Enhanced effects of species richness on resistance and resilience of global tree growth to prolonged drought.

The increasing duration of drought induced by global climate change has reduced forest productivity. Biodiversity is believed to mitigate the effects of drought, thereby enhancing the stability of tree growth. However, the effects of species richness on tree growth stability under droughts with different durations remain uncertain. Here, we used tree ring data from 4,072 sites globally, combined with climate and plant richness data, to evaluate the effects of species richness on the resistance and resilience of trees to short-term and prolonged droughts. We found that species richness enhanced resistance but weakened resilience of trees to drought globally. Compared to short-term drought, species richness further increased tree growth during prolonged drought but reduced the growth afterward, resulting in stronger effects on resistance and resilience. In addition, as the degree of drought intensified and regional aridity levels increased, the effects of richness on resistance and resilience under short-term drought were enhanced, but these trends were reduced or even reversed under prolonged drought. These results reveal the global effects of species richness on resistance and resilience of tree growth to droughts with different durations and highlight that species richness plays a crucial role in resisting prolonged drought.

[Guidelines for traditional dietary care in autumn and winter].

The National Nutrition Plan(2017-2030) and the Healthy China Action Plan(2019-2030) propose to vigorously develop traditional dietary care services, fully leverage the role of traditional dietary care in modern nutrition, and guide citizens to develop dietary habits that are in line with the dietary characteristics of different regions in China. Traditional dietary care has a long history in China and is one of the brilliant treasures of Chinese cuisine and traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) culture. It has played an important role in disease prevention, treatment, and health preservation and longevity. To promote the traditional culture of TCM, and guide and standardize the application and promotion of dietary care, it is necessary to develop a dietary care guideline with TCM characteristics. Based on the theories and practices of TCM, the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences(CACMS) has developed this guideline, which is tailored to local conditions and combined with modern nutrition, and targets people with different physical constitutions. According to the principles of dialectical diet, tailored to people, times, and local conditions, reinforcing healthy qi, correction, the combination of meat and vegetables, and the combination of four qi and five flavors, suitable ingredients are recommended(including TCM materials that are both food and medicinal materials). By promoting the popularization and development of traditional dietary care, this guideline contributes to integrating the strength of TCM into a unique nutritional and health model with Chinese characteristics.

Integrated "all-in-one" strategy to construct highly efficient Pd catalyst for CO2 transformation.

The synthesis of high-value chemicals featuring C-C and/or C-heteroatom bonds via CO2 is critically important, yet efficiently converting thermodynamically stable and kinetically inert linear CO2 and propargylic amine to the heterocyclic compound 2-oxazolidinone with an integrated catalytic system continues to pose a considerable challenge. Herein, we have designed an "all-in-one" (AIO) palladium (Pd) catalyst (Cat1), distinguished by its co-coordination with acetylglucose (AcGlu) and bis(benzimidazolium) units at the Pd center, which promotes the cyclization of CO2 and propargylic amine achieving a highest turnover frequency (TOF) of up to 3456 h-1. Moreover, Cat1 demonstrates excellent stability across various temperatures, with its catalytic activity remaining unchanged even after 10 cycles. The catalyst Cat1 simultaneously activates propargylic amine and CO2, facilitating the formation of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-CO2 adducts and AcGlu-CO2 philes from CO2 in simulated flue gas, a key factor in reaching unprecedented TOF values. The catalytic mechanism was elucidated through quasi-in-situ NMR and 13C-isotope labeling experiments. Notably, this is the first instance of an AIO Pd catalyst that enables the simultaneous capture, activation, and catalytic conversion of in-situ activated CO2 along with propargylic amine. The design strategy of this AIO catalyst introduces a novel approach to overcoming the challenges in the efficient conversion of inert CO2.

