Pharmaceutical Care Practice and Consequences on Quality of Life and Satisfaction of Diabetic Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract The pursuit of quality of life, which has become marked in recent years, has translated into important population health benefits. This study assessed the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) who received pharmaceutical care, and their satisfaction with the service provided in community pharmacies. This single blind, randomized controlled clinical trial included 100 patients. The intervention group (N=47) received pharmaceutical care by a clinical pharmacist and the control group (N=42) received standard care. The Quality of Life Diabetes Questionnaire (DQOL) was used to measure all participants´ quality of life at study enrollment and six months later. Satisfaction of the participants in the intervention group was measured using a validated 14-items questionnaire. At the end of the study, participants in the intervention group had a statistically significant improvement in DQOL scores ( -0.62 x 1.57, p < 0.001) and were highly satisfied with the intervention (96% excellent satisfaction scores). Pharmaceutical care practice was associated with high satisfaction and increased quality of life scores in T2DM patients. These results underscore the important role of pharmacists to improve the health of diabetic patients.

Characteristics of Triatomine infestation and natural Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION Natural and artificial ecotope infestation by the kissing bug triatomines and their colonization and infection by Trypanosoma cruzi , the Chagas disease agent, were evaluated in nine municipalities of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. METHODS Following identification, triatomine intestinal contents were analyzed by direct microscopic examination, xenoculture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for parasite detection. Trypanosoma cruzi isolates were genotyped using three different markers. RESULTS Of 842 triatomines captured, 65% were Triatoma brasiliensis , 17.8% Triatoma pseudomaculata , 12.5% Panstrongylus lutzi , and 4.7% Rhodnius nasutus . Triatoma brasiliensis and P. lutzi adults were found in the intradomicile. T. brasiliensis, T. pseudomaculata , and R. nasutus nymphs and adults were found in the peridomicile and wild environment. Intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary infestation indexes were 5.6% and 33.7%, respectively. In the peridomicile, chicken coops were the most infested ecotope. The T. cruzi triatomine infection rate was 30.2%, of which PCR detected 29%. P . lutzi (78.1%), T . brasiliensis (24.5%), and T . pseudomaculata (22.7%) were the most infected species. TcII and III genotypes were detected in T. brasiliensis and TcIII in P. lutzi . CONCLUSIONS T. brasiliensis was found in all environments and most ecotopes with high T. cruzi infection rates. High infection rates were also detected in T . pseudomaculata and P. lutzi , suggesting their role in the interchange between the wild and peridomestic transmission cycles. The combination of PCR, microscopic examination, and xenoculture contributed to improving T. cruzi infection evaluation in triatomine bugs. The TcII and TcIII genotypes were predominant in the study area.

Characteristics of Triatomine infestation and natural Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil

