Atypical lateral tracheal collapse in a Yorkshire terrier.

A 10-month-old, neutered female Yorkshire terrier was presented with a 6-month history of inspiratory dyspnoea, coughing and exercise intolerance. Tracheoscopy revealed marked lateral-to-lateral fixed collapse of the cervical trachea and mild collapse of the thoracic trachea. Surgical exploration revealed a marked reduction in lateral tracheal width and multiple malformed tracheal rings. Placement of extraluminal ring prostheses around the cervical trachea resulted in widening of the tracheal diameter and an immediate improvement in clinical signs. 6 years postoperatively the patient was reported to have an excellent quality of life with complete resolution of clinical signs.

Otitis media in five cats associated with soft palate abnormalities.

The medical records of five cats that were diagnosed with otitis media and soft palate abnormalities, three of which had concurrent otitis interna, were reviewed retrospectively. The animals presented with unilateral or bilateral otitis media or otitis interna associated with soft palate hypoplasia (four cases) or unilateral soft palate cleft (one case). Otitis media was confirmed by radiography, CT or MRI. The soft palate abnormalities present were discovered on oropharyngeal examination at induction of anaesthesia. These five cases provide additional support of a link between otitis media and soft palate abnormalities in cats, as reported in humans and dogs.

Computed tomographic findings in canine pyothorax and correlation with findings at exploratory thoracotomy.

OBJECTIVES: To describe computed tomographic (CT) findings in canine spontaneous pyothorax and compare them to surgical findings and to assess the utility of CT in guiding case management. METHODS: Records from 2003 to 2010 were reviewed to identify dogs, with spontaneous pyothorax, which had undergone CT. Cases were managed medically or surgically. CT images and surgery reports were reviewed and compared for surgical cases. RESULTS: Twelve dogs were included. Eight were managed surgically, three were managed medically and one died before management. Pleural fluid was present in all dogs on CT (n=12) and at surgery (n=8). Pleural gas was identified in five dogs on CT. Pleural thickening was detected in eight dogs on CT (seven visceral, one parietal and six mediastinal) and eight dogs at surgery (seven visceral, eight parietal and six mediastinal), six of which were identified by CT. Abnormal pulmonary parenchyma was detected in 10 dogs on CT and 5 dogs at surgery, all of which were identified by CT. Mediastinal involvement was detected in 10 dogs on CT and 6 dogs at surgery, 5 of which were identified by CT. CONCLUSIONS: CT and surgical findings are similar in most cases of canine spontaneous pyothorax. CT may be a useful diagnostic tool for guiding case management.

Diagnostic accuracy of positive contrast computed tomography arthrography for the detection of injuries to the medial meniscus in dogs with naturally occurring cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the usefulness of computed tomography arthrography of the stifle in diagnosing meniscal tears in dogs with cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency. METHODS: A prospective clinical study was performed. Dogs were included if they had evidence of cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency or persistent or recurrent lameness following surgery for cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency. Dogs were sedated for a computed tomography scan of the affected stifle, orientated in the dorsal plane. A survey computed tomography scan was followed by a computed tomography arthrogram. A stifle arthrotomy was performed, and the surgical findings were recorded. The computed tomography scans were reviewed by three blinded reviewers, and the results were compared to the surgical findings. RESULTS: Twenty-one computed tomography arthrograms from 20 dogs were included. At surgery, damage to the medial meniscus was identified in 14 stifles. Initial interpretation of computed tomography arthrography images was 57 to 64 per cent sensitive and 71 to 100 per cent specific for diagnosing medial meniscal injuries. Interpretation of the images on retrospective analysis was 71 per cent sensitive and 100 per cent specific, with an accuracy of 0.857. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The accuracy of stifle computed tomography arthrography for the diagnosis of tears to the medial meniscus was found to be good. It is a minimally invasive and repeatable technique, which does not require general anaesthesia or specialist training to obtain the images. The ability to reliably diagnose meniscal injury without the need for surgery may be advantageous, particularly in dogs which had previously had surgery for cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency.

Hypocalcaemia associated with low serum vitamin D metabolite concentrations in two dogs with protein-losing enteropathies.

Protein-losing enteropathies were diagnosed in two dogs that were initially presented with diarrhoea and weight loss. Plasma biochemistry in both cases revealed low concentrations of albumin, calcium and ionised calcium. Both dogs had an elevated plasma parathyroid hormone concentration and low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) concentration. The first dog was diagnosed with lymphangiectasia on postmortem examination, and the second dog was diagnosed with chronic lymphocytic/ plasmacytic enteritis and severe cystic mucoid changes based on endoscopic duodenal biopsies. While a causal effect was not demonstrated, the protein-losing enteropathies may have caused reduced intestinal absorption of vitamin D leading to low plasma concentrations of ionised calcium and secondary hyperparathyroidism. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of low ionised calcium concentrations, low 25(OH)D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and high parathyroid hormone concentrations in dogs with protein-losing enteropathies.

The radiographic appearance of the pulmonary vasculature in the cat.