Use of a novel donor lung scoring system as a tool for increasing lung recovery for transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: There is a critical shortage of donor lungs for transplantation. We previously developed a parsimonious, highly discriminatory nine-variable Lung Donor (LUNDON) acceptability score. We assess the utility of this score as a tool to improve lung recovery rates for transplantation. METHODS: We examined all brain-dead donors between 2014-2020 from three US organ procurement organizations and validated the score's predictive performance. We examined the trajectory of donors with low (<40) and high (>60) initial LUNDON scores, their corresponding lung recovery rates, factors contributing to score improvement using multivariable regression models, and one-year post-transplant recipient survival. RESULTS: Overall lung recovery was 32.4% (1410/4351). Validation of the LUNDON score in our cohort revealed a C statistic of 0.904 but required intercept calibration. Low initial LUNDON donors that improved to a high final score had an increase in lung recovery rate from 29.3% (1100/3765) to 86.8% (441/508), associated with lower BMI, management in specialized donor care facilities (SDCF), and more bronchoscopies. Donors with high initial and final LUNDON scores had lung recovery rate of 85.2% (98/115), associated with shorter lengths of stay. One-year survival was similar between recipients of low-to-high versus high-to-high LUNDON score donors (0.89 vs 0.84, p=0.2). CONCLUSIONS: The LUNDON score performs well as a predictor of lung recovery in a contemporary cohort but may require OPO-specific calibration. SDCF use, more bronchoscopies, and expediting time from brain death to organ procurement may improve lung utilization. The LUNDON score can be used to guide donor management to expand the donor pool.

Combination of contact ultrasound and infrared radiation for improving the quality and flavor of air-dried beef during hot air drying.

Air-dried beef, a traditional dry fermented meat product in China, whose quality is largely influenced by processing conditions. In this study, contact ultrasound (CU) and infrared radiation (IR) were employed to enhance hot air drying (HAD), with an investigation into the mechanisms underlying improvements in quality and flavor. Samples subjected to CU and IR treatments during HAD (CU-IRD) demonstrated superior color (L* = 42.68, a* = 5.05, b* = -3.86) and tenderness (140.59 N) than HAD group, primarily attributed to reduced drying times and alterations in ultrastructure. Analyses utilizing SDS-PAGE and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) revealed that HAD and CU-HAD resulted in significant protein oxidation (197.85 mg TVB-N/kg and 202.23 mg TVB-N/kg, respectively), while IR treatments were associated with increased thermal degradation of proteins, producing lower molecular weight peptides. Compared with HAD group, the activities of certain lipases and proteases were enhanced by ultrasound and infrared treatments, leading to the release of greater amounts of free fatty acids and flavor amino acids. Furthermore, the thermal effects of infrared and the cavitation effects of ultrasound contributed to increased fat oxidation, amino acid Strecker degradation, and esterification reactions, thereby augmenting the diversity and concentration of volatile flavor compounds, including alkanes, ketones, aldehydes, and esters. These findings indicate that the synergistic application of CU and IR represents a promising strategy for enhancing the quality of air-dried beef.

TNF-α and RPLP0 drive the apoptosis of endothelial cells and increase susceptibility to high-altitude pulmonary edema.

High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) is a fatal threat for sojourners who ascend rapidly without sufficient acclimatization. Acclimatized sojourners and adapted natives are both insensitive to HAPE but have different physiological traits and molecular bases. In this study, based on GSE52209, the gene expression profiles of HAPE patients were compared with those of acclimatized sojourners and adapted natives, with the common and divergent differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and their hub genes identified, respectively. Bioinformatic methodologies for functional enrichment analysis, immune infiltration, diagnostic model construction, competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) analysis and drug prediction were performed to detect potential biological functions and molecular mechanisms. Next, an array of in vivo experiments in a HAPE rat model and in vitro experiments in HUVECs were conducted to verify the results of the bioinformatic analysis. The enriched pathways of DEGs and immune landscapes for HAPE were significantly different between sojourners and natives, and the common DEGs were enriched mainly in the pathways of development and immunity. Nomograms revealed that the upregulation of TNF-α and downregulation of RPLP0 exhibited high diagnostic efficiency for HAPE in both sojourners and natives, which was further validated in the HAPE rat model. The addition of TNF-α and RPLP0 knockdown activated apoptosis signaling in endothelial cells (ECs) and enhanced endothelial permeability. In conclusion, TNF-α and RPLP0 are shared biomarkers and molecular bases for HAPE susceptibility during the acclimatization/adaptation/maladaptation processes in sojourners and natives, inspiring new ideas for predicting and treating HAPE.

