RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Interleukin-28B (IL28B) locus on a human chromosomal region mapped to 19q13 execute immune defense against viruses. During Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infection the IL28B has a promising role in deciding the consequence of infection for spontaneous clearance of viruses or causing chronic liver infection. Treatment of chronic hepatitis C includes use of direct acting antivirals, Pegylated-Interferon (PEG-IFN) and Ribavirin (RBV) therapy. Also, interferon free regimens are suggested to be useful in resistant patients. Numerous reports including Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS), comprehensive meta-analysis and independent case-control studies in different population have revealed the association between certain Il-28B polymorphisms and response to the PEGIFN- RBV therapy in patients infected with HCV. METHOD: We searched all peer-reviewed relevant and recent literature manually for the present review. CONCLUSION: The GWAS studies have revealed an important role of IL28B in HCV infection, which was supported by many independent studies and meta-analysis by different groups in different ethnicities. IL28B genotyping may be use as predictors of response for IFN-based therapy and personalized treatment of hepatitis C patient.
Asunto(s)
Antivirales/uso terapéutico , Hepatitis C/tratamiento farmacológico , Interferones/uso terapéutico , Interleucinas/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Genotipo , Hepatitis C/genética , Humanos , Polietilenglicoles/uso terapéutico , Polimorfismo Genético , Ribavirina/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) is a highly infectious disease caused by fowl adenovirus serotype 4 (FAV-4) affecting poultry, especially broiler birds. The disease was initially reported from Angara Goth, Pakistan, and then from India during 1994, in the poultry belt of Jammu and Kashmir, and thereafter, from almost all parts of the country, causing heavy economic losses to the poultry industry. The disease occurs predominantly in broilers of the age group of 3-5 weeks, characterized by sudden onset of high mortality up to 80 %. The causative agent of HPS is fowl adenovirus 4, which is a member of the species Fowl Adenovirus C, genus Aviadenovirus, family Adenoviridae [60]. FAV-4 is non-enveloped and icosahedral in shape, measuring 70-90 nm in size and containing a linear dsDNA of approximately 45 kb in size as its genome. The livers of affected birds show necrotic foci and basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the hepatocytes. The disease can be diagnosed from its gross and microscopic changes in the liver and by various serological tests, such as agar gel immunodiffusion, counterimmunoelectrophoresis, indirect haemagglutination, fluorescent antibody techniques, and ELISA. In the past few years, PCR has been used as a rapid diagnostic tool for the detection of fowl adenoviruses. The disease has been brought under control by the use of formalin-inactivated, attenuated or live vaccines in experimentally infected birds. Advancement in the field of computational immunology accelerates knowledge acquisition and simultaneously reduces the time and effort involved in screening potential epitopes, leading toward the development of epitope-based vaccines.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Adenoviridae/veterinaria , Adenoviridae/patogenicidad , Derrame Pericárdico/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/patología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/virología , Adenoviridae/aislamiento & purificación , Infecciones por Adenoviridae/complicaciones , Infecciones por Adenoviridae/patología , Infecciones por Adenoviridae/virología , Animales , Técnicas de Laboratorio Clínico/métodos , India/epidemiología , Pakistán/epidemiología , Derrame Pericárdico/diagnóstico , Derrame Pericárdico/patología , Derrame Pericárdico/virología , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Aves de Corral/epidemiología , Medicina Veterinaria/métodos , Vacunas Virales/administración & dosificación , Vacunas Virales/inmunologíaRESUMEN
A fowl adenovirus was isolated from wild Black Kites (Milvus migrans) that died around Kashipur, Uttarakhand, India. This virus isolate produced cytopathic effects in chicken embryo liver (CEL) cells and reacted with fowl adenovirus 4 (FadV-4) antiserum in agar gel immunodiffusion and immunofluorescence tests. The virus isolate was neutralized by FadV-4 antiserum with a neutralization titer of 800. Electron microscopy of infected CEL cells showed the presence of hexagonal virion particles measuring in size about 80-100 nm. An amplicon of 1,223 base pairs was detected using polymerase chain reaction with primers designed to target the hexon gene of FadV-4.