Impact of sub chronic administration of deltamethrin on autoimmune activity in rat.

Deltamethrin (DLM) is a newer kind of insecticide that is used on pets, livestock, and crops, as well as to combat malaria vectors and household pests. It belongs to the synthetic pyrethroid group and is being promoted as an alternative to organophosphate chemicals due to its persistent and destructive effects. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of sub-chronic oral exposure to DLM on autoimmune activity in rats. Three groups of male albino rats (15 rats/group) including the control group, the ethanol-treated group (1 ml/rat), and the DLM-treated group (5 mg/kg b.w). Samples of blood were taken from all groups at 4-, 8- and 12-week intervals for the determination of hematological, cytokines, and immunological parameters. T lymphocyte subsets and Treg lymphocytes were determined in serum using flow cytometric acquisition. The results revealed that DLM significantly increased TNF-α, IL-33, IL-6, IL-17, IgG, IgM, WBCs, differential count, and platelets while decreasing Hb concentration and RBCs. Additionally, DLM decreased the number of T-cell subsets (CD3, CD4, CD5, and CD8) and Treg lymphocytes. All of these impacts became more severe over time. It is possible to conclude that the sub-chronic oral exposure to DLM disturbed autoimmune activity through the disturbances in immunological indices, CDs subset Treg lymphocytes.

MicroRNA-26a systemic administration attenuates tumor formation in hepatocellular carcinoma mouse model.

MicroRNA (miRNA)-26a is one of the tumor suppressor genes that has been down regulated during the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This work was conducted to evaluate the possible preventive effect of exogenous miRNA-26a administration on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-mediated HCC. Balb/C mice were intraperitoneally injected with saline (Normal group), DEN (HCC group) or miRNA-26a (HCC+miRNA-26a group). On week 8, 12, 16 and 20, the concentrations of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), des-gamma carboxyprothrombin (DCP), the levels of helper T cells-associated cytokines, and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), were measured. Flow cytometry determined the frequencies of regulatory T (Treg) cells. The concentrations of AFP, DCP and VEGF, as well as the frequency of Treg cells showed significantly lower values following miRNA-26a administration than in HCC group. miRNA-26a administration has reduced the levels of IL (interleukin)-2 and TNF (tumor necrosis factor)-α, in contrast, IL-10 level was markedly elevated in comparison to HCC model at all experimental time points. The restore of miRNA-26a function significantly (P<0.001) down regulated the expression levels of survivin & caspase-3 compared to HCC group. The obtained data introduce an evidence for the suppressive impact of miRNA-26a on liver tumor formation and its possible manipulation as a therapeutic design for HCC.

Culture of Care Enhancement in Egypt: The Impact of Laboratory Animal Science Training on Participants' Attitudes.

Cairo University was the first academic institution in Egypt to establish an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC), as mandated by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Animal-based research should be performed in accordance with international regulations to monitor the humane care and use of the laboratory animals. Until 2018, the formal training of researchers in the appropriate and correct methods of animal handling during sampling and administration, as well as their husbandry demands, was an uncommon practice in Egypt. In 2018, the Egyptian Association for Animal Research Advancement (EAARA) organised the first international course in laboratory animal science (LAS), in collaboration with Utrecht University (The Netherlands) and the Faculty of Science, Cairo University, to raise researchers' awareness and increase their knowledge of the principles that govern the humane use and care of laboratory animals. A total of 26 researchers from a number of fields (veterinary medicine, dentistry, science, medicine, pharmacy and agriculture) enrolled in the course. In the responses to the post-course questionnaire, 24 (92.3%) participants stated that the principles of animal welfare (Three Rs) were well explained. In addition, 18 (69%) participants found that the course improved their skills in animal sampling and handling. Of the 26 participants, 22 (84.6%) became aware of their responsibility towards their experimental animals and agreed that the different methods of euthanasia were well explained. In conclusion, the general assessment of the course revealed a positive outcome regarding the culture of animal care; the course was repeated a year later, and several participants were enlisted as trainers in this second course.

Microsatellite instability profiling in Egyptian bladder cancer patients: A pilot study.