Abstract: INTRODUCTION Natural and artificial ecotope infestation by the kissing bug triatomines and their colonization and infection by Trypanosoma cruzi , the Chagas disease agent, were evaluated in nine municipalities of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. METHODS Following identification, triatomine intestinal contents were analyzed by direct microscopic examination, xenoculture, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for parasite detection. Trypanosoma cruzi isolates were genotyped using three different markers. RESULTS Of 842 triatomines captured, 65% were Triatoma brasiliensis , 17.8% Triatoma pseudomaculata , 12.5% Panstrongylus lutzi , and 4.7% Rhodnius nasutus . Triatoma brasiliensis and P. lutzi adults were found in the intradomicile. T. brasiliensis, T. pseudomaculata , and R. nasutus nymphs and adults were found in the peridomicile and wild environment. Intradomiciliary and peridomiciliary infestation indexes were 5.6% and 33.7%, respectively. In the peridomicile, chicken coops were the most infested ecotope. The T. cruzi triatomine infection rate was 30.2%, of which PCR detected 29%. P . lutzi (78.1%), T . brasiliensis (24.5%), and T . pseudomaculata (22.7%) were the most infected species. TcII and III genotypes were detected in T. brasiliensis and TcIII in P. lutzi . CONCLUSIONS T. brasiliensis was found in all environments and most ecotopes with high T. cruzi infection rates. High infection rates were also detected in T . pseudomaculata and P. lutzi , suggesting their role in the interchange between the wild and peridomestic transmission cycles. The combination of PCR, microscopic examination, and xenoculture contributed to improving T. cruzi infection evaluation in triatomine bugs. The TcII and TcIII genotypes were predominant in the study area.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the Pap test among women in Northeastern Brazil.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The Papanicolaou (Pap) test has been shown to be effective in preventing cervical cancer. However, both the national and international literature shows that Pap testing has not reached the level of coverage desired. The objective of this study was to assess women's knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the Pap test and to investigate whether there are any associations between these three factors and the women's sociodemographic characteristics. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in Floriano, Piauí. METHODS: The study was conducted among 493 women between November 2009 and December 2010. A questionnaire with precoded questions was sed, and the responses were analyzed in terms of appropriateness in relation to the Pap test. RESULTS: The degrees of adequacy of knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the Pap test were 36.7%, 67.2% and 69.6%, respectively. Among the main barriers against testing, absence of symptoms and a sense of embarrassment were the most notable. CONCLUSIONS: Women who visit doctors periodically had the most appropriate practices regarding the Pap test, but their knowledge of the procedure was poor. This suggests that these women were not receiving adequate information about the benefits of periodic testing.

Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the Pap test among women in northeastern Brazil / Conhecimentos, atitudes e praticas sobre o exame de Papanicolaou em mulheres do nordeste brasileiro

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: The Papanicolaou (Pap) test has been shown to be effective in preventing cervical cancer. However, both the national and international literature shows that Pap testing has not reached the level of coverage desired. The objective of this study was to assess women's knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the Pap test and to investigate whether there are any associations between these three factors and the women's sociodemographic characteristics. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional descriptive study conducted in Floriano, Piauí. METHODS : The study was conducted among 493 women between November 2009 and December 2010. A questionnaire with precoded questions was sed, and the responses were analyzed in terms of appropriateness in relation to the Pap test. RESULTS : The degrees of adequacy of knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding the Pap test were 36.7%, 67.2% and 69.6%, respectively. Among the main barriers against testing, absence of symptoms and a sense of embarrassment were the most notable. CONCLUSIONS: Women who visit doctors periodically had the most appropriate practices regarding the Pap test, but their knowledge of the procedure was poor. This suggests that these women were not receiving adequate information about the benefits of periodic testing. .

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: O exame de Papanicolaou já mostrou efetividade na prevenção de câncer do colo do útero. A literatura nacional e internacional tem mostrado que o exame de Papanicolaou não tem alcançado o índice de cobertura desejado. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas entre mulheres em relação ao exame de Papanicolaou e verificar se existe associação entre esses comportamentos e as características sociodemográficas. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo descritivo e transversal realizado em Floriano, Piauí. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi conduzido com 493 mulheres no período de novembro de 2009 a dezembro de 2010. Utilizou-se m questionário com perguntas precodificadas, cujas respostas foram analisadas quanto à adequação dos comportamentos em relação ao exame. RESULTADOS: Os graus de adequação dos conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas em relação ao exame foram de 36,7%, 67,2% e 69,6%, respectivamente. Dentre as principais barreiras para a sua realização, destacaram-se a ausência de sintomas e a vergonha. CONCLUSÃO: As mulheres que realizam consultas periodicamente apresentam prática mais adequada, porém com baixa adequação de conhecimentos frente ao procedimento, sugerindo que não estejam recebendo as informações adequadas sobre os benefícios da realização periódica do exame de Papanicolaou. .

Seroepidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the semiarid rural zone of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: A seroepidemiological survey was carried out to evaluate Trypanosoma cruzi infection in an endemic area of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, involving rural residents. METHODS: Sixteen municipalities were randomly selected, 15 from the west mesoregion and one from the central, with an estimated population of 83,852 individuals. A total of 1,950 blood samples were collected in the west mesoregion and 390 in Caicó. Anti-T. cruzi antibodies were detected using the Chagatest® ELISA HAI-hemagglutination kits and indirect immunofluorescence. As sera presented indeterminate results, TESAcruzi® western blot was performed to confirm reactivity. RESULTS: An estimated seroprevalence of 6.5% was determined for the west mesoregion and 3.3% for Caicó. Seropositivity rises progressively with the age of individuals, up to 40 years in Caicó and up to 50 years in the west mesoregion. Only educational level and knowledge regarding the triatomine were associated with seropositivity. No seroreactive individuals under 18 years of age were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Infection by T. cruzi remains high and is concentrated in municipalities in the central western area of the west mesoregion; however, evidence suggests a decline in vector transmission in this mesoregion and in Caicó. Epidemiological variables appear not to influence seropositivity, with the exception of education and knowledge concerning the triatomine, among seroreactive individuals from the west mesoregion.

Seroepidemiology of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in the semiarid rural zone of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil / Soroepidemiologia da infecção pelo Trypanosoma cruzi na zona rural do semiárido do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

INTRODUCTION: A seroepidemiological survey was carried out to evaluate Trypanosoma cruzi infection in an endemic area of the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, involving rural residents. METHODS: Sixteen municipalities were randomly selected, 15 from the west mesoregion and one from the central, with an estimated population of 83,852 individuals. A total of 1,950 blood samples were collected in the west mesoregion and 390 in Caicó. Anti-T. cruzi antibodies were detected using the Chagatest® ELISA HAI-hemagglutination kits and indirect immunofluorescence. As sera presented indeterminate results, TESAcruzi® western blot was performed to confirm reactivity. RESULTS: An estimated seroprevalence of 6.5% was determined for the west mesoregion and 3.3% for Caicó. Seropositivity rises progressively with the age of individuals, up to 40 years in Caicó and up to 50 years in the west mesoregion. Only educational level and knowledge regarding the triatomine were associated with seropositivity. No seroreactive individuals under 18 years of age were identified. CONCLUSIONS: Infection by T. cruzi remains high and is concentrated in municipalities in the central western area of the west mesoregion; however, evidence suggests a decline in vector transmission in this mesoregion and in Caicó. Epidemiological variables appear not to influence seropositivity, with the exception of education and knowledge concerning the triatomine, among seroreactive individuals from the west mesoregion.

INTRODUÇÃO: A infecção pelo Trypanosoma cruzi foi avaliada em uma área endêmica do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, por inquérito soroepidemiológico amostral em moradores da zona rural. MÉTODOS: Dezesseis municípios foram sorteados, 15 da mesorregião oeste e um da central, com população estimada em 83.852 indivíduos. Foram coletadas 1.950 amostras de sangue no oeste e 390 em Caicó. A detecção de anticorpos anti-T. cruzi foi realizada usando os kits Chagatest® ELISA, HAI-hemaglutinação e a reação de imunofluorescência indireta. Nos soros com resultados indeterminados foi realizado o western blot TESAcruzi® para confirmação da reatividade. RESULTADOS: A estimativa da soroprevalência revelou 6,5% para a mesorregião oeste e 3,3% em Caicó. A soropositividade eleva-se progressivamente com a idade dos indivíduos até a quinta década de vida em Caicó e na sexta década na mesorregião oeste. Apenas o grau de escolaridade e o conhecimento do triatomíneo evidenciaram associação à soropositividade. Não foram identificados indivíduos sororreativos com idade inferior a 18 anos. CONCLUSÕES: A infecção pelo T. cruzi persiste mais elevada e concentrada em municípios da área central da mesorregião oeste, mas evidências sugerem o declínio da transmissão vetorial nessa mesorregião e em Caicó. As variáveis epidemiológicas parecem não exercer influência na soropositividade, à exceção da escolaridade e conhecimento do triatomíneo entre indivíduos sororreativos da mesorregião oeste.

