Carcinoma de células claras variedad no hialinizante de parótida: comunicación de dos casos con diferente grado de diferenciación / Non-hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma of the parotid: report of two cases with different grade of differentiation

El carcinoma de células claras es una neoplasia rara de bajo grado que se desarrolla casi exclusivamente en glándulas salivales menores humanas. El objetivo de esta comunicación es analizar las características estructurales, histoquímicas e inmunohistoquímicas (IHQ) de dos casos de carcinoma de células claras de parótida y realizar el diagnóstico diferencial con otros tumores salivales primarios y metastásicos que presentan células claras. Cortes de ambos tumores fueron procesados para H/E, tricrómicos de Masson y Dane, Azul de toluidina, Azul alciano, PAS y PAS/diastasa; marcaciones IHQ para citoqueratinas de bajo y alto peso molecular, ki67, HMB45, p63 y proteína S-100. El patrón estructural de estos tumores estaba determinado por nidos y cordones de células claras delimitados por un estroma no hialinizado. En un tumor se observó una neoplasia maligna a células claras con manifiesta anaplasia. La expresión de ki67 fue importante. El otro tumor estaba constituido por células claras monomorfas sin signos manifiestos de atipia y casi nula expresión de ki67. Con PAS se demostró la presencia de glucógeno y no se observó un desarrollo importante del estroma colágeno en ambas neoplasias. En ambos casos resultó francamente positiva la inmunomarcación para citoqueratinas de bajo y alto peso molecular. Por el contrario resultó negativa para HMB45 y p63. La proteína S-100 tuvo su expresión en células aisladas. Se concluye que los casos presentados son de localización poco común (parótida) según lo descripto en la bibliografía; corresponden a la variedad no hialinizante ya que no está presente un importante estroma colágeno hialinizado, y ambos tumores son primarios de glándulas salivales, de origen epitelial, no melanocítico ni hematopoyético (linfomas) como lo demuestran las marcaciones IHQ.

The clear cell carcinoma is a rare neoplam of low level grade that develops almost exclusively in human minor salivary glands. The objective of this present work is to analyze the structural, histochemical and inmunohistochemical (IHQ) characteristics of two cases of parotid clear cell carcinoma and make a differential diagnosis with other primary and metastatic salivary tumors that clear cells show. Serial cuts of both tumors were processed for H/E, Masson and Dane trichromes, Toluidine blue, Alcian blue, PAS and PAS/diastase; IHQ marking of both high-and low-molecular weight cytokeratins, ki67, HMB45, p63 and S-100 protein. The structural pattern of these tumors were determined by nests and cords of clear cells delimited by a stroma non hyaline. In a tumor a malign neoplasia was observed in clear cells with anaplasia. The ki67 expression was important. The other tumor was constitued of clear monomorph cells without manifestation signs of atypia and almost no ki67 expression. With PAS was confirmed the presence of glycogen and not observed an important development of the collagen stroma in both neoplasms. Both cases resulted very positive the immunostaining of both high and low molecular weight cytokeratins. It resulted negative for the HMB45 and p63. The protein S-100 has it´s expression in isolated cells. We conclude that: the presented cases are very uncommon localization (parotid) as described by the literature; it matches a non hyalinizing variety because a very important hyalinized collagen stroma is not present, both primary tumors of salivary glands, of epithelial origin, non melanocytic, renal or hematopoietic lymphomas which shows immunostaining IHQ.

Biological effects produced by intense pulsed light (Xe-Cl) on the cartilage of the tongue chick embryo using various filters / Efectos biológicos producidos por la luz pulsada intensa (Xe-Cl) sobre el cartílago lingual del embrión de pollo usando diversos filtros

The Laser used correctly in the medical practice offers clear advantages compared with traditional therapies. The improvement and even the elimination of many significant skin lesions can be achieved with reduced risks to patients. However, it is important to keep security measures and understand the possible effects on an experimental model. The chick embryo is a good model to evaluate the direct effects of non-ionizing radiation for its easy handling and availability. The purpose of this communication is to show our histological findings in organs of the chick embryo with and without protective barrier to be subjected to radiation excimer. We used the following issuers: intense pulsed light (excimer Xe-Cl laser of 308 nm wavelength). It was irradiated embryos through an open window on eggshells. Aseptically the eggs were kept for 24 hours in an incubator. The protective barriers were used with and without colored glass, latex, cellophane, paper, polycarbonate of different colors and thicknesses. The most outstanding results, with no barrier and barriers with transparent and green were intense marked congestion in capillaries, edema and focus the necrosis. We concluded that the tissue changes observed are consistent with possible side effects of these radiations fototérmicos we warned about possible side effects when they are applied indiscriminately. We believe it is important to explore different means to safeguard the safety of operators and patients.