The function of the inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitors in the development of disease.

Through the formation of covalent connections with hyaluronic acid (HA), the inter-α-trypsin inhibitor (IαI) family collaborates to preserve the stability of the extracellular matrix (ECM). The five distinct homologous heavy chains (ITIH) and one type of light chain make up the IαI family. ITIH alone or in combination with bikunin (BK) has been proven to have important impacts in a number of earlier investigations. This implies that BK and ITIH might be crucial to both physiological and pathological processes. The functions of BK and ITIH in various pathophysiological processes are discussed independently in this paper. In the meanwhile, this study offers suggestions for further research on the roles of BK and ITIH in the course of disease and summarizes the plausible mechanisms of the previous studies.

The impact of dynamic caudal type homeobox 2 expression on the differentiation of human trophoblast lineage during implantation.

The trophoblast lineage differentiation represents a rate-limiting step in successful embryo implantation. Adhesion, invasion and migration processes within the trophoblast are governed by several transcription factors. Among them, CDX2 is a critical regulator shaping the destiny of the trophoblast. While its altered expression is a linchpin initiating embryo implantation in mice, the precise influence of CDX2 on the functionality and lineage differentiation of early human trophoblast remains unclear. In this study, we employed well-established human trophoblast stem cell (hTSC) lines with CDX2 overexpression coupled with a 3D in vitro culture system for early human embryos. We revealed that the downregulation of CDX2 is a prerequisite for syncytialization during human embryo implantation based on immunofluorescence, transcriptome analysis, CUT-tag sequencing and the construction of 3D human trophoblast organoids. While CDX2 overexpression inhibited syncytialization, it propelled hTSC proliferation and invasive migration. CDX2 exerted its influence by interacting with CGA, PTGS2, GCM1, LEF1 and CDH2, thereby hindering premature differentiation of the syncytiotrophoblast. CDX2 overexpression enhanced the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of human trophoblast organoids. In summary, our study provides insights into the molecular characteristics of trophoblast differentiation and development in humans, laying a theoretical foundation for advancing research in embryo implantation.

Efficacy and safety analysis of continued nursing of complications in discharged patients after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage.

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous hepatobiliary drainage (PTCD) is an effective method for the treatment of biliary obstruction and other diseases, but postoperative complications are still one of the important problems faced by patients. Continuous nursing is a comprehensive nursing model that plays an important role in postoperative recovery. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of continuous nursing on the incidence of complications in patients after PTCD surgery through meta-analysis and to evaluate its efficacy and safety. AIM: To evaluate the effect of extended nursing on the incidence of complications in discharged patients after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD). METHODS: Randomized controlled studies on PTBD postdischarge extended care were identified in the CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, CBM, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, and other databases. The quality of the included studies was evaluated using the Joanna Briggs Institute of Australia literature quality evaluation tool, and a meta-analysis of the included studies was performed with RevMan 5.4 software. RESULTS: Finally, 9 studies were included, with a total sample size of 854 patients (425 patients in the control group and 429 patients in the intervention group). Meta-analysis revealed that extended care effectively reduced biliary tract infection (RR: 0.42, 95%CI: 0.30-0.57), puncture wound infection (RR: 0.19, 95%CI: 0.06-0.65), catheter protrusion or displacement in discharged patients after PTBD (RR: 0.31, 95%CI: 0.18-0.54), catheter blockage (RR: 0.23, 95%CI: 0.13-0.42), skin infection around the drainage tube (RR: 0.30, 95%CI: 0.12-0.77), and catheter-related readmissions (RR: 0.34, 95%CI: 0.18-0.65) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Compared with conventional discharge care, extended care can effectively reduce the occurrence of complications such as biliary tract infection, puncture wound infection, catheter prolapse or displacement, catheter blockage, skin infection around the drainage tube, and catheter-related readmission in discharged patients after PTBD.

Isolation and identification of primary cells: A comprehensive primary cell culture experiment for graduate students.

