Efficacy and safety of artificial urinary sphincter (AUS): Results of a large multi-institutional cohort of patients with mid-term follow-up.

AIMS: To assess efficacy and safety as well as predictive factors of dry rate and freedom from surgical revision in patients underwent AUS placement. The artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) is still considered the standard for the treatment of moderate to severe post-prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence (SUI). However, data reporting efficacy and safety from large series are lacking. METHODS: A multicenter, retrospective study was conducted in 16 centers in Europe and USA. Only primary cases of AUS implantation in non-neurogenic SUI after prostate surgery, with a follow-up of at least 1 year were included. Efficacy data (continence rate, based on pad usage) and safety data (revision rate in case of infection and erosion, as well as atrophy or mechanical failure) were collected. Multivariable analyses were performed in order to investigate possible predictors of the aforementioned outcomes. RESULTS: Eight hundred ninety-two men had primary AUS implantation. At 32 months mean follow-up overall dry rate and surgical revision were 58% and 30.7%, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that patients without previous incontinence surgery had a higher probability to be dry after AUS implantation (OR: 0.51, P = 0.03). Moreover institutional case-load was positively associated with dry rate (OR: 1.18; P = 0.005) and freedom from revision (OR: 1.51; P = 0.00). CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study showed that AUS is an effective option for the treatment of SUI after prostate surgery. Moreover previous incontinence surgery and low institutional case-load are negatively associated to efficacy and safety outcomes.

Expression of Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Induced by IFN-γ and TNF-α as Potential Biomarker of Prostate Cancer Progression.

Inflammation has been suggested to play an important role in onset and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). Histological analysis of prostatectomy specimens has revealed focal inflammation in early stage lesions of this malignancy. We addressed the role of inflammatory stimuli in the release of PCa-specific, tumor-derived soluble factors (PCa-TDSFs) already reported to be mediators of PCa morbidity, such as indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and interleukin (IL)-6. Inflammation-driven production and functions of PCa-TDFSs were tested "in vitro" by stimulating established cell lines (CA-HPV-10 and PC3) with IFN-γ or TNF-α. Expression of genes encoding IDO, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, and their receptors was investigated in tumor tissues of PCa patients undergoing radical prostatectomy, in comparison with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) specimens. IFN-γ and TNF-α-treatment resulted in the induction of IDO and IL-6 gene expression and release in established cell lines, suggesting that the elicitation of PCa-TDSFs by these cytokines might contribute to progression of cancer into an untreatable phenotype. An analysis based on timing of biochemical recurrence revealed the prognostic value of IDO but not IL-6 gene expression in predicting recurrence-free survival in patients (RFS) with PCa. In addition, a urine-based mRNA biomarker study revealed the diagnostic potential of IDO gene expression in urines of men at risk of PCa development.

Early Surgical Intervention is Beneficial in Avoiding Complications in Patients with Male Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms.

In 2018, owing to the variety of true minimally invasive and effective treatment modalities available, early surgery in patients suffering from lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic enlargement is a valid, safe, and effective option compared to long-term less effective medical treatment.

External Validation of the Pathologic Nodal Staging Score for Prostate Cancer: A Population-based Study.

BACKGROUND: We sought to externally validate our pathologic nodal staging score (pNSS) model, which allows for quantification of the likelihood that a pathologically node-negative patient will not have lymph node (LN) metastasis after radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer (PCa) in a population-based cohort. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed data from 50,598 patients treated with radical prostatectomy and pelvic LN dissection using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database. We estimated the sensitivity of pathologic nodal staging using a ß-binomial model and developed a novel pNSS model, which represents the probability that a patient's PCa has been correctly staged as node negative as a function of the number of examined LNs. These findings were compared against those from the original cohort of 7135 patients. RESULTS: The mean and median number of LNs removed was 6.5 and 5, respectively (range, 1-89; interquartile range, 2-8), and 96.9% of the patients (n = 49,020) had stage pN0. Similar to the original cohort, the probability of missing a positive LN decreased with the increasing number of LNs examined. In both the validation and the original cohort, the number of LNs needed to correctly stage a patient's disease as node negative increased with more advanced tumor stage, higher Gleason sum, positive surgical margins, and higher preoperative prostate-specific antigen levels. CONCLUSION: We have confirmed that the number of examined LNs needed for adequate nodal staging in PCa depends on the pathologic tumor stage, Gleason sum, surgical margins status, and preoperative prostate-specific antigen. We externally validated our pNSS in a population-based cohort, which could help to refine decision-making regarding the administration of adjuvant therapy.

