioration and materials incompatibility of existing fuel system components with biodiesel. Variations in the composition of fuel prompted by the inclusion of biodiesel cause a variety of issues in diesel engine fuel systems where the elastomer is generally utilized as the fuel hose material and sealings. In this experimental work, the effects of the diesel and WCO biodiesel blends (B8, B16, B24, and B100) on Buna-N, ethylene propylene rubber (EPR), and polystyrene (PS) were examined by the immersion test, which was conducted for 160 h at various immersion temperatures of 30, 60, and 80 °C, respectively. The study also showed that the use of elastomer materials like Buna-N, EPR, and PS in diesel engines fueled up to 20% WCO biodiesel blends is advantageous; the overall compatibility improves by 100% compared to that obtained using neat diesel. The outcome revealed remarkable behavior changes, including a minor increase in volume and a slight loss in tensile strength and hardness compared to that observed using neat diesel fuel. The expansion of rubber materials increases over 60 °C, although the rate of this process decreases above 80 °C. It has been found that the expansion of rubber materials is unaffected by the acid concentration of the WCO biodiesel blends but significantly affected by the moisture content.

Experimental Studies to Reduce Usage of Fossil Fuels and Improve Green Fuels by Adopting Hydrogen-Ammonia-Biodiesel as Trinary Fuel for RCCI Engine.

This study investigates the feasibility of hydrogen addition to achieve lower emissions and higher thermal efficiency in an ammonia-biodiesel-fueled reactivity-controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine. A single-cylinder light-duty water-cooled compression ignition (CI) engine was adapted to run in RCCI combustion with port-injected ammonia and hydrogen as low reactive fuel (LRF) and direct-injected algal biodiesel as high reactive fuel (HRF). In our earlier study, the ammonia substitution ratio (ASR) was optimized as 40%. To optimize fuel and engine settings, hydrogen is added in quantities ranging from 5 to 20% by energy share. The combustion, performance, and emission characteristics were investigated for the trinary fuel operation. The result shows that the 20% hydrogen premixing with 40% ammonia-biodiesel RCCI operation increased the peak cylinder pressure (CP), peak heat release rate (HRR), and cumulative heat release rate (CHRR) by 15.12, 25.15, and 26.68%, respectively. Ignition delay (ID) and combustion duration (CD) were decreased by 15.53 and 11.24%, respectively. The combustion phasing angle was advanced by 4 °CA. The brake thermal efficiency (BTE) was improved by 15.49%, and brake specific energy consumption (BSEC) was reduced by 21.92%. While the nitrogen oxide (NOx) level was significantly increased by about 31.82%, the hydrocarbon (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), smoke, and exhaust gas temperature (EGT) were reduced by 24.53, 28.16, 25.82, and 17.47% as compared to the optimized ASR40% combustion.

Do domestic innovations promote trade openness? Empirical evidence from emerging economies.

Purpose: Innovation activities have gained much importance due to their pivotal role in achieving economic growth - directly by increasing productivity and - indirectly by increasing the degree of trade openness. This study aims to focus on the indirect channel, a rarely explored area of research, especially in the context of emerging economies. Methodology: To achieve the aim of the study, four proxies of innovation (resident patent applications, nonresident patent applications, scientific and technical journal articles, and research and development expenditures) are used to establish a robust relationship between innovation activities and trade openness in BRICS economies. Panel data from 2000 to 2020 is obtained from World Development Indicators and Penn World Tables. Econometric techniques of panel data such as fixed effect and generalized least squares are employed to extract results from the specified models. Findings: The findings of the study revealed that three proxies of innovation (i.e., resident patent applications, nonresident patent applications, scientific and technical journal articles) have a significant positive role in improving trade openness in the BRICS economies. However, the fourth proxy of innovation i.e., research and development expenditures had a negative impact on the degree of trade openness. Besides, innovation activities such as inflation rate and foreign direct investment have also influenced the degree of trade openness positively and significantly. Conversely, GDP per capita had a negative relationship with trade openness. Moreover, domestic investments showed a positive influence on the degree of trade openness while employment had a negative and insignificant influence on the degree of trade openness. Finally, the causality analysis revealed a one-way relationship running from innovations to trade openness. Implications: In view of the results obtained, the policymakers of the BRICS economies might focus on encouraging innovation activities to enhance the degree of trade openness. Increased trade openness will consequently contribute to economic growth enormously and thus the attainment of sustainable development goals (SDG-8). Policymakers are also suggested to encourage FDI inflows and further ensure a moderate inflation rate to improve the degree of trade openness and hence accelerate economic growth. Originality: This study focused on examining the nexus between innovation activities and trade openness in emerging economies, which is indeed an interesting but rarely explored area of research. The findings of the study might help the policymakers of the BRICS economies in formulating policies regarding trade openness and innovation activities.