Experimental teaching is an important part of postgraduate training in basic and clinical medicine. While primary cell isolation and identification are among the most important research techniques for medical graduate students, most graduate students do not understand and master these techniques before starting their research experience. In particular, many students lack training in this field, and high-quality teaching and learning materials are still very sparse. Here, we designed a practical experiment course for graduate students engaged in research. The target students usually have research projects involving primary cell culture in their future research, making the course highly applicable for the students. The lab exercise focused on the methods of primary cell isolation (including mechanical grinding method, explant culture method and enzymatic digestion method) and identification (including flow cytometry, immunofluorescence, and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining). It aimed to help students master the conceptual, principle, technical, operation, and analytical skills related to primary cell culture and contributed to their foundation for future research. Students generally reflect that they have initially mastered the isolation and identification of primary cell culture as a result of the course. Student feedback also indicates significantly increased confidence in the practical application of primary cell culture in the future. Here, we provide our experience for others who may want to implement similar courses.

Effects of contact ultrasound coupled with infrared radiation on drying kinetics, water migration and physical properties of beef during hot air drying.

Drying, as a critical step in the production of air-dried beef, has a direct impact on the quality of the final product. Innovatively, a composite system incorporating contact ultrasound (CU) and infrared radiation (IR) as auxiliary measures within a hot air drying (HAD) framework was built in this research, and the effects of these techniques on the drying kinetics, protein denaturation, and moisture transformation of air-dried beef were investigated. In comparison to HAD treatment, the integrated CU and IR (CU-IRD) system displayed marked enhancements in heat and moisture transport efficiency, thereby saving 36.84% of time expenditure and contributing favorably to the improved moisture distribution of the end-product. This was mainly ascribed to the denaturation of myosin induced by IR thermal effect and the micro-channel produced by CU sponge effect, thus increasing T2 relaxation time and the proportion of free water. In conclusion, the composite system solved the problem of surface hardening and reduces hardness and chewiness of air-dried beef by 40.42% and 45.25% respectively, but inevitably increased the energy burden by 41.60%.

Evaluation of antitumor potential of an anti-glypican-1 monoclonal antibody in preclinical lung cancer models reveals a distinct mechanism of action.

Aim: The main objective of this study was to investigate the antitumor effect of a mouse anti-human glypican-1 (GPC1) monoclonal antibody (mAb) on non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and associated molecular mechanisms. Methods: The anti-proliferative and anti-migratory activities of anti-GPC1 mAb were examined in A549 and H460 NSCLC cells and LL97A lung fibroblasts. The inhibitory effect of anti-GPC1 mAb on tumor growth was evaluated in an orthotopic lung tumor model. Results: The in vitro study showed that anti-GPC1 mAb profoundly inhibited the anchorage-independent growth of A549 and H460 NSCLC cells and exhibited relatively high cytotoxic activities towards LL97A lung fibroblasts, A549/LL97A and H460/LL97A coculture spheroids. Moreover, anti-GPC1 mAb significantly decreased the expression of phospho-Src (p-Src; Tyr416), p-Akt (Ser473) and ß-catenin in the co-cultured LL97A lung fibroblasts, and the expression of phospho-mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (p-MEK; Ser217/221) and phospho-90 kDa ribosomal s6 kinase (p-p90RSK; Ser380) in co-cultured A549 cells. When anti-GPC1 mAb was administered to tumor-bearing mice, the inhibitory effect of anti-GPC1 mAb on the orthotopic lung tumor growth was not statistically significant. Nonetheless, results of Western blot analysis showed significant decrease in the phosphorylation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) at Tyr766, Src at Tyr416, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) at Thr202/Tyr204, 90 kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK) at Ser380, glycogen synthase kinases 3α (GSK3α) at Ser21 and GSK3ß at Ser9 in tumor tissues. These data implicate that anti-GPC1 mAb treatment impairs the interaction between tumor cells and tumor associated fibroblasts by attenuating the paracrine FGFR signal transduction. Conclusions: The relatively potent cytotoxicity of anti-GPC1 mAb in lung fibroblasts and its potential inhibitory effect on the paracrine FGFR signal transduction warrant further studies on the combined use of this mAb with targeted therapeutics to improve therapeutic outcomes in lung cancer.

Abnormal activation of genomic LINE1 elements caused by DNA demethylation contributes to lncRNA CASC9 overexpression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma.