Frequency and Prognostic Value of PTEN Loss in Patients with Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma Treated with Radical Nephroureterectomy.

PURPOSE: To our knowledge the frequency and prognostic significance of PTEN protein expression in upper tract urothelial carcinoma have not yet been investigated in large studies. We analyzed PTEN protein status and its association with disease recurrence and survival outcomes in a large, multi-institutional upper tract urothelial carcinoma cohort. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the records of 611 patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma treated with radical nephroureterectomy between 1991 and 2008 at a total of 7 institutions. Median followup was 23 months. Tissue microarrays and immunohistochemical PTEN staining (monoclonal antibody) were performed. Univariable and multivariable Cox regression models were created to address the association of PTEN protein expression with disease recurrence, and cancer specific and overall mortality. RESULTS: PTEN staining was absent in 45 cases (7.4%). Patients with PTEN loss had significantly advanced pathological tumor stage and grade (p <0.001), and higher rates of lymph node metastasis (p <0.01) and lymphovascular invasion (p <0.001) compared to patients with PTEN expression. PTEN loss was associated with disease recurrence, and cancer specific and overall mortality on univariable Cox regression analyses. However, on multivariable Cox regression analyses adjusted for the effect of standard clinicopathological features PTEN loss was only associated with overall mortality (HR 1.69, 95% CI 1.09-2.61, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: In patients undergoing radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma loss of PTEN protein expression is rare but associated with features of biologically aggressive disease such as higher grade and stage as well as lymph node metastasis. Loss of PTEN expression was associated with overall mortality. PTEN loss seemed to promote worse outcomes in this relatively small group of patients.

"Finding the needle in a haystack": oncologic evaluation of patients treated for LUTS with holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) versus transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).

PURPOSE: To evaluate oncologic parameters of men with bothersome LUTS undergoing surgical treatment with HoLEP or TURP. METHODS: Five hundred and eighteen patients undergoing HoLEP (n = 289) or TURP (n = 229) were retrospectively analyzed for total PSA, prostate volume, PSA density, history of prostate biopsy, resected prostate weight, and histopathological features. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were used to identify independent predictors of incidental PCa (iPCa). RESULTS: Men undergoing HoLEP had a significantly higher total PSA (median 5.5 vs. 2.3 ng/mL) and prostate volume (median 80 vs. 41 cc), and displayed a greater reduction of prostate volume after surgery compared to TURP patients (median 71 vs. 50%; all p < 0.001). With a prevalence of incidental PCa (iPCa) of 15 and 17% for HoLEP and TURP, respectively, the choice of procedure had no influence on the detection of iPCa (p = 0.593). However, a higher rate of false-negative preoperative prostate biopsies was noted among iPCa patients in the HoLEP arm (40 vs. 8%, p = 0.007). In multivariate logistic regression, we identified patient age (OR 1.04; 95% CI 1.01-1.07, p = 0.013) and PSA density (OR 2.13; 95% CI 1.09-4.18, p = 0.028) as independent predictors for the detection of iPCa. CONCLUSIONS: Despite differences in oncologic parameters, the choice of technique had no influence on the detection of iPCa. Increased patient age and higher PSA density were associated with iPCa. A higher rate of false-negative preoperative prostate biopsies was noted in HoLEP patients. Therefore, diagnostic assessment of LUTS patients requires a more adapted approach to exclude malignancy, especially in those with larger prostates.

