[Correlation of genetic and cytogenetic alterations in pathological aggressiveness urothelial carcinoma of the bladder: Performance of BCA-1, a mini-array comparative genomic hybridisation-based test]. / Corrélation des altérations génétiques à l'agressivité anatomo-pathologique des carcinomes urothéliaux de la vessie : performance du test BCA-1.

INTRODUCTION: Urothelial carcinomas are the fourth leading cause of cancer in humans. Their incidence is increasing by more than 50% in 25 years. The superficial forms (70% cases) require a close active surveillance to identify frequent recurrences and progression to invasive stage. Our main goal was to identify prognostic molecular markers for bladder cancer that could be used alone or in combination in routine clinical practice. In this aim, we evaluated the capability of the BCA-oligo test based on a CGH array to correctly classify tumoral grade/stage. METHOD: Urinary DNA was extracted from 81 patients with superficial bladder cancer and has been hybridized on the BCA-oligo array. The results from the molecular analysis were correlated with the tumoral grade and stage. RESULTS: Several chromosomal alterations were significantly more frequent in tumors of higher grade and more advanced stage. A significant association was observed between a high grade and the presence of one of these alterations: loss on 6p, gain on 8q or 13q, loss or gain on 9q or 11q, with an odds ratio of 6.91 (95% CI=2.20-21.64; P=0.0009). Moreover, a significant association was found between a more advanced stage (pT1) and the presence of one of these alterations: loss on 6p, gain on 8q, loss or gain on 5p, with an odds ratio of 15.2 (95% CI=3.71-62.58; P=0.0002). CONCLUSION: Our results showed that molecular analyses of superficial bladder cancers based on urinary DNA and the BCA-oligo test could be used as prognostic factor for the tumor evolution, allowing then a more adapted clinical management.

[Evaluation of the operating results and costs associated with the implementation of a flexible ureteroscopy activity within a university hospital center]. / Évaluation des résultats opératoires et des coûts liés à la mise en place d'une activité d'urétéroscopie souple au sein d'un centre hospitalo-universitaire.

INTRODUCTION: The increasing use of flexible ureteroscopy (USSR) sets the cost problems inevitably associated with the fragility of these endoscopes. The aim of this work is to clear from a recent example (universitary hospital) results, costs during the implementation of this technique. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a retrospective study conducted from December 2012 (date of introduction of the activity) in March 2015 concerning the USSR made in a French universitary hospital for stone disease. In this analysis, the cost of consumables was not evaluated, nor the costs of the operating theater or hospitalization. RESULTS: One hundred forty-one hundred and thirteen patients USSR were conducted by seven surgeons. Seventeen breakages and failures have been identified and have led to the sending of the endoscope for repair. Breakage rate and failure was 12%. All failures were treated with a standard exchange of the device (including 4 standard exchanges made under warranty). The estimated average cost of outages was 3600 euros. This represents an average cost per procedure of about 625 euros (acquisition plus cost of failures) without counting the costs of sterilization or high-level disinfection. The impossibility of relocating the lower calyx stones is associated with an excess risk of breakage (odd ratio: 2.92 CI95: [1.02; 8.37]). CONCLUSION: This study is novel because it focuses on the cost of implementing a technique in a French university hospital. The use of flexible ureteroscope to unique uses might be an interesting source of savings in the implementation of this technique. This remains to be evaluated. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5.

[Evaluation of postoperative symptoms after Greenlight™ photovaporization of the prostate through a dedicated questionnaire]. / Évaluation précoce des troubles postopératoires après photovaporisation de la prostate Greenlight™ grâce à un questionnaire dédié.