Long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) cancer susceptibility 9 (CASC9) has been found to be overexpressed and functions as an oncogene in many cancer types. We investigated the molecular mechanism underlying CASC9 overexpression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). Transcripts containing exons 2 and 6 and exons 4 and 6 showed the highest CASC9 expression levels in ESCC, no transcripts were detected in the normal esophageal epithelial Het1A cell line. The Long Interspersed Nuclear Element-1 (LINE1 or L1) element in the genome was found to participate in the evolution of lncRNA CASC9, the antisense promoter (ASP) of L1 provides the cis-regulatory elements necessary for CASC9 activation, and the antisense chain of L1 participates in the formation of exons of CASC9. The activation of the antisense promoter was due to the aberrant hypomethylation of L1 elements. An active enhancer element was identified in the downstream region of CASC9 gene by ChIP-seq and ChIP-qPCR. The interaction between ASP and the enhancer elements was confirmed by chromosome conformation capture (3C). Thus, our results suggest that the L1 ASP activation due to aberrant hypomethylation and downstream enhancer interaction plays a key role in the overexpression of lncRNA CASC9 in ESCC.

Association between frailty and acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery: unraveling the moderation effect of body fat through an international, retrospective, multi-cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious complication after cardiac surgery that significantly affects patient outcomes. Given the limited treatment options available, identifying modifiable risk factors is critical. Frailty and obesity, two heterogeneous physiological states, have significant implications for identifying and preventing AKI. Our study investigated the interplay among frailty, body composition, and AKI risk after cardiac surgery to inform patient management strategies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included three international cohorts. Primary analysis was conducted in adult patients who underwent cardiac surgery between 2014 and 2019 at Wuhan XX Hospital, China. We tested the generalizability of our findings with data from two independent international cohorts, the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC-IV) and the eICU Collaborative Research Database. Frailty was assessed using a clinical lab-based frailty index (FI-LAB), while total body fat percentage (BF%) was calculated based on a formula accounting for BMI, sex, and age. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the associations between frailty, body fat, and AKI, adjusting for pertinent covariates. RESULTS: A total of 8785 patients across three international cohorts were included in the study. In the primary analysis of 3,569 patients from Wuhan XX Hospital, moderate and severe frailty were associated with an increased AKI risk after cardiac surgery. Moreover, a nonlinear relationship was observed between body fat percentage and AKI risk. When stratified by the degree of frailty, lower body fat correlated with a decreased incidence of AKI. Extended analyses using the MIMIC-IV and eICU cohorts (n=3,951 and n=1,265, respectively) validated these findings and demonstrated that a lower total BF% was associated with decreased AKI incidence. Moderation analysis revealed that the effect of frailty on AKI risk was moderated by the body fat percentage. Sensitivity analyses demonstrated results consistent with the main analyses. CONCLUSION: Higher degrees of frailty were associated with an elevated risk of AKI following cardiac surgery, and total BF% moderated this relationship. This research underscores the significance of integrating frailty and body fat assessments into routine cardiovascular care to identify high-risk patients for AKI and implement personalized interventions to improve patient outcomes.

Single-cell transcriptomic analysis reveals the antiangiogenic role of Mgarp in diabetic retinopathy.

INTRODUCTION: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common vascular complication of diabetes mellitus and a leading cause of vision loss worldwide. Endothelial cell (EC) heterogeneity has been observed in the pathogenesis of DR. Elucidating the underlying mechanisms governing EC heterogeneity may provide novel insights into EC-specific therapies for DR. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: We used the single-cell data from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to explore EC heterogeneity between diabetic retinas and non-diabetic retinas and identify the potential genes involved in DR. CCK-8 assays, EdU assays, transwell assays, and tube formation assays were conducted to determine the role of the identified gene in angiogenic effects. RESULTS: Our analysis identified three distinct EC subpopulations in retinas and revealed that Mitochondria-localized glutamic acid-rich protein (Mgarp) gene is potentially involved in the pathogenesis of DR. Silencing of Mgarp significantly suppressed the proliferation, migration, and tube formation capacities in retinal endothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS: This study not only offers new insights into transcriptomic heterogeneity and pathological alteration of retinal ECs but also holds the promise to pave the way for antiangiogenic therapy by targeting EC-specific gene.