Prognostic role of decreased E-cadherin expression in patients with upper tract urothelial carcinoma: a multi-institutional study.

PURPOSE: To assess the role of E-cadherin as prognostic biomarker in upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) in a large multi-institutional cohort of patients. METHODS: Immunohistochemistry technique was used to evaluate E-cadherin expression in 678 patients with unilateral, sporadic UTUC treated with RNU. E-cadherin expression was considered decreased if 10 % or more cells had decreased expression (<90 %). RESULTS: Decreased E-cadherin expression was observed in 353 patients (52.1 %) and was associated with advanced pathological stage (P < 0.001), higher grade (P < 0.001), lymph node metastasis (P = 0.006), lymphovascular invasion (P < 0.001), concomitant carcinoma in situ (P < 0.001), multifocality (P = 0.004), tumor necrosis (P = 0.020) and sessile architecture (P < 0.001). Within a median follow-up of 30 months (interquartile range 15-57), 171 patients (25.4 %) experienced disease recurrence and 150 (21.9 %) died from UTUC. In univariable analyses, decreased E-cadherin expression was significantly associated with worse recurrence-free survival (P < 0.001) and cancer-specific survival CSS (P = 0.006); however, in multivariable analyses, it was not (P = 0.74 and 0.84, respectively). The lack of independent prognostic value of E-cadherin remained true in all subgroup analyses. CONCLUSION: In UTUC patients treated with RNU, decreased E-cadherin expression is associated with features of biologically and clinically aggressive disease and worse outcome in univariable, but not multivariable, analyses. If E-cadherin's association with factors of advanced disease is confirmed on UTUC biopsy specimens, it could be used to help in the clinical decision-making regarding kidney-sparing approaches and/or neo-adjuvant chemotherapy.

Systematic Review of the Performance of Noninvasive Tests in Diagnosing Bladder Outlet Obstruction in Men with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms.

CONTEXT: Several noninvasive tests have been developed for diagnosing bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in men to avoid the burden and morbidity associated with invasive urodynamics. The diagnostic accuracy of these tests, however, remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE: To systematically review available evidence regarding the diagnostic accuracy of noninvasive tests in diagnosing BOO in men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) using a pressure-flow study as the reference standard. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Central, Google Scholar, and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform Search Portal databases were searched up to May 18, 2016. All studies reporting diagnostic accuracy for noninvasive tests for BOO or detrusor underactivity in men with LUTS compared to pressure-flow studies were included. Two reviewers independently screened all articles, searched the reference lists of retrieved articles, and performed the data extraction. The quality of evidence and risk of bias were assessed using the QUADAS-2 tool. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The search yielded 2774 potentially relevant reports. After screening titles and abstracts, 53 reports were retrieved for full-text screening, of which 42 (recruiting a total of 4444 patients) were eligible. Overall, the results were predominantly based on findings from nonrandomised experimental studies and, within the limits of such study designs, the quality of evidence was typically moderate across the literature. Differences in noninvasive test threshold values and variations in the urodynamic definition of BOO between studies limited the comparability of the data. Detrusor wall thickness (median sensitivity 82%, specificity 92%), near-infrared spectroscopy (median sensitivity 85%, specificity 87%), and the penile cuff test (median sensitivity 88%, specificity 75%) were all found to have high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing BOO. Uroflowmetry with a maximum flow rate of <10ml/s was reported to have lower median sensitivity and specificity of 68% and 70%, respectively. Intravesical prostatic protrusion of >10mm was reported to have similar diagnostic accuracy, with median sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 75%. CONCLUSIONS: According to the literature, a number of noninvasive tests have high sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing BOO in men. However, although the majority of studies have a low overall risk of bias, the available evidence is limited by heterogeneity. While several tests have shown promising results regarding noninvasive assessment of BOO, invasive urodynamics remain the gold standard. PATIENT SUMMARY: Urodynamics is an accurate but potentially uncomfortable test for patients in diagnosing bladder problems such as obstruction. We performed a thorough and comprehensive review of the literature to determine if there were less uncomfortable but equally effective alternatives to urodynamics for diagnosing bladder problems. We found that some simple tests appear to be promising, although they are not as accurate. Further research is needed before these tests are routinely used in place of urodynamics.