El láser utilizado correctamente en la práctica médica ofrece claras ventajas cuando se compara con las terapias tradicionales. La mejoría e incluso la eliminación significativa de muchas lesiones cutáneas se pueden lograr con riesgos reducidos para los pacientes. Sin embargo, es importante guardar medidas de seguridad y conocer los posibles efectos en un modelo experimental. El embrión de pollo es un buen modelo para evaluar los efectos directos de radiaciones no ionizantes por su fácil manipulación y disponibilidad. El objetivo del presente trabajo es comunicar los cambios histopatológicos en órganos del embrión de pollo con y sin barrera de protección al ser sometido a radiación excimer. Se utilizó el siguiente elemento emisor: luz pulsada intensa (Xe-Cl excimer laser de 308 nm de longitud de onda. Se irradiaron los embriones a través de una ventana abierta en la cáscara del huevo. Los huevos fueron mantenidos asépticamente por 24 hs en una incubadora. Las barreras de protección utilizadas fueron vidrio con y sin color, latex, celofán, papel, policarbonato de diferentes colores y espesores. Los resultados más sobresalientes, sin barrera y con barreras transparentes y de color verde fueron: intensa vasocongestión, edema y focosde necrosis. Se concluye que las modificaciones tisulares observadas son compatibles con posibles efectos fototérmicos colaterales de estas radiaciones los que nos advierten sobre posibles efectos adversos cuando las mismas se aplican indiscriminadamente. Creemos que es de importancia estudiar los diferentes medios que permitan resguardar la seguridad de los pacientes y operadores.

Histología y embriología oral clínicamente integradas como herramienta didactica en un curso de grado de la carrera de odontologia / Oral histology and embryology clinically integrated as a teaching tool in an undergraduated dentistry course of studies

The teaching of Oral Histology and Embryology clinically integrated was designed as a pilot experience to be developed during the 2005 academic year at the Division of Histology and Embryology (Chair [quot ]A[quot ]) of the National University of Cordoba School of Dentistry. This experience, in which the members of the faculty of the Department of Clinical and Basic Sciences have an active participation, is based on a systemic conception of the learning-teaching process and on the recommendations made by the OPS/OMS. This approach will allow us to optimize the quality of our undergraduate programs through better teacher training and the gradual integration of basic and clinical sciences. Our aim is to provide a better education with clinical relevance in basic sciences and scientific basis in clinical assistance.

La enseñanza integrada es un modelo pedagógico que se sustenta fundamentalmente en la concentración de los aspectos relevantes de un conjunto de disciplinas interrelacionadas, obteniéndose como producto una síntesis interdisciplinaria, lo que proporciona una visión más holística de la enseñanza y le permite al educando integrar conocimientos. A partir de esta concepción sistémica del proceso de enseñanza/aprendizaje y de las recomendaciones de OPS/OMS, se diseñó como experiencia piloto para el Ciclo Lectivo 2005 de la Cátedra "A" de Histología y Embriología de la Facultad de Odontología perteneciente a la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, la enseñanza de la Histología y Embriología Oral clínicamente integradas, con activa participación de docentes de Ciencias Básicas y Clínicas. La estrategia para la sistematización de los contenidos de los módulos de aprendizaje se basó en una dinámica que se sustenta en el uso de facilitadores didácticos, que recrean instrumentos didácticos como son las ideas previas, los mapas conceptuales, la resolución de problemas y el estudio de casos clínicos. Esta experiencia nos va a permitir optimizar la calidad de la oferta educativa de grado a través de la mejora de la formación docente y la gradual integración de las ciencias básicas y clínicas, para el logro de una educación con relevancia clínica en las ciencias básicas y con base científica en la asistencia clínica.

[Ultrastructural behavior of interstitial cells innervation during the differentiation of the chick embryo ovary cultured with 17-beta-estradiol]. / Comportamiento ultraestructural de la inervación de las células intersticiales durante la diferenciación del ovario del embrión de pollo cultivado con 17-beta-estradiol.

