En-face analysis of short posterior ciliary arteries crossing the sclera to choroid using wide-field swept-source optical coherence tomography.

To study the topographic distribution of the short posterior ciliary arteries (SPCA) entry sites into the choroid in normal eyes using structural en-face swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Retrospective analysis of SS-OCT scans (wide-field structural SS-OCT 12 × 12 mm) of 13 healthy subjects was performed. Cross-sectional swept-source OCT scans derived from a volume scan were represented as en-face image display following the Choroid-Scleral Interface to obtain en-face OCT. SPCAs in their last scleral location before choroidal entrance were identified manually, counted and localized by two masked observers. Correlations between two masked observers were analyzed using inter- and intra-class correlation. Accuracy for the choroidal inner and outer border segmentation was 95-99%. Eighteen eyes from 13 normal subjects were included for SPCA analysis. The mean number of arteries was 13.8 ± 3.5 per eye. Thirty-six percent were in the center of the posterior pole image; however, 21% were in the temporal part of the posterior pole. Median accuracy of the detection is 0.94. The correlation between the two observers was fair (0.54). Our algorithm allows visualization of the SPCA at the posterior pole of the eye using wide-field en-face SS-OCT. It can also help the clinicians to study the SPCAs in numerous ocular diseases, particularly its relationship with focal choroidal diseases.

[Spontaneous choroidal hemorrhage associated with novel oral anticoagulants: A report of two cases and literature review]. / Hémorragie choroïdienne spontanée associée à la prise de nouveaux anticoagulants oraux : cas cliniques et revue de la littérature.

New direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) have been approved for treatment and prevention of some thromboembolic diseases: acute and chronic phase of thromboembolic disease, deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis in orthopedic surgery and prevention of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation. These molecules are an alternative to heparins and vitamin K antagonists. Among these, rivaroxaban (Xarelto®, Bayer Schering Pharma) is a direct factor Xa inhibitor, and dabigatran etexilate (Pradaxa®, Boehringer Ingelheim) is a direct free thrombin inhibitor. These molecules are almost the ideal anticoagulant: oral administration, few drug and food interactions, wide therapeutic target, and especially no lab monitoring. However, their use remains associated with hemorrhagic complications such as gastrointestinal, intracranial or urinary hemorrhages. We describe two clinical cases of spontaneous choroidal hemorrhage in patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants (rivaroxaban and dabigatran etexilate) for atrial fibrillation. These cases show that an ocular hemorrhagic risk exists with these drugs. Patients treated with DOAC should have the therapeutic dose adjusted based on creatinine clearance. Special monitoring should be performed in patients with age-related macular degeneration or with hypertension even though meta-analysis shows that the risk of intraocular bleeding is reduced by 22% compared with warfarin.

[Corneal collagen cross-linking to treat infectious keratitis]. / Le cross-linking du collagène dans le traitement des infections cornéennes.

Infectious keratitis are a frequent cause of ocular morbidity. Today, new treatments are necessary to combat the emergence of antibiotic resistant germs. Corneal collagen cross-linking has been suggested to treat corneal infectious (PACK-CXL). Its action would be both antimicrobial and protective for the cornea, increasing its biochemical resistence to proteolytic enzymes. In vivo, PACK-CXL might demonstrate good efficacy against bacterial keratitis, contrary to herpetic keratitis for which it is contraindicated. For fungal or amoebic keratitis, results are uncertain regarding its safety and efficacy. The purpose of this paper is to clarify the use of corneal collagen cross-linking to treat infectious keratitis.

The epidemiology of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease.

A retrospective study of the incidence and prevalence of paediatric inflammatory bowel disease over an 11 year period was undertaken in South Glamorgan. Over this time the incidence of Crohn's disease more than doubled from 1.30 cases per 100,000 childhood population per year in the period 1983-1988, to 3.11 cases per 100,000 population per year in the period 1989-1993. In contrast, the incidence of ulcerative colitis remained the same throughout the study period at 0.71 per 100,000 per year. In 1993 the prevalence of Crohn's disease in the childhood population was 16.6 per 100,000 and of ulcerative colitis, 3.42 per 100,000.

The course of Giardia muris infection in immunocompetent and immunocompromised mice.

No significant sex-related difference was observed in immunocompetent mice. Sexually mature mice of both sexes excreted large numbers of Giardia cysts over a longer period than did immature ones. Cyclosporin A has compromised the immunological response of the primary Giardia infection. However, it does not affect the ability of the immune host to resist challenge infection. The use of this drug may cause fulmination of giardiasis.

[Idiopathic congenital club foot: results of functional treatment (269 feet)]. / Pied bot varus équin congénital idiopathique: résultats du traitement "fonctionnel" (269 pieds).

The manipulative treatment consisted of manipulations, muscular stimulations and fixation of the foot on a sole with non elastic strapping. This "functional" method used since the neonatal period was studied in 183 infants (269 clubfeet) with an average follow-up of 6 years and 2 months. A surgical release completed the correction in 139 feet. The initial examination permitted to distinguish 3 different grades of clubfeet, according to the clinical stiffness. The physiotherapist who treated the patients were separated in "specialized" and "unspecialized". During the evolution, 5 different categories were defined according to the clinical and radiological aspects. The criteria adopted for evaluating the results were scored with a screen of 100 points. The results obtained from 157 feet with a minimal follow-up of 4 years, were excellent and good in 86.6 per cent cases, fair in 10.2 per cent and poor in 3.2 per cent. The global results of the "functional" method, taking the insufficient follow-up into account, are for the whole series: success in 38.7 per cent, intermediary results in 15.6 per cent and failure in 45.7 per cent. The main factors which have a pejorative influence on the results are the irreducibility (according to the initial classification), the "unspecialized" physiotherapists, the socio-familial problems.