2222 kidney transplantations at the University Hospital Basel: a story of success and new challenges.

QUESTIONS UNDER STUDY: The aim was to investigate changes in kidney allograft donor/recipient characteristics and outcomes at our centre. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed all 2222 kidney transplantations performed between 1967 and 2015. The population was divided into four eras on the basis of time intervals corresponding to major changes in immunosuppression and pretransplant risk stratification: (i.) 1967-1980 (n = 231), (ii.) 1981-1997 (n = 883), (iii.) 1998-2004 (n = 437), (iv.) 2005-2015 (n = 671). RESULTS: In deceased donor transplants, we observed a continuous increase of the median recipient (45, 51, 56 and 58 years; p <0.0001) and donor (26, 36, 49 and 54 years; p <0.0001) age. Notably, the frequency of expanded criteria donors increased dramatically (1%, 10%, 28%, 40%, p <0.0001). Graft survival at 1 year (63%, 82%, 89%, 95%), 5 years (46%, 66%, 72%, 78%) and 10 years (27%, 46%, 48%, 61%) significantly improved (p <0.0001). Patient survival also significantly improved and remained stable at a high level within the last three eras (1 year: 97%; 5 years: 87%; 10 years: 71%). Similar trends along with slightly better outcomes were noticed in living donor transplantations. In the most recent era, graft losses in elderly patients were in 81% of cases related to the patient's death, whereas in young patients 83% of graft losses were caused by transplant failure (mainly rejection). Allograft function at the time of patients' deaths would have allowed for calculated 10 additional years with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >15 ml/min. CONCLUSION: Despite increasing donor and recipient age, outcomes improved, illustrating ongoing progress in kidney transplantation. A major new challenge is to match the functional capacity of the donor organ with the anticipated lifespan of the recipient.

Laser Vaporization of the Prostate With the 180-W XPS-Greenlight Laser in Patients With Ongoing Platelet Aggregation Inhibition and Oral Anticoagulation.

OBJECTIVE: To characterize the safety and efficacy of the 180-W XPS-Greenlight laser in patients on systemic anticoagulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 384 patients who underwent photoselective vaporization of the prostate with the 180-W XPS-laser between 2010 and 2013 at two centers in the United States and Switzerland was performed. The primary outcome was the intraoperative and postoperative complication rates for those on anticoagulation undergoing photoselective vaporization of the prostate. The secondary outcome was International Prostate Symptom Scores, postvoid residual, maximum flow rate, and prostate-specific antigen levels. RESULTS: Of 384 patients, aspirin, clopidogrel, and warfarin were used in 146 (38%), 34 (8.9%), and 57 (14.8%) patients, respectively. Single-drug, two-drug, and three-drug combinations were used in 142 (35.5%), 37 (9.3%), and 7 (1.7%) of the cases. Median lasing time (39 min vs 36 min; P = .99) and number of fibers used (1.0 vs 1.0; P = .63) were comparable between patients on vs off systemic anticoagulation. Postoperatively, urinary symptoms (International Prostate Symptom Score, quality of life) and objective voiding parameters (maximum flow rate, postvoid residual) improved in both groups of patients. During a maximum follow-up of 2 years, patients on vs off systemic anticoagulation did not show any significant differences in the rate of postoperative urinary tract infection (3.8% vs 5.1%; P = .71), retention (5.1% vs 5.9%; P = .71), urethral stricture (1.5% vs none, P = .05), and reoperation (2.2% vs 1.5%; P = .49). The primary limitation is the retrospective nature of the study. CONCLUSION: Photovaporization of the prostate with the 180-W XPS-laser is a safe and effective minimal-invasive treatment option for patients on systemic anticoagulation.

Dynamics of Urinary Calprotectin after Renal Ischaemia.