Frequência e perfil de resistência de Klebsiella spp. em um hospital universitário de Natal/RN durante 10 anos / Frequence and resistance profile of Klebsiella spp. isolates in a university hospital in Natal/RN during a ten-year period

INTRODUÇÃO: As espécies de Klebsiella spp. podem causar vários tipos de infecções, principalmente hospitalares, e têm merecido destaque pelos seus variados e emergentes mecanismos de resistência. OBJETIVOS: Determinar a frequência de isolamento e a caracterização do perfil de resistência de Klebsiella spp. em um hospital universitário durante um período de 10 anos e, ainda, avaliar a tendência para o crescimento dessa resistência. Material e método: Fez-se um estudo descritivo e retrospectivo a partir de dados coletados nos livros de registro do Laboratório de Microbiologia Clínica do hospital investigado, correspondentes ao período de janeiro de 1999 a dezembro de 2008. RESULTADO: A frequência de isolamento de Klebsiella spp. foi de 13,4 por cento com predominância em uroculturas (56,4 por cento). Houve aumento significativo na resistência para a maioria dos antimicrobianos testados ao longo do período analisado com tendência para o crescimento da mesma. Nesse período, isolou-se 23 por cento de Klebsiella spp. com fenótipo produtor de betalactamases de amplo espectro (ESBL). DISCUSSÃO: O isolamento de Klebsiella spp. resistente a antimicrobianos em amostras de origem clínica e a detecção da tendência do crescimento da resistência, inclusive às drogas de reserva terapêutica, são motivos de grande preocupação. Nesse hospital, a implantação de métodos de triagem e de confirmatórios para os mecanismos de resistência de Klebsiella spp. poderiam auxiliar no diagnóstico e no tratamento das infecções causadas por esse microrganismo. CONCLUSÃO: A tendência de crescimento na resistência aos antibióticos detectada neste estudo reforça a importância de monitoramentos contínuos. Estes elucidam características locais, orientando para melhores medidas de controle.

INTRODUCTION: Klebsiella spp. species can cause several infections, particularly nosocomial ones. Furthermore, its multiple emerging resistance mechanisms have been widely described. OBJECTIVES: To determine the isolation frequency and resistance profile of Klebsiella spp. at a university hospital during a ten-year period as well as to assess the increase in its resistance. Material and method: A retrospective and descriptive study was carried out based on data collected from the record books of the Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology of the investigated Hospital from January 1999 to December 2008. RESULTS: The isolation frequency of Klebsiella spp. was 13.4 percent, predominantly in urine cultures (56.4 percent). There was a significant increase in resistance to most antimicrobials tested over the analyzed period; 23 percent of Klebsiella spp. with ESBL phenotype was isolated over this period. DISCUSSION: Multi-resistant Klebsiella spp. isolates from clinical samples as well as its growing trend in resistance mechanisms, including to reserve drugs, are cause for great concern. The implementation of screening and confirmatory methods of bacterial resistance could aid in the diagnosis and treatment of infections caused by this microorganism. CONCLUSION: The increase in resistance to antibiotics reinforces the importance of continuous monitoring, which elucidates local characteristics and allows more suitable control measures.

Câncer de boca e orofaringe: tendências e análise de sobrevida em Natal (RN) / Oral and oropharyngeal cancer: trends and analysis of survival in Natal (RN)

Introdução: O câncer de boca é classificado como uma das dez maiores incidências de câncer no mundo. No Brasil, as taxas de incidência e de mortalidade por esse câncer encontram-se entre as mais elevadas do mundo. Para o câncer intraoral (língua, gengiva, base da boca e outras e não especificadas partes da boca), a taxa acumulada de sobrevida após 5 anos é menor que 50%. Objetivo: Estimar a probabilidade acumulada de sobrevida após 5 anos, ajustar o modelo de regressão de Cox para os cânceres de boca e de orofaringe, segundo faixa etária, sexo, morfologia e localização, para a cidade de Natal, Brasil. Descrever os coeficientes de mortalidade e de incidência dos cânceres de boca e de orofaringe e as tendências desses coeficientes para a cidade de Natal, nos períodos de 1980 a 2001 e de 1997 a 2001, respectivamente. Metodologia: Foi obtida a sobrevida de pacientes registrados entre 1997 e 2001 no Registro de Câncer de Base populacional de Natal. Foram testadas as diferenças entre as curvas de sobrevida através do teste log-rank. O modelo de riscos proporcionais de Cox foi utilizado para estimativas das razões de riscos. O modelo de regressão linear simples foi utilizado para as análises de tendência dos coeficientes de incidência e de mortalidade. Resultados: A probabilidade acumulada após 5 anos para todos os casos foi de 22,9%. Os pacientes com neoplasia maligna indiferenciada têm 4,7 vezes mais risco de morrer do que aqueles com carcinoma epidermóide, enquanto que os pacientes com câncer de orofaringe têm 2,0 vezes mais risco de morrer do que aqueles com câncer de boca. Os coeficientes padronizados de mortalidade e de incidência do câncer de boca em Natal foram, respectivamente, 2,9 e 4,3 por 100 mil habitantes. Para o câncer de orofaringe10 os coeficientes obtidos de mortalidade e de incidência foram, respectivamente, 1,1 e 0,7 por 100 mil habitantes. Conclusão: Identifica-se uma baixa taxa de sobrevida após 5 anos. Pacientes com câncer de boca...

Purpose Estimate the accumulated survival probability after five years and adjust the Cox regression model for mouth and oropharyngeal cancers, according to age range, sex, morphology, and location, for the city of Natal, Brazil. Methods Survival data of patients registered between 1997 and 2001 was obtained from the Population-based Cancer Record of Natal. Differences between the survival curves were tested using the log-rank test. The Cox proportional risk model was used to estimate risk ratios. Results The median survival time obtained for all the cases was 9.5 months, with accumulated probability after five years of 22.9%. The patients with undifferentiated malignant neoplasia were 4.7 times more at risk of dying than those with epidermoid carcinoma, whereas the patients with oropharyngeal cancer had 2.0 times more at risk of dying than those with mouth cancer. Conclusions A low survival rate after five years was identified and no improvement in prognosis was observed over time. Patients with oropharyngeal cancer had a greater risk of dying, independent of the factors considered in this study. Also independent of other factors, undifferentiated malignant neoplasia posed a greater risk of death.

Conhecimentos, atitudes e prática do exame de Papanicolaou por mulheres, Nordeste do Brasil / Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to Pap test by women, Northeastern Brazil

OBJETIVO: Analisar conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas das mulheres em relação ao exame citológico de Papanicolaou e a associação entre esses comportamentos e características sociodemográficas MÉTODOS: Inquérito domiciliar com abordagem quantitativa. Foram entrevistadas 267 mulheres com idade de 15 a 69 anos, selecionadas de forma estratificada aleatória, residentes no município de São José do Mipibu, RN, em 2007. Utilizou-se questionário com perguntas pré-codificadas e abertas, cujas respostas foram descritas e analisadas quanto à adequação dos conhecimentos, atitudes e prática das mulheres em relação ao exame preventivo de Papanicolaou. Foram realizados testes de associação entre as características sociodemográficas e os comportamentos estudados, com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Apesar de 46,1% das mulheres entrevistadas terem mostrado conhecimento adequado, proporções de adequação significativamente maiores foram observadas em relação às atitudes e prática quanto ao exame: 63,3% e 64,4%, respectivamente. O maior grau de escolaridade apresentou associação com adequação dos conhecimentos, atitudes e prática, enquanto as principais barreiras para a realização do exame relatadas foram descuido, falta de solicitação do exame pelo médico e vergonha. CONCLUSÕES: O médico é a principal fonte de informação sobre o exame de Papanicolau. Entretanto, mulheres que vão a consultas com maior freqüência, embora apresentem prática mais adequada do exame, possuem baixa adequação de conhecimento e atitude frente ao procedimento, sugerindo que não estejam recebendo as informações adequadas sobre o objetivo do exame, suas vantagens e benefícios para sua saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of women related to the Pap test and the association between these behaviors and sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS: A household survey with quantitative approach was conducted. A total of 267 women aged 15 to 69 years, randomly selected in a stratified manner, living in the city of São José de Mipibu, Northeastern Brazil, were interviewed in 2007. A questionnaire consisting of pre-coded open questions was administered and answers were described and analyzed, as for adequacy of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of women regarding the Pap test. Tests of association were carried out between sociodemographic characteristics and behaviors studied at a 5% significance level. RESULTS: Although 46.1% of the women interviewed showed adequate knowledge about the Pap test, a significantly higher proportion of adequacy was seen regarding attitudes and practices, 63.3% and 64.4%, respectively. Higher schooling was associated with adequacy of knowledge, attitudes, and practices. The main barriers to the Pap test were negligence, non-requesting by their physicians, and shame. CONCLUSIONS: The physician is the main source of information about the Pap test. However, women who more often attend medical visits, despite their good practice, show low adequacy of knowledge and attitudes related to the Pap test, which indicates that they are not receiving appropriate information on the test's purpose, advantages and benefits to women's health.

Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to Pap test by women, Northeastern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the knowledge, attitudes and practices of women related to the Pap test and the association between these behaviors and sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS: A household survey with quantitative approach was conducted. A total of 267 women aged 15 to 69 years, randomly selected in a stratified manner, living in the city of São José de Mipibu, Northeastern Brazil, were interviewed in 2007. A questionnaire consisting of pre-coded open questions was administered and answers were described and analyzed, as for adequacy of knowledge, attitudes, and practices of women regarding the Pap test. Tests of association were carried out between sociodemographic characteristics and behaviors studied at a 5% significance level. RESULTS: Although 46.1% of the women interviewed showed adequate knowledge about the Pap test, a significantly higher proportion of adequacy was seen regarding attitudes and practices, 63.3% and 64.4%, respectively. Higher schooling was associated with adequacy of knowledge, attitudes, and practices. The main barriers to the Pap test were negligence, non-requesting by their physicians, and shame. CONCLUSIONS: The physician is the main source of information about the Pap test. However, women who more often attend medical visits, despite their good practice, show low adequacy of knowledge and attitudes related to the Pap test, which indicates that they are not receiving appropriate information on the test's purpose, advantages and benefits to women's health.

Human papillomavirus infection in women attended at a cervical cancer screening service in Natal, Brazil / Infecção por papilomavírus humano em mulheres atendidas em um serviço de prevenção ao câncer do colo do útero em Natal, Brasil

We analyzed cervical specimens of 202 women, aged 15 to 64 years, attended at Luis Antonio Hospital, Natal, Brazil, to determine the prevalence of HPV and identify the more frequent genotypes and risk factors for HPV infection in women attended at a cervical cancer screening service. Two specimens were collected from each patient: one for cytological examination and the other to detect HPV DNA by PCR, and typing by dot blot hybridization. A total of 54.5 percent of the sample had normal cytology and 45.5 percent had cytological alterations. HPV was detected in 24.5 percent of the cytologically normal women and in 59.8 percent of those with altered cytology. Both single and double HPV infection increased the likelihood of cytological alterations. Thirteen types of HPV were identified, most of which were high risk. HPV 16 was the most prevalent single-type infection, followed by HPV 58. The most frequent double infection was the association between HPV 56 and 57. The prevalence of HPV in cytologically normal women was greater than that reported for countries on all the continents except Africa. The inverse was observed in women with cytological alterations. The distribution of HPV types was similar to that described for the Americas, with some differences. Multiple sexual partners was the only risk factor showing an association with the presence of HPV infection.