In a previous work we demonstrated the relationship between nerve fibers and nerve endings and interstitial cells (estrogen-producing cells) from the atrophic right ovary and the medulla in the left functioning ovary during embryogenesis in the chick, in ovo. Besides, the local production of neurotrophins by steroidogenic cells is probably involved in the control of ovarian innervation. The objective of the present study was to analyze ultrastructurally the innervation during the differentiation of chick ovary cultured with 17-beta-estradiol. Explants of right and left ovaries from seven to nineteen days in ovo development were cultured separately for 4 days in MEM (controls) or in the presence of 17-beta-estradiol (problems). In controls the electron microscopic examination of the innervation explants from chick embryo ovaries revealed that the interstitial cells are well innervated. Nerve fibres and nerve endings were observed in close contact with steroid-producing cells, a similar pattern of innervation that those of the fifteen days ovaries in ovo development. Problems cultured from seven days showed nerve fibres and nerve endings at difference to controls. These results in vitro suggest that innervation of the ovaries is controlled by indirect mechanism via the hypothalamic-pituitary system and local production factors. More experiments are necessary to confirm this results.

Avian minor salivary glands: an ultrastructural study of the secretory granules in mucous and seromucous cells.

Ultrastructural descriptions in birds are scarce thus, in this study we have characterized the secretory granules of mucous and seromucous cells from the palatine and lingual salivary glands of birds with different diets. The samples were taken from the tongue and palatine mucosa of chicken (Gallus gallus), quail (Coturnix coturnix), chimango (Milvago chimango) and white heron (Egretta thula). The samples were processed for observation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) employing 4% Karnovsky solution for fixation. The most noteworthy finding was the heterogeneous ultrastructural appearance of the secretory granules. Differences in substructure were found between the four species, between the palatine and lingual glands in the same species and even within the same acinus and the same cell. At variance with other authors, these differences cannot be attributed to the type of fixative solution used taking into account that all the samples were processed in the same way. Previous histochemical studies have shown the presence of sulfated and non sulfated glycoconjugates in these glands which can be associated to the maturation of the granules. These granules are probably representative of peculiar storage of the secretory products that would give rise to a heterogeneous and complex ultrastructural pattern of granules in the mucosa and seromucosa cells of these avian species.

Avian minor salivary glands: an ultrastructural study of the secretory granules in mucous and seromucous cells

Ultrastructural descriptions in birds are scarce thus, in this study we have characterized the secretory granules of mucous and seromucous cells from the palatine and lingual salivary glands of birds with different diets. The samples were taken from the tongue and palatine mucosa of chicken (Gallus gallus), quail (Coturnix coturnix), chimango (Milvago chimango) and white heron (Egretta thula). The samples were processed for observation by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) employing 4

Karnovsky solution for fixation. The most noteworthy finding was the heterogeneous ultrastructural appearance of the secretory granules. Differences in substructure were found between the four species, between the palatine and lingual glands in the same species and even within the same acinus and the same cell. At variance with other authors, these differences cannot be attributed to the type of fixative solution used taking into account that all the samples were processed in the same way. Previous histochemical studies have shown the presence of sulfated and non sulfated glycoconjugates in these glands which can be associated to the maturation of the granules. These granules are probably representative of peculiar storage of the secretory products that would give rise to a heterogeneous and complex ultrastructural pattern of granules in the mucosa and seromucosa cells of these avian species.

Histochemical study of magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) minor salivary glands during postnatal growth.

The histological and histochemical features of the minor salivary glands during postnatal development have been generally associated with the type of food ingested. However, recent studies support the fact that these salivary glands develop independently of the diet; in fact, minor salivary glands have similar morphological and histochemical characteristics in adult individuals of species with different diet regimens. Thus, the aim of this study was to characterize the developmental morphology of the penguin minor salivary glands and to contrast them with minor salivary glands of other species. The tongue, palatine, and mouth cavity (bottom) minor salivary glands of newborn, 1- to 20-day-old, and adult magellanic penguins were studied with hematoxylin-eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, alcian blue, toluidine blue, and lectin histochemistry. Minor salivary glands were present at all ages, although they were only moderately developed in animals less than 15 days old. After this age, glands were abundant in all age groups; in addition, cells from the glandular epithelium were functionally mature and secreted mucins. Nevertheless, in newborn to 15-day-old penguins, mucins were located only at the apical cytoplasm of mucous cells. In all ages, mucous cells displayed periodic acid-Schiff-positive, alcianophilic, and metachromatic reactions; among mucous cells, other orthochromatic cells appeared interspersed. From 15 days on, histochemical reactions became more intense until adulthood, and the cytoplasm of secretory cells was filled with glycoproteins and sulfomucins. Moreover, lectins bound to different oligosaccharides in mucous cells, depending on the stage of maturation of the glands. In conclusion, penguin minor salivary glands are already present at birth, and show progressive and quantitative increases in mucous secretion during postnatal development. These changes are necessary not only for nutrient ingestion, but also for nonimmune protection of the buccal cavity.

Structural and cytochemical modifications in the lingual glands of the newborn chicken irradiated with He-Ne laser.