BACKGROUND: Urinary calprotectin has been identified as a promising biomarker for acute kidney injury. To date, however, the time-dependent changes of this parameter during acute kidney injury remain elusive. The aim of the present work was to define the time-course of urinary calprotectin secretion after ischaemia/reperfusion-induced kidney injury in comparison to neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, thereby monitoring the extent of tubular damage in nephron sparing surgery for kidney tumours. METHODS: The study population consisted of 42 patients. Thirty-two patients underwent either open or endoscopic nephron sparing surgery for kidney tumours. During the surgery, the renal arterial pedicle was clamped with a median ischaemic time of 13 minutes (interquartile range, 4.5-20.3 minutes) in 26 patients. Ten retro-peritoneoscopic living donor nephrectomy patients and 6 nephron sparing surgery patients in whom the renal artery was not clamped served as controls. Urinary calprotectin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin concentrations were repeatedly measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and assessed according to renal function parameters. RESULTS: Urinary concentrations of calprotectin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin increased significantly after ischaemia/reperfusion injury, whereas concentrations remained unchanged after nephron sparing surgery without ischaemia/reperfusion injury and after kidney donation. Calprotectin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels were significantly increased 2 and 8 hours, respectively, post-ischaemia. Both proteins reached maximal concentrations after 48 hours, followed by a subsequent persistent decrease. Maximal neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin and calprotectin concentrations were 9-fold and 69-fold higher than their respective baseline values. The glomerular filtration rate was only transiently impaired at the first post-operative day after ischaemia/reperfusion injury (p = 0.049). CONCLUSION: Calprotectin and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin can be used to monitor clinical and sub-clinical tubular damage after nephron sparing surgery for kidney tumours. Urinary calprotectin concentrations start rising within 2 hours after ischaemia/reperfusion-induced kidney injury.

Long-term follow-up data more than 5 years after surgical management of benign prostate obstruction: who stands the test of time?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Surgical techniques are an integral part of the urologist's armamentarium for the treatment of benign prostatic obstruction. Currently, several techniques are available. The purpose of the current review is to analyse the long-term outcomes of currently available techniques. RECENT FINDINGS: Open prostatectomy shows a low long-term reoperation rate. Available evidence suggests that bipolar transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is an attractive alternative to monopolar TURP as both techniques lead to a long-lasting and comparable efficacy. For patients with a larger prostate volume, bipolar enucleation of the prostate appears as safe and effective alternative to open prostatectomy. Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate appears as a durable alternative to TURP and open prostatectomy with comparable long-term results. For photoselective vaporization of the prostate, differently powered models are available. Currently, only long-term data with lower powered 80 W laser are available, reporting reoperation rates higher than those reported from other surgical techniques. On the thulium laser, currently only one study reported 5-year results and despite encouraging results further confirmation seems necessary. SUMMARY: Various surgical methods have proven to be safe and effective for the treatment of benign prostate obstruction and stand the test of time. The choice of the technique depends on prostate size, risk factors of the patient as well as expertise of the surgeon.

Urothelial Cancer in Renal Transplant Recipients: Incidence, Risk Factors, and Oncological Outcome.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the incidence and risk factors for urothelial cancer (UC) as well as the oncological outcome and allograft function in renal transplant recipients. SUBJECTS/PATIENTS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 1855 consecutive patients undergoing renal transplantation (TX) between February 1982 and May 2014 at a single center. UC incidence, overall and cancer-specific survival, recurrence and progression rates, risk factors for UC, and renal function were determined. Fisher's exact test and log-rank Mantel-Cox test were used as appropriate. RESULTS: In renal transplant recipients, incidence of de novo UC was 1.35% (25/1855). Deceased donor transplantation (P = .002), increased age at transplantation (P = .011), and analgesic abuse (P = .005) were significant risk factors for the development of UC post-TX. Progression rate and recurrence rate were doubled for post-TX-UC but stable for patients with pre-TX-UC compared with the general population. Analgesic abuse was associated with worse cancer specific and overall survival in post-TX patients. The overall survival status was significantly lower for post-TX patients at a median of 34 months vs 222 months in control patients. Adjuvant treatment was scarcely used. UC had no significant influence on graft function. CONCLUSION: A higher incidence of UC was identified in renal transplant recipients compared with that for the general population. These observations justify screening for UC in renal transplant patients, especially considering that in a large proportion, a tentative diagnosis was possible with noninvasive urine analysis. Prudent adjuvant treatment for UC should be used. Limitations of this study were the retrospective design and the single-center experience.