Foram analisados espécimes cervicais de 202 mulheres, com idade variando de 15 e 64 anos, atendidas no Hospital Luis Antonio, Natal-RN, objetivando determinar a prevalência do HPV, identificar genotipos do vírus e possíveis fatores de risco para a infecção por esse patógeno, em mulheres atendidas em um serviço de rastreamento do câncer do colo do útero. De cada paciente foram coletados dois espécimes: um destinado ao exame citológico e outro para detecção do HPV por PCR, com tipagem por hibridização "dot blot". Das pacientes incluídas no estudo, 54,5 por cento apresentaram citologia normal e 45,5 por cento tinham alterações citológicas. HPV foi detectado em 24,5 por cento das mulheres com citologia normal, e em 59,8 por cento das que apresentaram citologia alterada. Tanto a infecção por um único tipo de HPV, quanto a infecção simultânea por dois tipos diferentes do vírus aumentaram a chance de ocorrência de alterações citológicas. Foram identificados treze tipos de HPV, a maioria de alto risco. Nas infecções por um único tipo, o HPV 16 foi o mais prevalente, seguido do HPV 58. Na infecção dupla a associação mais freqüente foi entre HPV 56 e 57. A prevalência do HPV nas mulheres com citologia normal foi superior a relatada para países de todos os continentes, exceto África. Nas mulheres com alterações citológicas observou-se resultado inverso. A distribuição dos tipos de HPV foi semelhante à descrita para Américas, com algumas diferenças. Dos fatores de risco analisados, o relacionamento sexual com múltiplos parceiros foi o único que apresentou associação com a presença de infecção por HPV.

Prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns e avaliação da qualidade de vida no climatério / Prevalence of mental disorders and assessment of quality of life in the climaterium

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns e a qualidade de vida (QV) relacionados à saúde em mulheres no climatério. MÉTODOS: Foram incluídas 191 mulheres (entre 45 e 65 anos) em estudo analítico transversal. Um questionário, contendo informações pessoais, hábitos/saúde e dados demográficos, foi administrado em associação a instrumentos validados para medir qualidade de vida (SF-36, Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey) e estimar a prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns (SRQ-20, Self Reporting Questionnaire). RESULTADOS: Com a utilização do SRQ-20 e empregando ponto de corte de oito ou mais respostas afirmativas, 39,8 por cento das mulheres foram classificadas como apresentando transtornos mentais comuns. Evidenciou-se maior prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns e piores escores de QV nas mulheres com pouca escolaridade, baixa renda familiar e que não exerciam atividades profissionais fora do domicílio. Os escores médios para todos os domínios do SF-36 foram significativamente mais baixos nas mulheres categorizadas por apresentarem transtornos mentais comuns. CONCLUSÃO: A prevalência de transtornos mentais comuns é elevada na amostra de mulheres no climatério e está associada com repercussões negativas sobre sua qualidade de vida. Fatores psicossociais exercem significativa influência, e estratégias de suporte psicológico deveriam ser instituídas no contexto das políticas de saúde voltadas para mulheres no climatério.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate prevalence of mental distress and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in climacteric women. METHODS: A total of 191 women (45 to 65 years of age) were included in this cross-sectional study. A questionnaire about personal information, habits/health, and demographic data was administered in association with the two validated instruments to measure HRQoL, SF-36, Medical Outcomes Study 36-item Short-Form Health Survey and to estimate prevalence of common mental distress (20-item SRQ, Self Reporting Questionnaire). RESULTS: By using the 20-item SRQ for assessing mental distress, and establishing a cut-off level of at least 8 items, 39.8 percent of the women were categorized as having mental distress. A higher prevalence of mental distress and lower SF-36 scores were found in women in the perimenopause, particularly those with poor education and low family income who did not work outside the home. All SF-36 domains were significantly lower in women with mental distress than those in women without mental distress. CONCLUSION: Prevalence of mental distress is high in this sample of climacteric women and is associated with negative repercussions on the quality of life. This shows that psychosocial factors are significantly involved and psychological support strategies should be instituted in the form of health policies for climacteric women.