COVID-19 Vaccination and Its Relation to New-Onset Diabetes: A Narrative Review.

The COVID-19 vaccination has been effective in preventing a lot of complications caused by SARS-CoV-2 and its variants. Meanwhile, diabetes mellitus, one of the root causes of many co-morbidities, exhibited itself during the COVID-19 pandemic and after COVID-19 vaccination. Diabetes mellitus introduced itself in a new perspective, leading to a variety of presentations and causing a significant number of emergency admissions. Many of the pre-diabetes patients with no prior history of diabetes developed fulminant type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) after the COVID-19 vaccination. Some cases of conversion of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) into T1DM were reported. Some prediabetes/diabetes patients presented with the development of diabetic ketoacidosis after COVID-19 vaccination, whereas some previously healthy people with no relation to diabetes also developed acute exacerbations of new-onset T1DM or T2DM along with lethal ketoacidosis. The purpose of writing this review was to explore what kind of people are more prone to develop new-onset diabetes or diabetic complications, including diabetic ketoacidosis, the typical presentation of these patients, possible mechanisms that lead to these complications occurring after the COVID-19 vaccination, how they can be managed, and whether there is a good prognosis after management or not.

Is gender diversity is diversity washing or good governance for firm sustainable development goal performance: A scoping review.

In Industry 4.0, sustainability is the heart, and governance is the soul of the business, but diversity washing, greenwashing, and SDG washing are skeptical. This is due to the reactive/normative approach in dealing with sustainability and governance, which has created an amounting number of greenhouse gases, waste generation, and several business washing challenges. This study has explored the Scopus and Web of Science databases and searched for the keywords "Sustainable Development Goals" AND "Director," which provided 76 documents. However, when the authors added the third keyword, "ISO 37001-2021," along with the above two keywords, the database provided no study investigating the moderation role of ISO 37001-2021. Therefore, the study advocates the adoption of newly developed ISO 37000:2021 good governance standards for greenwashing, SDG washing, and diversity washing challenges without failing to contribute to the firm sustainable development goal performance and earning management. Secondly, the independent director attribute's role is vital due to the potential, power, position, and evidence to adopt ISO 37000:2021 standards. Thirdly, the scoping review study has proposed a conceptual model to extend the reporting discloser and transparency. It goes beyond mere compliance, contributes towards societal development, and promotes adopting sustainable development goal performance and reporting as a new non-financial parameter for evaluating the firm's performance. Lastly, this will boost firm sustainability and adopt the circular economic model, creating a unique competitive edge and green governance goodwill among the business's external stakeholders and attracting sustainably responsible investors.

Is fiscal deficit 'curse' or 'haven' for environmental quality in India? Empirical investigation employing battery of distinct ARDL approaches.

Undoubtedly, throughout the past half-century, environmental quality has emerged as a significant obstacle to both economic and social endeavors. Recent local and international policy debates have focused on environmental deterioration and global warming, but how governments balance economic growth and environmental sustainability is still enigmatic. For this reason, we have examined the determinants of environmental quality in India from 1972 to 2021. More specifically, we have investigated whether the fiscal deficit is 'curse' or 'haven' for environmental quality (CO2) in India. Moreover, this study deliberated four other predictors, comprising technological development (TIN), fossil fuel consumption (FFC), urbanization (Ub), and human capital index (HCI). In order to attain this objective, a range of econometric estimation techniques are employed to ensure the validity and reliability of the outcomes. For instance, we have employed a battery of ARDL approaches, such as standard ARDL, nonlinear ARDL, and multiple threshold NARDL approaches. In light of our research findings, we will be focusing directly on the examination of the NARDL and MTNARDL outcomes. This is due to the empirical evidence indicating the existence of asymmetric effects resulting from FD on CO2 emissions in India. The NARDL approach reveals that the consequence of fiscal deterioration is more pronounced, and the influence of fiscal progress is mild in terms of CO2 emission growth. Further, the outcomes of the MTNARDL approach revealed that the size of the extremely low changes in FD is much higher than the extremely high changes in FD in both models. This implies that as the FD rises, CO2 ascends more significantly, and when the FD lowers, CO2 declines progressively. In a nutshell, FD has a long-run positive and asymmetric impact on CO2 in India; thus, we may conclude that FD is considered the 'curse' for CO2 in India. Furthermore, TIN, HCI, and Ub have detrimental effects on CO2, whereas FFC stimulates CO2 in India. This research work provides some important policy implications for environmentalists, economists and macroeconomic policymakers to promote a green and healthy environment.

Diverse Pharmacological Potential of different Substituted Pyrazole Derivatives.