A Multicenter Randomized Noninferiority Trial Comparing GreenLight-XPS Laser Vaporization of the Prostate and Transurethral Resection of the Prostate for the Treatment of Benign Prostatic Obstruction: Two-yr Outcomes of the GOLIATH Study.

BACKGROUND: The GOLIATH study is a 2-yr trial comparing transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) to photoselective vaporization with the GreenLight XPS Laser System (GL-XPS) for the treatment of benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). Noninferiority of GL-XPS to TURP was demonstrated based on a 6-mo follow-up from the study. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether treatment effects observed at 6 mo between GL-XPS and TURP was maintained at the 2-yr follow-up. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Prospective randomized controlled trial at 29 centers in nine European countries involving 281 patients with BPO. INTERVENTION: Photoselective vaporization using the 180-W GreenLight GL-XPS or conventional (monopolar or bipolar) TURP. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: The primary outcome was the International Prostate Symptom Score for which a margin of three was used to evaluate the noninferiority of GL-XPS. Secondary outcomes included Qmax, prostate volume, prostate specific antigen, Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form, International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire Short Form, occurrence of surgical retreatment, and freedom from complications. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: One hundred and thirty-six patients were treated using GL-XPS and 133 using TURP. Noninferiority of GL-XPS on International Prostate Symptom Score, Qmax, and freedom from complications was demonstrated at 6-mo and was sustained at 2-yr. The proportion of patients complication-free through 24-mo was 83.6% GL-XPS versus 78.9% TURP. Reductions in prostate volume and prostate specific antigen were similar in both arms and sustained over the course of the trial. Compared with the 1(st) yr of the study, very few adverse events or retreatments were reported in either arm. Treatment differences in the Overactive Bladder Questionnaire Short Form observed at 12-mo were not statistically significant at 24-mo. A limitation was that patients and treating physicians were not blinded to the therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Twenty-four-mo follow-up data demonstrated that GL-XPS provides a durable surgical option for the treatment of BPO that exhibits efficacy and safety outcomes similar to TURP. PATIENT SUMMARY: The long-term effectiveness and safety of GLP-XLS was similar to conventional TURP for the treatment of prostate enlargement.

The diagnosis of benign prostatic obstruction: Development of a clinical nomogram.

AIMS: To develop a nomogram predicting benign prostatic obstruction (BPO). METHODS: We included in this study 600 men with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) who underwent standardized pressure flow studies (PFS) between 1996 and 2000. Complete clinical and urodynamic data were available for all patients. Variables assessed in univariate and multivariate logistic regression models consisted of IPSS, PSA, prostate size, maximal urinary flow rate (Qmax) at free flow, residual urine (RU), and bladder wall thickness (BWT). These were used to predict significant BPO (defined as a Schäfer grade ≥ 3 in PFS). RESULTS: A preliminary multivariate model, including IPSS, Qmax at free flow and RU, suggested that only Qmax at free flow was a statistically significant predictor of BPO (P = 0.00) with a predictive accuracy (PA) of 82%. Further development of the multivariate model showed how the inclusion of BWT did not increase PA. Only transitional zone volume (TZV) proved to be an additional statistically significant predictor for BPO (P = 0.00). The combination of Qmax at free flow and TZV demonstrated a PA of 83.2% and were included in the final nomogram format. CONCLUSIONS: We developed a clinical nomogram, which is both accurate and well calibrated, which can be helpful in the management of patients with LUTS and BPE. External validation is warranted to confirm our findings.

Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society Global GreenLight Laser Study: Outcomes from a contemporary series of 713 patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the outcome in patients undergoing photoselective vaporization of the prostate for benign prostatic obstruction as part of the Clinical Research Office of the Endourological Society Global GreenLight Laser Study. METHODS: Data were collected on 713 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic obstruction undergoing photoselective vaporization of the prostate at 25 centers worldwide, between April 2010 and April 2012. Three types of GreenLight laser powers were used: 80 W, 120 W or 180 W. Intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. Outcome parameters measured at baseline, 6-12 weeks, 6 months and 12 months were: uroflow measurements, International Prostate Symptom Score; prostate-specific antigen and International Index of Erectile Function. RESULTS: Operating time was shortest with the 180-W laser at 53.8 min. Intraoperatively, bleeding occurred in 3.1% of patients. Statistically significant changes were reported in maximum flow rate, postvoid residual urine, International Prostate Symptom Score, quality of life score and prostate-specific antigen (P < 0.01) at each time-point assessed for the 80- and 120-W lasers as well as for the 180-W laser, with the exception of prostate-specific antigen at 6 months and 12 months. There were 14 Clavien-Dindo grade III-A complications and two grade III-B. The incontinence rate at 12 months was 6.3%, 4.5%, and 2.6% for the 80, 120 and 180 W lasers, respectively. The overall blood transfusion rate was 0.4%. CONCLUSIONS: Objective and subjective improvement after GreenLight laser treatment worldwide was significant at 1-year follow up. Morbidity and complications were low. Although not a randomized control study, the data can provide an indication of the outcome of the different GreenLight laser powers.

Association of Cigarette Smoking and Smoking Cessation with Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer in Patients Treated with Radical Prostatectomy.

BACKGROUND: Cigarette smoking seems to be associated with prostate cancer (PCa) incidence and mortality. OBJECTIVE: To elucidate the association between pretreatment smoking status, cumulative smoking exposure, and time since smoking cessation and the risk of biochemical recurrence (BCR) of PCa in patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Retrospective analysis of 6538 patients with pathologically node-negative PCa treated with RP between 2000 and 2011. Clinicopathologic and smoking variables, including smoking status, number of cigarettes per day (CPD), duration in years, and time since smoking cessation were collected. INTERVENTION: RP without neoadjuvant therapy. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Univariable and multivariable Cox regression analyses assessed the association between smoking and risk of PCa BCR. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Of 6538 patients, 2238 (34%), 2086 (32%), and 2214 (34%) were never, former, and current smokers, respectively. Median follow-up for patients not experiencing BCR was 28 mo (interquartile range 14-42). RP Gleason score (p=0.3), extracapsular extension (p=0.2), seminal vesicle invasion (p=0.8), and positive surgical margins (p=0.9) were comparable among the three groups. In multivariable Cox regression analysis, former smokers (hazard ratio [HR] 1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.30-2.04; p<0.001) and current smokers (HR 1.80, 95% CI 1.45-2.24; p<0.001) had a higher risk of PCa BCR compared with non-smokers. Smoking cessation for ≥10 yr mitigated the risk of BCR in multivariable analyses (HR 0.96, 95% CI 0.68-1.37; p=0.84). In multivariable analysis, no significant association between cumulative smoking exposure and risk of BCR could be detected. Limitations of the study include the retrospective design and potential recall bias regarding smoking history. CONCLUSION: Smoking seems to be associated with a higher risk of PCa BCR after RP. The effects of smoking appear to be mitigated by ≥10 yr of cessation. Smokers should be counseled regarding the detrimental effects of smoking on PCa prognosis. PATIENT SUMMARY: We investigated the effect of smoking on the risk of prostate cancer recurrence in patients with treated with surgery. We found that former smokers and current smokers were at higher risk of cancer recurrence compared to patients who never smoked; the detrimental effect of smoking was mitigated after 10 yr or more of smoking cessation. We conclude that smokers should be counseled regarding the detrimental effects on prostate cancer outcomes.