Despite the increasing and successful use of laser in Medicine and Odontology, the possible iatrogenic and otherwise deleterious side effects of this radiation remain mostly unknown. In previous studies, it was shown that both the embryonic and the post-hatched chicken constitute reliable experimental models for this type of studies. Hence, the purpose of the present work was to analyze the structural and cytochemical alterations of the lingual glands of the newborn chicken irradiated with low energy He-Ne laser. This laser produced regressive structural changes of the glands towards the embryonic stage as well as hyperplasia of the reserve glandular basal cells. Furthermore, a decrease in the glycoprotein content and a rise in the sulphated glycosaminoglycans were also found. These results corroborate the pathogenic effects of the He-Ne- laser on the experimental model employed and, at the same time, emphasize the importance of considering, regarding clinical applications, possible previous neoplastic alterations as well as adverse reactions which might appear once laser therapy has been installed.

[Morphological evaluation of intercellular junctions in the ovary of chick embryos: action of steroid and gonadotropic hormones in vitro]. / Evaluación morfológica de las uniones intercelulares en el ovario del embrión de pollo: acción de hormonas esteroideas y gonadotróficas in vitro.

Variations of the intercellular junctions of the germ and epithelial cells of the ovarian epithelium produced by gonadotropic and esteroid hormones were determined on ovaries of the chick embryo at 7 days of development. Explants of right and left ovaries were cultured without (control) or with hormones eddition (experimental) for 4 days. Cultures were processed for their ultrastructural study. In both control ovaries the union complexes were similar to those identified in ovo. Under the action of 17 beta-estradiol, an increase and a greater development of adherens junctions was observed in the left ovary; in the right ovary, adherens junctions diminished by action of 17 beta-estradiol. The response of the left ovary to progesterone and testosterone was similar to that seen with the estrogen. No changes were observed in the right gonad. A disminution of intercellular junctions was produced in both ovaries under the action of FSH. The changes produced by LH and hCG were similar to those find in the left ovary with the estrogen, consisting of an increase of the union complexes, mainly of the adherens type. These results indicate that steroid and gonadotropic hormones act by modifying intercellular junctions and would participate in the processes of growth and atrophy that occur in the ovaries of the chick embryo.

Embryogeny of human labial glands: a structural, ultrastructural and cytochemical study.

A histochemical study of labial glands was performed to compare the different stages of differentiation with those of lingual glands previously studied. Labial glands of 8 to 32 week old human fetuses were analyzed with Hematoxylin/eosine, PAS, Cason, Alcian blue, Toluidine blue, methenamine/silver, TEM and Ruthenium red techniques. At 8-10 weeks various differentiation phases of cell cords originated in the epithelium of the labial mucosa were observed. Acinar buds had PAS positive, alcianophilic and metachromatic material in the lumen of 14 week labial glands. The excretory ducts featured similar characteristics. At 24 weeks groups of mucous and seromucous acini were identified and the mucosubstances increased in the 32 week old fetuses. These results show that the labial glands are histophysiologically differentiated at an earlier stage of development (14 weeks) as compared to lingual glands (20 weeks). However, mucosubstance production would begin during the early phases of embryogenesis for both labial and lingual glands.

Prenatal development of human palatine glands: a structural and cytochemical study.

The histogenesis of the salivary glands was structurally and cytochemically studied in human embryos and fetuses during the period of 8 to 32 weeks of intrauterine life. Glandular buds appeared at about 12 weeks of embryonic development. The rounded distal ends of the epithelial cords and neighbouring mesenchyma showed small and abundant PAS positive and alcianophilic granules. At age 14 weeks the secretory end pieces and the duct system were seen at different morphologic and structural stages of a differentiation. Mucous acini with scanty mixed acini predominated and serous acini appeared occasionally. From 20 to 24 weeks the mucous acini stained with toluidine blue featured different degrees of metachromasia even in the case of cells of the same acinus. In the ducts it was also possible to identify metachromatic cells intermingled with basophilic cells in the epithelial coat. These findings suggest that the palatine glands present typical histophysiological material from 14 to 20 weeks. The presence of PAS positive, alcianophilic and metachromatic secretory substance in the acinar lumen and the luminal content of ducts suggests that mucin secretion begins during intrauterine life.