The chemistry of heterocyclic compounds has been a topic of research interest. Some five-membered heterocyclic compounds have been the subject of extensive research due to their different types of pharmacological effects. The five-membered nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds pyrazole, pyrazoline, and pyrazolone derivatives have a lot of interest in the fields of medical and agricultural chemistry due to their diverse spectrum of therapeutic activities. Various substituted pyrazole, pyrazoline, and pyrazolone compounds exhibited diverse pharmacological effects like Anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-tubercular, anti-fungal, anti-malarial, anti-di-abetic, diuretic, anti-depressant, anticonvulsant, antioxidant, anti-leishmanial, antidiabetic, and antiviral, etc. In recent decades, the synthesis of numerous pyrazole, pyrazoline, and pyrazolone derivatives by different synthetic methods as well as research into their chemical and biological behavior have become more important. This review focuses on synthetic methods of the pyrazole, pyrazoline, and pyrazolone derivatives, which have significant biological properties and a variety of applications.

An Overview of Various Rifampicin Analogs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and their Drug Interactions.

The success of the TB control program is hampered by the major issue of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB). The situation has undoubtedly been made more difficult by the widespread and multidrug-resistant (XDR) strains of TB. The modification of existing anti-TB medications to produce derivatives that can function on resistant TB bacilli is one of the potential techniques to overcome drug resistance affordably and straightforwardly. In comparison to novel pharmaceuticals for drug research and progress, these may have a better half-life and greater bioavailability, be more efficient, and serve as inexpensive alternatives. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is drugsusceptible or drug-resistant, is effectively treated by several already prescribed medications and their derivatives. Due to this, the current review attempts to give a brief overview of the rifampicin derivatives that can overcome the parent drug's resistance and could, hence, act as useful substitutes. It has been found that one-third of the global population is affected by M. tuberculosis. The most common cause of infection-related death can range from latent TB to TB illness. Antibiotics in the rifamycin class, including rifampicin or rifampin (RIF), rifapentine (RPT), and others, have a special sterilizing effect on M. tuberculosis. We examine research focused on evaluating the safety, effectiveness, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, risk of medication interactions, and other characteristics of RIF analogs. Drug interactions are especially difficult with RIF because it must be taken every day for four months to treat latent TB infection. RIF continues to be the gold standard of treatment for drug-sensitive TB illness. RIF's safety profile is well known, and the two medicines' adverse reactions have varying degrees of frequency. The authorized once-weekly RPT regimen is insufficient, but greater dosages of either medication may reduce the amount of time needed to treat TB effectively.

Assessment of users' adoption behaviour for stock market investment through online applications.

Investing in stocks has become increasingly accessible, with beginners able to start an account via a brokerage's website or mobile app with very little money. Online trading through applications allows you to trade independently without a broker's interference. This not only lowers the overall cost of trading but also makes it hassle-free, increasing the value of the business significantly. Using an online trading account gives an investor more control. This paper examined the user's perspective on stock market investment through online applications. The impact of users' awareness, benefits & choice of investment, reliability, safety, risk-related factors, financial literacy, technical aspect, and dependency was analyzed on users' adoption behaviour. An empirical survey with a valid sample of 424 respondents from India was collected from the respondent and analyzed using descriptive analysis, correlation analysis, reliability analysis, analysis of variance, and regression analysis. Results indicated that users' awareness, benefits & choice of investment, reliability, safety, risk-related factors, financial literacy, technical aspect, and dependency significantly influence the users' adoption behaviour in using stock trading applications. The findings will assist potential investors in comprehending the factors influencing the adoption of such apps and aiding the organizations engaged in operating or creating such applications in understanding user behaviour, which will significantly add value to the society at large.

Experimental Investigation and Characterization of Friction Stir Spot-Welded Dissimilar Aluminum Copper Metallic Lap Joints.

Due to their contrasting physical properties, joining materials like copper and aluminum has always proven difficult. The disadvantages of traditional joining methods include additional weight, solidification problems, and energy waste. Friction stir spot-welding (FSSW) was utilized for joining copper and aluminum in order to get around these difficulties. This study illustrates that friction stir spot-welding (FSSW) produces joints between incompatible copper and aluminum alloys with better mechanical and electrical properties. The numerous FSSW parameters play an important role in deciding how well the welded joint performs. Tool rotational speed (TRS), plunge rate (PR), and dwell duration (DT) are the study parameters. During manufacture, a case-hardened H13 tool was used to lap-joint AA 6061 T6 hot-rolled aluminum flat strips with C11000 copper strips while operating at three different levels of TRS, PR and DT. SEM analysis was utilized to investigate the interface region and bimetallic interface of the joints. In order to demonstrate modifications in the grain-related characteristics, the joints were examined for electrical conductivity, mechanical strength (lap shear, bending, and microhardness test), and analysis of the microstructure at the weld zones. The outcome demonstrates that other factors, such as plunge rate, dwell time, and tool rotation speed, had the greatest impact on the joints' electrical conductivity, mechanical strength, and microstructure.