REPRESENTATION OF KIDNEY DAMAGE AT THE MOLECULAR LEVEL IN PATIENTS WITH UROLITHIASIS BASED ON THE STUDY OF ENZYMATIC TEST INDICATORS.

The aim of the work is to improve the results of early diagnosis of acute infectious kidney diseases at the molecular level in urolithiasis (urinary stone disease) through the study of enzymatic test indicators. Enzymatic tests (NGAL, IL-1ß, ß2-microglobulin) were investigated at the molecular level using the IFA method in the urine of patients with urolithiasis. Comparative and prognostic significance of the conducted treatment was established between the groups of patients, and an algorithm was developed based on the results of kidney damage predictors. It was found that the indicators of general laboratory analysis in patients with urolithiasis within the first 24-48 hours do not reliably indicate the absence of an infectious-inflammatory process in the kidneys and the development of renal failure. It was determined that an increase in the inflammation predictor indicators in more than 50% of patients indicates the development of infectious-inflammatory complications within the first 12-24 hours before the occurrence of general laboratory and clinical changes. The assessment of the effectiveness of conservative therapy in groups IA and II revealed that complications of the inflammatory process in the kidneys were observed five times more frequently in group II (comparison) than in group IA. The use of enzymatic tests as markers for early kidney damage allows for the classification of two main groups of patients: those requiring conservative treatment and those requiring urgent surgical intervention. This significantly reduces the frequency of inflammatory, purulent-septic complications and improves the treatment outcomes for patients with upper urinary tract obstruction in urolithiasis.

Sorption of Polar Sorbents into GO Powders and Membranes.

The comparative study of sorption of polar substances acetonitrile and water into powders and membranes (>10 µm thick) of modified Hummers (HGO) and Brodie (BGO) graphite oxides was performed using isopiestic method (IM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Additional sorption data were obtained for pyridine and 1-octanol. Sorption measurements were accompanied by conventional XRD and XPS control. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was additionally used to characterize ordering of the membranes. The impact on sorption of synthetic procedure (Brodie or Hummers), method of making membranes, chemical nature of the sorbent, and method of sorption was systematically examined. It was demonstrated that variations in synthetic procedures within both Hummers and Brodie methods did not lead to changes in the sorption properties of the corresponding powders. Sorption of acetonitrile and pyridine was reduced by approximately half when switching from powders to membranes at ambient temperature. DSC measurements at a lower temperature gave equal sorption of acetonitrile into HGO powder and membranes. Water has demonstrated unique sorption properties. Equal sorption of water was measured for HGO membranes and powders at T = 298 K and at T = 273 K. It was demonstrated that lowering the orientational alignment of the membranes led to the increase of sorption. In practice this could allow one to tune sorption/swelling and transport properties of the GO membranes directly by adjusting their internal ordering without the use of any composite materials.

[The development of the methods for the extraction, identification, and quantitative determination of alimemazine in the biological fluids from the laboratory animals under the acute poisoning conditions]. / Razrabotka metodik izolirovaniia, obnaruzheniia i kolichestvennogo opredeleniia alimemazina v biologicheskikh zhidkostiakh laboratornykh zhivotnykh pri ostrykh otravleniiakh.

There is the present-day tendency toward prescribing atypical neuroleptics for the management of neurologic and psychic disorders. Alimemazine appears to be very frequently used for this purpose due to the broad spectrum of its actions. At the same time, cases of alimemazine poisoning with the fatal outcome have been described. The objective of the present study was determine alimemazine in the biological fluids from the laboratory animals under the acute poisoning conditions. The experiments were carried with the use of the Wistar rats having 200 g body weight. Alimemazine was isolated from their biological fluids (blood plasma and urine) using the liquid-liquid extraction techniques developed specially for the purpose of this study. Alimemazine was extracted and quantitatively determined by HPLC and HPLC/MS. The method for the isolation of alimemazine from the urine and blood plasma is described. The results of the study give evidence that the maximum amount of the substance of interest can be extracted from the blood plasma within 1 hour after the administration of the toxic dose of alimemazine and within 2 hours after the administration of its therapeutic dose. The maximum amount of alimemazine in the urine is found within 3 hours after the administration of its therapeutic dose to the laboratory animals. It is concluded that the proposed methods for the extraction of alimemazine from the biological fluids can be included in the scheme of the chemical toxicological analysis of this substance.

[The chemical toxicological analysis of sertindole].

Sertindole is an "non-typical" neuroleptic extensively used for the treatment of schizophrenic patients. The detection of intoxication with this medication implies the necessity of development of the optimal methods for its isolation from the biological materials and further identification. The objective of the present work was to study the influence of various factors on the efficiency of sertindole extraction from solutions, the elaboration of the methods for its isolation from biological objects, detection, and quantitative determination in the extracts from these objects. Investigations into the influence of various factors on the isolation of sertindole from solutions included characteristic of the chemical nature of the organic solvent and the electrolyte, measurements of pH, time and frequency of extraction with the use of UV spectrophotometry. Isolation of sertindole from the liver, kidneys, brain, heart, gastric and intestinal contents was carried out by the method of A.A. Vasil'ev. Moreover, we have developed an original method for the detection of sertindole in the extracts using TLC, UV spectrophotometry, and HPLC. The qualitative determination of sertindole in the extracts from the internal organs, blood plasma, and urine was performed by HPLC. The optimal conditions for sertindole liberation from the extracts have been found and TLC-screening conditions proposed. The TLC, UV spectrophotometric, and HPLC techniques specially modified for the determination of sertindole in the extracts were used. It was shown that the maximum amounts of sertindole were present in the liver and brain within 24 hours after acute poisoning. In the kidneys, stomach, and intestines, it accumulated in smaller quantities Extracts from the heart did not contain sertindole. Maximum efficiency of the sertindole extraction during 24 hours was achived from blood plasma.

[Investigations of the distribution of aripiprazole in the internal organs and biological fluids of the laboratory animals in case of acute intoxication].

Despite the present-day extensive application of aripiprazole, there are many cases of its overdose and of poisoning with this compound. The objective of the present study was to detect and quantify aripiprazole in the internal organs and biological fluids of the laboratory animals in case of acute intoxication. The experiments were carried out on white mice of both sexes weighing 20.5 and 25.7 g. Aripiprazole was isolated from the liver, kidneys, brain, and heart as described by A.A. Vasil'eva and from the plasma and urine by the newly developed original methods. Aripiprazole was identified and quantitatively determined in the extracts from the aforementioned organs and tissues with the use of HPLC. The data obtained on the completeness of extraction from the liver, kidneys , and brain of the laboratory animals indicate that aripiprazole accumulated in the highest concentrations in the brain and kidneys within 24 hours after acute poisoning. Ist content was significantly lower in the liver while no traces of aripiprazole were found in the heart of the mice. The methods for aripiprazole isolation from the urine and blood plasma are described. The maximum amounts of aripiprazole were detected in blood plasma within 24 hours after acute intoxication. It is concluded that the proposed methods for aripiprazole isolation from the biological fluids (blood plasma and urine) can be included in the scheme of the chemical toxicological analysis of this compound.

[Experimental validation of the use of betamecil in ophthalmology]. / Eksperiemntal'noe obosnovanie primeneniia betametsila v oftal'mologii.

Wound-healing activity of 2% betamicil ointment in comparison with the traditional stimulants of corneal repair regeneration (methyluracyl and solcoseril) was studied in experiments. The rate of epithelialization of a standard trephination wound in rabbit cornea (28 animals), mitotic activity of the anterior corneal epithelium, and strength of the regenerated tissue were assessed after use of different stimulants and in control. A maximal positive effect of local betamicil (2% ointment) was observed: the wounds epithelialized 57% sooner than in control, but there was no reliable difference from solcoseril; the regenerate of linear corneal wound was 1.5 times stronger. Use of this ointment in ophthalmology is validated.

[Antiradical and antioxidant activity of derivatives of 1,2,4-triazole and quinazoline in cerebral ischemia]. / Antiradikal'naia i antiokislitel'naia aktivnost' proizvodnykh 1,2,4-triazola i khinazolina pri ishemii golovnogo mozga.

Antioxidant and antiradical activity of 1,2,4-triazole and quinazoline derivatives inhibiting superradical at the initial stages of free-radical oxidation have been studied in vitro by the method of Hara P, Mista, 1972. It is acceptable for the determination of antiradical and antioxidant activity of newly synthesized compounds.

[Leocaine--a new generation of local anesthetics]. / Leokain--mestnyi anestetik novogo pokoleniia.

Leocaine is a new crystal beta-modification of beta-dimethylaminoethyl ether of n-butylaminobenzoic acid hydrochloride. Its chemical formula is the same as for dicaine, but it has a number of advantages over this drug. The anesthetic activity of leocaine is 2.5 times higher than that of dicaine. By the duration and depth of anesthesia 0.3% leocaine solution corresponds to 1% dicaine. Leocaine exerts no toxic effect on the corneal epithelium and its instillation into the conjunctival cavity does not result in the reactive dilatation of corneal or episcleral vessels. Leocaine solution is stable for 2 years. Clinical trials of leocaine carried out on more than 2500 patients showed virtually complete absence of side effects. Commercial manufacture of leocaine is launched at present. One of the commercial preparations represents a 0.3% solution of the active substance in isotonic NaCl solution. Another drug contains, besides leocaine, methylcellulose. Eye drops with leocaine are recommended for practical ophthalmology instead of dicaine for local anesthesia. The drugs are permitted for medical use and commercial manufacture by the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Russia.

[Clinical-immunological characteristics of the state of the thyroid gland in children exposed to ionizing radiation because of the Chernobyl AES accident]. / Kliniko-immunologicheskaia kharakteristika sostoianiia shchitovidnoi zhelezy u detei, podvergshikhsia deistviiu ioniziruiushchego izlucheniia vsledstvie avarii na Chernobyl'skoi AES.

Overall 806 children evacuated from the city of Pripyat were examined for the thyroid condition. The children who received a dose of more than 30 rad for the thyroid manifested primary response in the form of euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia, a high risk of the development in future of autoimmune diseases in the lack of hypothyrosis.

[Hypoglycemic effect of nicotinamide in diabetes mellitus]. / Gipoglikemicheskii éffekt nikotinamida pri sakharnom diabete.

Administration of nicotinamide (NA) is followed by a pronounced hypoglycemic effect with a simultaneous decrease of glucose content in the lens, sciatic nerve and aorta at manifest streptozotocin-induced diabetes and also by a complete normalization of parameters of the intraperitoneal glucose-tolerance test in rats with a "diabetic" type of glucose tolerance. A 14-day NA treatment of patients with diabetes mellitus results in the improvement of the glycemic profile, a decrease of glucosuria and the blood serum level of protein-bound hexoses as well as positive shifts in the condition of the cardiovascular and nervous systems.