The purpose of this study was to determine the dimensions of the pulmonary arteries and veins in the cat, both in normal animals and those with evidence of intrathoracic disease. The radiographs of 50 normal cats, 35 cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and 15 cats with other intrathoracic disease were assessed. The normal range for the right cranial lobar artery compared with the proximal third of the fourth rib was 0.5-1.0, with a mean artery-to-rib ratio of 0.70 (standard deviation +/- 0.13). Normal cats had a mean vein diameter of (0.20 +/- 0.03 cm) (P = 0.034) compared with cats with HCM, which had a significantly greater mean vein diameter (0.22 +/- 0.04 cm).

Urethral haemangiosarcoma in a boxer.

A seven-year-old, entire female boxer presented with a history of restless behaviour and inappetence. Physical examination revealed that the dog was listless and had a hunched gait. Neurological examination was normal. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed a 4 cm x 4 cm mass in the cranial pelvic canal. Neurological abnormalities were detected three days after presentation, and progressed from proprioceptive deficits to loss of deep pain sensation in the pelvic limbs over a two-day period. The dog was euthanased and postmortem examination revealed that the pelvic mass was a urethral haemangiosarcoma with metastasis to the second lumbar vertebra. This case is unusual as urethral tumours are usually transitional cell carcinomas and frequently present with signs of dysuria.

Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of lymphoma involving the brachial plexus in a cat.

An 11-year-old, neutered, female Domestic Long Hair cat had a 3-week history of left forelimb lameness. Conscious proprioception and postural reflexes were absent on the left thoracic limb. The cat had slightly reduced placing and hopping responses on the left pelvic limb, absent cutaneous trunci muscle reflex on the left side, and left triceps muscle atrophy. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a 2 x 2 x 2 cm mass in the region of the left brachial plexus. The cat was treated by left forelimb amputation and hemilaminectomy. Histopathology of the brachial plexus revealed lymphoma.

Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum in two cats.

Spontaneous pneumoperitoneum is an infrequently observed presentation in cats. This report details two cases of pneumoperitoneum in the cat. The first case was suspected to have been caused by a gastric perforation secondary to gastric lymphoma. The second case was caused by a perforated gastric ulcer in a cat that had been recently treated with corticosteroids and a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug.

Gross pulmonary thrombosis in a greyhound.

A two-year-old greyhound was presented with progressive dyspnoea. Radiography showed a hypovascular lung pattern with hyperlucent lung fields and echocardiography revealed a large thrombus in the main pulmonary artery. Blood results showed azotaemia and marked hypoalbuminaemia. The dog's clinical condition continued to deteriorate and it was euthanased. Postmortem examination confirmed the presence of the pulmonary thrombus and revealed idiopathic membranous glomerulonephritis.

Use of endogenous ACTH concentration and adrenal ultrasonography to distinguish the cause of canine hyperadrenocorticism.

Twenty-nine dogs were diagnosed with hyperadrenocorticism (HAC). A single determination of endogenous plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and adrenal ultrasonography were used in a prospective study to differentiate between pituitary-dependent HAC (PDH) and adrenal-dependent HAC (ADH). In 27 out of the 29 dogs (93 per cent), both endogenous plasma ACTH concentrations and adrenal ultrasonography indicated the same cause of HAC. Twenty-one of the 29 cases (72 per cent) were shown to be pituitary-dependent; all had plasma ACTH concentrations of greater than 28 pg/ml (reference range 13 to 46 pg/ml) and both adrenal glands were ultrasonographically of similar size and of normal shape. All 21 cases responded well to mitotane therapy. Six cases (21 per cent) were shown to be adrenal-dependent; all had plasma ACTH concentrations below the limit of the assay (<5 pg/ml) and the presence of an adrenal mass on ultrasonography. The sensitivity and specificity of adrenal ultrasonography and endogenous ACTH determinations to identify the cause of HAC were demonstrated to be 100 per cent and 95 per cent, respectively, for ADH. These discriminatory tests are more accurate than published figures for dexamethasone suppression testing.

Congenital Pulmonic Stenosis a Retrospective study of 24 cases seen between 1990-1999.

BACKGROUND: PBV is the treatment of choice for humans with pulmonic stenosis and whilst this procedure has been used in dogs the longer term benefits remain to be evaluated. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long term effects of pulmonary balloon valvuloplasty (PBV) in dogs with congenital pulmonic stenosis, with respect to clinical signs, echocardiographic parameters and survival time. Methods - Pulmonic stenosis was diagnosed in 24 dogs between 1990-1999. Eighteen cases were treated with PBV, six were not treated. RESULTS: Twelve of the treated cases were alive and asymptomatic at the time of writing. Follow up periods ranged from six months to nine years post PBV. Prior to treatment the mean Doppler pressure gradient across the pulmonic valve was 98mmHg, 24 hours post treatment the mean was 65mmHg and in the long term this was maintained at 64mmHg. Three of the dogs (17 per cent) treated with PBV restenosed during the follow up period. Four of the six untreated dogs were alive at the time of writing, two to four and a half years after presentation. The mean Doppler gradient for this group was 89 mm Hg on presentation. CONCLUSION: At this stage in the follow up period there is no significant difference in survival times between the treated and untreated groups. However, symptomatic dogs with pulmonic stenosis treated with PBV have experienced a reduction in clinical signs and therefore an improved quality of life.