Microsatellite alterations have been implicated in the pathogenesis of many cancers; however, they are still not well addressed in the bladder cancer (BC) of Egyptian population. We assessed microsatellite instability (MSI) profile and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) using 13 microsatellite markers in tumor tissue samples and urine sediments obtained from 30 Egyptian patients with BC. The concordance between MSI in tumor tissue and urine samples was determined, and correlated to relevant clinicopathologic features. We found that MSI was more frequent than LOH (100% and 46.7%, respectively). D16S310, MBP, and IFN-α showed the highest MSI frequency in urine samples (70%, 70%, and 66.67%, respectively), while MBP, ACTBP2, and D9S171 (66.67%, 63.33%, and 60%, respectively) were the most frequently detected in tumor tissues. All assessed MSI markers correlated significantly with pathologic subtype (being more frequent in TCC) and with hematuria. The concordance between tissue and urine samples was statistically significant for D16S476, D9S171, FGA, and ACTBP2 (P = 0.04, 0.015, 0.02, and 0.007, respectively). When we combined D16S476 and D9S171, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the diagnosis of BC were 80.0%, 75.0%, 82.8%, and 71.4%, respectively. Accordingly, we concluded that MSI in urine sediments could be a potential tool for the diagnosis of BC.

Role of relevant immune-modulators and cytokines in hepatocellular carcinoma and premalignant hepatic lesions.

AIM: To assess the levels of different immune modulators in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), in relation to other hepatic diseases. METHODS: Eighty-eight patients were included in the current study and represented patients with HCC (20), liver cirrhosis (28) and chronic hepatitis (CH; 25), and normal controls (NC; 15). Peripheral blood was isolated for immunophenotyping of active myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs; CD1c and CD40), mature inactive myeloid cells (CD1c and HLA), active plasmacytoid cells (pDCs; CD303 and CD40), mature inactive pDCs (CD30 and HLA), active natural killer (NK) cells (CD56 and CD161), active NK cells (CD56 and CD314) and inactive NK cells (CD56 and CD158) was done by flow cytometry. Serum levels of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, IL-12, IL-1ß, interferon (IFN)-α, IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-αR2 were assessed by ELISA. RESULTS: Active mDCs (CD1C+/CD40+) and inactive mDCs (CD1c+/HLA+) were significantly decreased in HCC patients in relation to NC (P < 0.001). CD40+ expression on active pDCs was decreased in HCC patients (P < 0.001), and its level was not significantly changed among other groups. Inactive pDCs (CD303+/HLA+), inactive NKs (CD56+/CD158+) and active NKs (CD56+/CD161+) were not statistically changed among the four groups studied; however, the latter was increased in CH (P < 0.05). NKG2D was statistically decreased in HCC, CH and cirrhosis (P < 0.001), and it was not expressed in 63% (12/20) of HCC patients. There was significant decrease of IL-2, IFN-α and IFN-γ (P < 0.001), and a significant increase in IL-10, IL-1ß, and TNF-αR2 (P <0.01, P < 0.001 and P < 0.001; respectively) in HCC patients. There was inverted correlation between IL-12 and IL-1ß in HCC (r = -0.565, P < 0.01), with a strong correlation between pDCs (CD303+/CD40+) and NKs (CD56+/CD161+; r = 0.512, P < 0.05) as well as inactive mDCs (CD1c+/HLA+) and inactive NK cells (CD56+/CD158+; r = 0.945, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: NKG2D, CD40, IL-2 and IL-10 are important modulators in the development and progression of HCC.

Therapeutic efficacy of osthole against dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid induced-colitis in rats.

Several mediators were associated with the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease such as oxidative stress through the production of reactive oxygen metabolites, neutrophils infiltration and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study was designed to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of osthole against dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS) induced-colitis in rats through its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Colitis was induced in rats by single intracolonic instillation of (250 µl DNBS-25 mg/rat). Then 4 days later, rats were received oral administration of either (osthole 50 mg/kg), (sulfasalazine 500 mg/kg) or both in combination for 7 consecutive days. Body weight, some hematological parameters, colonic malondialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase activity (MPO), antioxidant parameters, colon injury and mucosa architectures were assessed. T helper (Th1)-related cytokines [Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interferon-gamma (INF-γ)], Th2-relarted cytokines (interleukin-4 [IL-4 and IL-10], and Th-17 related cytokines [IL-17] were determined by ELISA. Osthole significantly improved the loss in body weight. That was accompanied with a remarkable amelioration of the disruption of the colonic architecture as well as a significant improvement in the antioxidant defense system. A reduction in MPO and MDA was observed in flamed colon. Treatment with either osthole or combination therapy showed suppressive activities on pro-inflammatory Th2-related cytokines and upregulation of anti-inflammatory Th2-related cytokines The results of this study suggest that osthole exert beneficial therapeutic effect in experimental colitis and improved the efficacy of the synthetized drugs such as sulfasalazine. Therefore, osthole may have a valuable sound in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease.