Synthesis, Application and Antimicrobial Activity of New Acid Dyes Based on 3-Amino-2-thioxo-4-thiazolidinone Nucleus on Wool and Silk Fabrics.

The dyes are synthesized by 3-Amino-2-thioxo-4thiazolidinone (N-Amino rhodanine) with glutaraldehyde or terephthalaldehyde by 2:1 mole to form a and b then coupled with diazonium salts p- Amino benzenesulfonic acid and 4-Amino 3,4-disulfoazobenzeneazobenzene by 2:1 to form new different bis-mono-azo a1 and b1 and diazo a2 and b2 acid dyes. Therefore, the synthesized dyes were applied to both silk and wool fabric materials. We also evaluated the antimicrobial susceptivity of these dyed fabrics to two model gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Further, the chemical composition of these dyes is emphasized by an elemental analysis. AIMS: This paper aims to synthesize and apply dye and antimicrobial to four new acid dyes based on derivatives of N-Amino rhodanine as a chromophoric group. Then, these dyes are used in dyeing silk and wool which have good lightfastness, and are also excellent for washing, rubbing and sweating fastness. Also, we measure antimicrobial susceptivity of silk and wool fabrics to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. BACKGROUND: The new synthetic acid dyes, which have antimicrobial susceptivity to gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, are mostly used on silk and wool fabrics which are excellent for lightfastness, washing, rubbing and sweating fastness. OBJECTIVES: The present studies aimed at synthesis, characterization and antimicrobial susceptivity to gramnegative and gram-positive bacteria. METHODS: The infra-red spectrum was recorded using an Infra-red spectrometer, Perkin Elmer/1650 FTIR. The 1H-NMR spectra were recorded using a Varian 400MHz spectrometer. The absorbance of the dyes was measured in the ultraviolet-visible region between 300 and 700 nm by a UNICAM UV spectrophotometer. The dye uptake by wool and silk fabrics was measured using a Shimadzu UV-2401PC (UV/V is spectrophotometer at λmax) before and after dyeing. The produced dyes were found to have a good antimicrobial susceptivity to a variety of bacteria. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The compounds a1, b1, a2 &b2 show good antimicrobial activity toward gramnegative (E. coli), gram-positive (S. aurous) bacteria. The data showed that exhaustion and fastness activities of silk and wool dyed fabrics were both very high. CONCLUSION: In this work, we prepared newly synthesized acid dyes based on 3-Amino-2-thioxo-4- thiazolidinone derivatives and used them for dyeing wool and silk fabrics. Both synthetic dyes have shown good lightfastness and fastness properties. Also, all dyes have shown a good antimicrobial effect.

The Response of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) to Soil Moisture and Heat Stress Under Different Dates of Sowing and Foliar Application of Micronutrients.

Soil moisture and air temperature stress are the two major abiotic factors limiting lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) growth and productivity in the humid tropics. Field experiments were conducted during winter seasons (November to March) of 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 on clay loam soil (AericHaplaquept) of Eastern India to cultivate rainfed lentil, with residual moisture. The objective was to study the effect of different time of sowing and foliar spray of micronutrients in ameliorating the effect of heat and moisture stress lentil crop experience in its reproductive stage. The study was conducted with two different dates of sowing, November and December, as main plot treatment and micronutrients foliar spray of boron, iron, and zinc either alone or in combination as subplot treatment. No foliar spray treatment was considered as a control. The soil moisture content is depleted from 38 to 18% (sowing to harvest) during November sowing; however, in December sowing, the depletion is from 30 to 15%. The foliar spray of micronutrients helped to have a better canopy cover and thus reduced soil evaporation during the later stages of crop growth when the temperature was beyond the threshold temperature of the crop. Crop growth rate (CGR) and biomass were significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) for November sown crop and with foliar spray of boron and iron (FSB + FE) micronutrients. In the later stages of the crop when the soil moisture started depleting with no precipitation, the canopy temperature increased compared with air temperature, leading to positive values of Stress Degree Days (SDD) index. Delay in sowing reduced the duration by 11.4 days (113.5 vs. 102.1 days), resulting in varied accumulated Growing Degree Days (GDD). FSB + FE resulted in the highest yield in both years (1,436 and 1,439 kg ha-1). The results of the study concluded that the optimum time of sowing and foliar spray of micronutrients may be helpful to alleviate the soil moisture and heat stress for the sustainability of lentil production in the subtropical region.

Molecular Assessment of Genetic Stability Using CDDP and DNA-barcoding Assays in Long-term Micropropagated Rose Plant.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Roses are the world's best-known garden plants, established as ornamental plants cultivated for their blooms. Taif rose (Rosa damascena trigintipetala) refers to the Damascus Rose species and is regarded one of Taif Governorate's most significant financial goods, which produces an extremely fragrant commercially precious essential oil. The objective of current study was to assess the genetic stability of micropropagated Taif rose and to assess the usefulness of Conserved DNA Derived Polymorphism (CDDP) and DNA-barcoding genes such as; rpoC1 (chloroplast gene RNA polymerase1) in the detection of somaclonal variation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten combinations of CDDP PCR primers were employed and the rpoC1 gene region was sequenced for mother plant (control) and micropropagated plantlets of Taif rose plant. RESULTS: Based on CDDP data, phylogenetic divergence indicated that the distinct specimens of Taif rose micro-propagated plantlets and control were genetically differentiated by a difference of 1% of genetic dissimilarity. Phylogenetic tree which developed using rpoC1 DNA showed that rpoC1 DNA sequencing discovered a genetic difference between the control and micro-propagated plantlets of Taif rose. CONCLUSION: Furthermore, CDDP and DNA barcoding using rpoC1 gene have demonstrated their usefulness in investigating the genetic history of Rosa species and their ability to explore genetic mutation.

Ecological Distribution and Genetic Variations of Some Aloe Species in Taif, KSA.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Aloe is a medicinally and economically important genus. Many Aloes seem an endangered species because of over-collection, destruction of plants and destroyed of natural habitats. The objectives of current study was to survey, collect and identification of some Aloe species and to analyze genetic variations between the collected Aloe species. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four Aloe species (A. armatissima, A. edentata, A. parvicoma and A. pseudorubroviolacea) and Agave americana (Asperagaceae) were used as plant materials for ecological and genetic studies. In RAPD and ISSR analysis 23 and 16 primers, respectively were screened. RESULTS: Ecological study showed that the 4 species are endemic: 2 are endangered (A. edentata and A. parvicoma) and the others are not-endangered (A. armatissima and A. pseudorubroviolacea), while A. americana was introduced as ornamental species. Concerning RAPD, a total of 134 reproducible bands of them 131 bands are polymorphic ~ 97.65% polymorphism were produced, which ranged from 9 bands (primer OPC-04) to 18 (primer OPA-03) bands, with an average 13.4 bands/ primer, ranging from ~300-2500 bp. According to ISSR, 113 reproducible bands were totally yielded with an average 12.6 bands/primer, from ~180-1500 bp, of which 107 poly-morphic bands number (PBN) ~94.96% polymorphism ranged from 10 bands (primer UBC-818 and primer UBC-819) to 14 (primer UBC-814) with an average of 11.9 PB/primer. CONCLUSION: The results revealed high genetic variations between 4 bands Aloe species and A. americana species, which will be in concern for improvement, breeding and conservation programs.