[Diagnostic workup in front of an adult thrombocytosis]. / Conduite à tenir devant une thrombocytose de l'adulte.

During a blood test, the discovery of thrombocytosis is a frequent phenomenon with multiple origins. False thrombocytosis linked to analytical interferences is rare but must be eliminated before confirming the anomaly. The reaction origin, often very easily demonstrated by the context and/or the presence of a biological inflammatory syndrome, is the most frequent. More rarely, the diagnosis is oriented towards a clonal hematological pathology not limited to essential thrombocythemia. Currently, many biological tools, which have largely contributed to the recommendations of the latest WHO classification of chronic myeloid neoplasms, are available to classify these pathologies as precisely as possible, allowing optimal management.

[Rare sideroblastic anemias: about 2 cases, review of the literature and reminder of the main etiologies]. / Anémies sidéroblastiques rares : à propos de 2 cas, revue de la littérature et rappel des principales étiologies.

Sideroblastic anemias in adults are often quickly labeled as myelodysplasias. We report two unfrequent observations of secondary acquired forms. The first one is a 15-year-old girl presented with severe cytopenias. The myelogram revealed the presence of vacuolated myeloid and erythroblastic precursors, with ring sideroblasts. Copper deficiency has been demonstrated in front of the association with collapsed cupremia and ceruleoplasminemia, with normal cupruria. The second case is a 70-year-old man, treated for 1 month with several lines of antibiotics for a skin infection, referred for cytopenias. The myelogram found vacuolated erythroblastic precursors and ring sideroblasts. Linezolid's responsibility has been proposed, with a favorable development after treatment has been stopped. These two observations, which describe unfrequent sideroblastic anemias, point out that this discovery should not lead to the diagnosis of myelodysplasia before having considered the many other etiologies.

[Diagnostic workup in front of an adult monocytosis]. / Conduite à tenir devant une monocytose de l'adulte.

The discovery of a monocytosis is a frequent phenomenon, requiring confirmation by reading under a microscope by an experimented biologist, to overcome usual cytological traps such as the presence of hairy cells, promonocytes or monoblasts. In the vast majority of cases the secondary origin is very easily found by the context and/or the presence of a biological inflammatory syndrome. More rarely the diagnosis is directed towards an eosinophilic pathology or an acute leukemia. In other cases, CMML, MPN or MDS with monocytosis may be highlighted. In the absence of any pathognomonic element and the presence of "borderline" forms the differential diagnosis between these 3 entities is not always straightforward, requiring, according to WHO, molecular investigations and elimination of any reactive cause of monocytosis. Although histological, immunohistochemical and phenotypic flow cytometric studies are not currently recommended by WHO, these investigations could be of interest in the evaluation of difficult cases.

[Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS): interpretative shades of analysis and sometimes serious clinical consequences]. / Point sur les GMSI : interprétation des examens complémentaires et complications cliniques.

The etiological assessment of a monoclonal gammopathy is currently standardized, the decisional algorithms allowing a sufficiently precise classification to consider the care, wait or therapeutic. The purpose of this review is to recall the difficulties concerning the interpretation of certain biological investigations and to point out the potential complications of monoclonal gammopathies labeled as "benign". The cooperation between clinicians and biologists is in all cases essential, allowing to propose on a case-by-case basis the best adapted explorations.

Diagnostic workup in front of an adult neutropenia.

Adult neutropenia, defined as a blood neutrophil count below 1.5 G/L, is a common condition. The most common cause of acute neutropenia is a drug-related reaction or an acute infectious disease. In chronic forms many etiologies are possible, sometimes poorly-defined, requiring precise explorations. The purpose of this article is to recall the required criteria for exploring neutropenia and to point out the algorithm of explorations in order to find the cause. Etiologies of acute and chronic forms are also detailed.

[How I do in front of an hemolytic anemia of unknown etiology?] / Que faire devant une anémie hémolytique sans étiologie retrouvée ?

The most frequent causes of hemolytic anemias are immune or infectious diseases, drug induced hemolysis, thrombotic microangiopathies, hereditary spherocytosis, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase or pyruvate kinase deficiencies, thalassemia's and sickle cell disease. Sometimes no cause is found because a rarer etiology is involved. The goal of this review is to remember some unfrequent constitutional or acquired causes and to point out difficulties to avoid wrong interpretations of analysis results.

[IgM Myeloma: case report and literature review]. / Myélome à IgM : à propos d'un cas et revue de littérature.

The presence of serum monoclonal IgM is often associated with the diagnosis of Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) or other chronic lymphoproliferative disorders. IgM myeloma is a rare entity (0.5%). We report the case of an IgM myeloma complicated by systemic amyloidosis AL, with an impure nephrotic syndrome and a factor FX deficiency.

A new case of IgE multiple myeloma with review of literature.

IgE myeloma is an extremely rare disease characterized by frequent plasma cell leukemia, little monoclonal-spike on electrophoresis, an high incidence of t(11;14) translocation and a worse survival than those with common myelomas. We report here a new case of IgE myeloma and discuss clinical presentation, biological features and therapeutic option.