AIMS: To evaluate postoperative symptoms after Greenlight™ photovaporisation of the prostate (PVP), through a dedicated questionnaire. METHODS: A retrospective study has been conducted between 2008 and 2014. The questionnaire had 5 sections about pain while voiding, hematuria, urgency, incontinence and urinary stream, and was filled at one-month postoperative. The main outcome criterion was pain while voiding. Descriptive statistical analyses were done to identify predictive factors for pain while voiding. RESULTS: Out of 169 patients, 22% had no pain while voiding, 37% had moderate pain, 30% acceptable pain and 11% intense pain. Patients with pain were significantly older, (P=0.012), had more urgency (P=0.01) and more often hematuria (P=0.0001). Only 7% of patients had no symptoms of urgency, and urgency was painful or bothering in 57% of cases. Hematuria was frequent, with clots in 21% of cases. Ninety three percent felt improvement of urinary stream. CONCLUSIONS: Systematic evaluation of symptoms through a dedicated questionnaire one month after PVP has shown that 41% of patients felt pain while voiding, 57% had urgency and 39% significant hematuria. These results should encourage a more accurate patient information and further studies to better understand postoperative healing after PVP.

[Erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy: pathophysiology, evaluation and treatment]. / Dysfonction érectile après prostatectomie totale : physiopathologie, évaluation et traitement.

Radical prostatectomy (RP) is the gold standard treatment for localized prostate cancer; yet erectile dysfunction (ED) in selected series is still reported as high as 80% after this surgery. Patient selection and surgical technique (i.e., preservation of neurovascular bundles) are the major determinants of postoperative ED. Pharmacological treatment of postoperative ED, using either oral or local approaches, is effective and safe. Thus, most men need adjuvant treatments to be sexually active following RP. These include intracorporeal injections of vasoactive drugs, vacuum constriction devices and transurethral dilators, all of which have reported response rates of 50 to 70%. Unfortunately, long-term compliance is sub-optimal, with a discontinuation rate of nearly 50% at 1year. These non-oral options should be offered on an individual basis to patients who have failed oral therapy (IPDE5) since efficacy and compliance vary. Also, these options should be considered in the early postoperative period to enhance sexual activity and penile oxygenation, which may prevent corporeal fibrosis. Early penile rehabilitation with intracavernosal injections is the gold standard for partients over 60years old and those who underwent non-sparing surgery. In younger patients and/or when preservation of nerve tissue was feasible, oral IPDE5 may be effective in promoting an earlier return of erectile function. Recent studies have shown that pharmacological prophylaxis early after RP can significantly improve the rate of erectile function recovery after surgery. Use of on-demand treatments for treatment of ED in patients subjected to RP has been shown to be highly effective, especially in cases of properly selected young patients treated with a bilateral nerve-sparing approach by experienced urologists.

[Primary upper urinary tract tumors and subsequent location in the bladder]. / Tumeur urothéliale primitive du haut appareil urinaire et seconde localisation ultérieure intravésicale.

The urothelium is the epithelium that lines the upper and lower urinary tract. Over 95% of urothelial carcinomas are derived from urothelium. They can be located in the lower tract (bladder, urethra) or upper tract (pyelocaliceal cavities, ureter). Urothelial carcinomas are the fourth most common tumours after prostate (or breast) cancer, lung cancer and colorectal cancer. On one hand, bladder tumours account for 90-95% of urothelial carcinomas. It is the most common malignancy of the urinary tract and the second most common malignancy of the urogenital tract after prostate cancer. It accounts for 5-10% of all cancers diagnosed each year in Europe. On the other hand, upper urinary tract urothelial cell carcinomas (UUT-UCC) are scarce and account for only 5-10% of urothelial carcinomas. Recurrence in the bladder after primary UUT-UCC occurs in 15-50% of UUT-UCC. Differences in treatment modalities of the primary UUT-UCC do not play a key role in the subsequent appearance of a bladder recurrence. However, others factors have been described such as stage and location in the upper tract of the primary tumour or upper tract tumour multifocality. Previous history of bladder tumour is also associated with the risk that another tumour arises in the bladder subsequently. However, it becomes difficult to distinguish between natural history of bladder tumour and evolution of UUT-UCC in these cases. In most cases, bladder cancer occurs in the first two years after UUT-UCC management. Surveillance protocol is based on cystoscopy and on urinary cytology during at least every three months for two years. Current surveillance regimen have a low level of evidence considering the paucity of UUT-UCC.