Embryogeny of human labial glands: a structural, ultrastructural and cytochemical study

A histochemical study of labial glands was performed to compare the different stages of differentiation with those of lingual glands previously studied. Labial glands of 8 to 32 week old human fetuses were analyzed with Hematoxylin/eosine, PAS, Cason, Alcian blue, Toluidine blue, methenamine/silver, TEM and Ruthenium red techniques. At 8-10 weeks various differentiation phases of cell cords originated in the epithelium of the labial mucosa were observed. Acinar buds had PAS positive, alcianophilic and metachromatic material in the lumen of 14 week labial glands. The excretory ducts featured similar characteristics. At 24 weeks groups of mucous and seromucous acini were identified and the mucosubstances increased in the 32 week old fetuses. These results show that the labial glands are histophysiologically differentiated at an earlier stage of development (14 weeks) as compared to lingual glands (20 weeks). However, mucosubstance production would begin during the early phases of embryogenesis for both labial and lingual glands.

Effects of He-Ne laser irradiation on chick embryo mesonephros.

A study on the effects of He-Ne laser irradiation on glomeruli and renal tubules of the chick embryo mesonephros at 7 days of in ovo development was made. To this purpose, He-Ne laser irradiation (potency: 5 mW, wavelength: 632.8 nm) was beamed for 5 minutes through a window opened in the egg shell, and the eggs were maintained aseptically for 24 h in an incubator. Mesonephros were dissected out and processed for hematoxylin/eosin, periodic acid-Schiff, and Alcian blue at pH 2.5 and 1.0, toluidine Blue at pH 3.8. In controls, the glomeruli were formed by coiled capillaries with a homogeneous basement membrane, the proximal tubules presented a high cubic epithelium with acidophilic cytoplasm and a developed brush border. Distal and collecting segments were lined by cubic epithelium. An alcianophilic and PAS-positive reaction stood out at the membrane coats of the proximal tubules and tubular and glomerular basement membranes. No glomerular alterations were observed during the experiment. However, there was a marked enlargement of the tubular interstitium, with edema and lymphohistiocytic inflammatory infiltration. Some tubular cells desquamated to the lumen. Other cells presented a raveled apical surface. Some nuclei were dispersed out, and mixing with chromatin, formed diminutive granules. Pyknotic nuclei were seen occasionally. Epithelial necrosis and cytoplasmic debris in the lumen were also noted. For mucins, some zones showed brush border coats of the proximal tubules as discontinuous.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Evolution of germinal epithelium in the chick ovary during embryogenesis.

In previous works we showed a probable relationship between plasma membrane and its differentiations in ovary epithelium with maturation of the left ovary in chick embryo. To elucidate this aspect a cytochemical and ultrastructural study of the germinal epithelium from 7 to 19 days-old chick embryos was performed. Cytochemical and ultracytochemical techniques for mucosubstances localization and transmission electron microscopy were used. At 7 days the epithelium of right and left ovary showed epithelial cells with microvilli and junctional complexes. Irregular folds and projections appeared in the germ cells. Both cell types possessed a coat with a light reaction in the right gonad and more intense in the left one when they were stained with Alcian blue, PAS or Ruthenium Red. From 11 to 19 days, in the left ovary epithelium the layers of cells were increased and presented discontinuous basement membranes and absence of cell projections. On the contrary, in basal and germ cells these structures were increased. The mucosubstances increased from the 15th day. At this time the right ovary showed a simple epithelium with cells without projections. The germ cells disappeared in this ovary and a marked decrement of mucosubstances was observed. These results indicate that it exists a direct relationship between cellular morphogenesis and the mucosubstances of membranes. These substances may play a special role in the cellular migration of the left ovary since they were not detected in the right gonad which suffers regression and embryonic atrophy.

Interstitial cells of the ovaries of the chick embryo: ultrastructural aspects of their innervation.

In a previous work we demonstrated that germ and epithelial cells of the atrophic right ovary and of the medulla in the left functioning ovary undergo regression while interstitial cells are preserved. The objective of the present study was to analyze the relationship between nerve fibers and nerve endings and interstitial cells from both ovaries during embryogenesis in the chick. To this purpose, left and right ovaries from embryos of 7 to 19 days of development were processed for ultrastructural study and ultracytochemical determination of acid phosphatase. At 7 days, isolated interstitial cells were found in the central region of both ovaries, containing SER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria with tubular cristae and abundant lipidic vacuoles. Nerve fibers and nerve endings were scarce. From the 11th day, interstitial cells were found grouped in the right ovary and in the medulla of the left one, and were related to nerve bundles surrounded by Schwann cells. The nerve ending, in close contact with the membrane of interstitial cells, contained mitochondria, microtubules and small and big vesicles, some with an electro-dense content. This relationship between interstitial cells and nerve endings and fibers was more frequent from the 15th day. The activity of acid phosphatase localized in germ and epithelial cells presented a more intense reaction in the right ovary and in the medulla of the left ovary at 15 days.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)