Meta-analysis of intrauterine hCG perfusion efficacy in recurrent implantation failure as defined by ESHRE guidelines.

PURPOSE: This study evaluates the efficacy of intrauterine hCG perfusion for RIF, as defined by ESHRE 2023 guidelines, highlighting hCG as a cost-effective alternative to other immunotherapies, especially suitable for less developed regions. It aims to clarify treatment guidance amidst previous inconsistencies. METHODS: This meta-analysis, registered with PROSPERO (CRD42024443241) and adhering to PRISMA guidelines, assessed the efficacy and safety of intrauterine hCG perfusion in enhancing implantation and pregnancy outcomes in RIF. Comprehensive literature searches were conducted through December 2023 in major databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and key Chinese databases, without language restrictions. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were strictly aligned with the 2023 ESHRE recommendations, with exclusions for studies lacking robust control, clear outcomes, or adequate data integrity. The risk of bias was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale, ROBINS-I, and RoB2 tools. Data analysis was performed in R using the 'meta' package, employing both fixed and random effect models to account for study variability. Subgroup analyses by dosage, volume, hCG concentration, timing of administration, and type of embryo transfer were conducted to deepen insights, enhancing the reliability and depth of the meta-analysis in elucidating the role of hCG perfusion in RIF treatments. RESULTS: Data from 13 studies, comprising six retrospective and six prospective studies from single centers, along with one multi-center RCT, totaling 2,157 participants, were synthesized to evaluate the effectiveness of intrauterine hCG perfusion in enhancing implantation and pregnancy outcomes in patients with RIF. Significant improvements were observed in clinical pregnancy and embryo implantation rates across various dosages, timing of administration, and embryo developmental stages, without impacting miscarriage rates. Notably, the most significant efficacy within subgroups occurred with a 500 IU dosage and perfusion parameters of ≤ 500µL volume and ≥ 2 IU/µL concentration. Additionally, a limited number of studies showed no significant increases in ectopic pregnancy or multiple pregnancy rates, and a modest improvement in live birth rates, although the small number of these studies precludes definitive conclusions. CONCLUSIONS: The analysis suggests that intrauterine hCG perfusion probably enhances embryo implantation, clinical pregnancy, and live birth rates slightly in RIF patients. Benefits are indicated with a dosage of 500 IU and a maximum volume of 500µL at concentrations of at least 2 IU/µL. However, substantial heterogeneity from varying study types and the limited number of studies necessitate cautious interpretation. These findings underscore the need for more rigorously designed RCTs to definitively assess the efficacy and safety.

Ecotoxicity of hexavalent chromium [Cr (VI)] in soil presents predominate threats to agricultural production with the increase of soil Cr contamination.

The relative severity between chromium (Cr)-mediated ecotoxicity and its bioaccumulation has rarely been compared and evaluated. This study employed pot incubation experiments to simulate the soil environment with increased Cr pollution and study their effects on the growth of crops, including pepper, lettuce, wheat, and rice. Results showed that increasing total Cr presented ascendant ecotoxicity in upland soils when pH > 7.5, and significantly reduced the yield of pepper, lettuce and wheat grain by 0.3-100 %, whereas, this effect was weakened even reversed as the pH decreased. Surprisingly, a series of soils with Cr concentration of 22.7-623.5 mg kg-1 did not cause Cr accumulation in four crops over the Chinese permissible limit. The toxicity of Cr was highly associated with extractable Cr, where Cr (VI) made the greater contributions than Cr (III). Conclusively, the ecotoxicity of Cr poses a greater environmental issue as compared to the bioaccumulation of Cr in crops in upland soils, while extractable Cr (VI) makes the predominant contributions to the ecotoxicity of Cr as the total Cr increased. Our study proposes a synchronous consideration involving total Cr and Cr (VI) as the theoretical basis to establish a more reliable soil quality standard for safe production in China.

Erratum: Murine Left Pulmonary Hilar Clamp Model of Lung Ischemia Reperfusion Injury.

This corrects the article 10.3791/66232.