Utility of (18) F-FDG PET/CT and CECT in conjunction with serum CA 19-9 for detecting recurrent pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

PURPOSE: The roles of different cross-sectional imaging in evaluating the recurrence of pancreatic adenocarcinoma are not well established. We evaluated the utility of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET)/computed tomography (CT) and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) in the diagnosis of recurrent pancreatic adenocarcinoma in conjunction with the tumor marker CA 19-9. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who underwent CECT and FDG PET/CT along with serum CA 19-9 measurement as a follow-up or on a clinical suspicion of recurrent disease after initial surgery for pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Two observers blinded to the other imaging modality results retrospectively reviewed and interpreted the images in consensus using a three-point scale (negative, equivocal, or positive). Pathologic analysis by biopsy or further clinical and radiologic follow-up determined the true status of the suspected recurrences. The imaging results were compared with CA 19-9 levels and true disease status. RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients were included in the study. Thirty-three patients (85%) had proven recurrent cancer and six patients (15%) had no evidence of disease. Twenty-four patients had elevated CA 19-9 and 15 patients had normal CA 19-9. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy for recurrence were 90.9%, 100.0%, and 92.3% for PET/CT and 72.2%, 66.6%, and 71.7% for CECT, respectively. Sensitivity for locoregional recurrence was 94.4% for PET/CT but only 61.1% for CECT. PET/CT detected recurrence in 12 patients who had normal levels of CA 19-9. PET/CT showed lesions not visible on CECT in five (15%) patients. Although the sensitivity and specificity of PET/CT were higher than those of CECT, they were not statistically significant (p = 0.489 and p = 0.1489, respectively). CONCLUSION: FDG PET/CT has a high sensitivity for pancreatic cancer recurrence. Normal CA 19-9 does not necessarily exclude these recurrences. FDG PET/CT is useful when CECT is equivocal and can detect recurrence in patients with normal CA 19-9.

BRCA-associated Cancers: Role of Imaging in Screening, Diagnosis, and Management.

Harmful mutations of the BRCA tumor suppressor genes result in a greater lifetime risk for malignancy-breast and ovarian cancers in particular. An increased risk for male breast, fallopian tube, primary peritoneal, pancreatic, prostate, and colon cancers also has been reported. The BRCA gene is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern and tends to be highly penetrant; thus, there is an increased incidence of these cancers in affected families. Compared with sporadic tumors, BRCA-associated malignancies have unique manifestations, clinical features, and pathologic profiles. Manifestation at an early patient age, high-grade tumors, and an aggressive clinical course are common features of BRCA-associated malignancies. Understanding the behavior of these cancers aids in identification of affected individuals and families, who can then make informed decisions regarding their future health. Enhanced screening, prophylactic surgery, and chemoprevention are options for managing cancer risk factors in these individuals. Imaging has an important role in the screening, evaluation, staging, and follow-up of BRCA-associated malignancies. Supplemental screening of BRCA mutation carriers often begins at an early age and is critical for early and accurate cancer diagnoses. The authors review the etiopathogenesis and imaging features of BRCA-associated malignancies, the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to determining the diagnosis, and the treatment of patients who have these mutations to improve their outcomes. © RSNA, 2017.

Role and Operative Technique of Portal Venous Tumor Thrombectomy in Patients with Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors.

INTRODUCTION: Venous tumor thrombi have been reported in as many as 33 % of patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (pNETs). Surgical thrombectomy is often used to manage tumor thrombi that develop in association with cancers of the liver or kidney. We have likewise used thrombectomy to extract portal venous tumor thrombi in selected cases of pNET. METHODS: We describe all cases of portal venous thrombectomy that were performed at our institution between 2007 and 2014 and illustrate the thrombectomy techniques we used in detail. In addition, we report the results of a PubMed search for English-language articles that were published between 1990 and 2014 and that described surgical therapy for portal venous thrombus developing in association with pNETs. RESULTS: Among 245 patients with pNET that underwent pancreatectomy at our institution, 26 (11 %) patients required surgical management of tumor involvement of the portal vein or its tributaries concomitant with pancreatectomy, including 9 (3.8 %) patients who underwent portal venous tumor thrombectomy. Eight cases describing surgical management of tumor thrombus including two additional cases of portal venous tumor thrombectomy were identified in the medical literature. Among patients with pNET who underwent thrombectomy at our institution, all nine had non-functioning tumors and eight (89 %) had tumors of the body and/or tail of the pancreas. Six (67 %) were treated with systemic therapy prior to pancreatectomy. Seven (78 %) patients are alive at a median follow-up of 33 months (range 3 to 97). CONCLUSION: Venous tumor thrombectomy may be used to safely and effectively extract thrombi from the portal venous system in selected patients with advanced pNET concomitant with pancreatectomy.

Imaging in endometrial carcinoma.

Endometrial carcinoma (EC) is the most common gynecologic malignancy in the United States. Prognosis depends on patient age, histological grade, depth of myometrial invasion and/or cervical invasion, and the presence of lymph node metastases. Although EC is staged surgically according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) system, preoperative imaging can assist in optimal treatment planning. Several imaging techniques such as transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS), computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have been used as diagnostic tools for preoperative staging of EC. Recently, positron emission tomography (PET), PET/CT, and PET/MRI have also been used in staging these patients. In this article, we review the value of imaging in diagnosis, staging, treatment planning, and detection of recurrent disease in patients with EC.

Tumor thrombus as a rare presentation of lymphoma: a case series of 14 patients.

OBJECTIVE: We present a case series of 14 patients with lymphoma presenting with tumor thrombus to highlight this rare but important manifestation of lymphoma. CONCLUSION: The dominant mass leading to tumor thrombus formation was nodal disease in nine patients and extranodal disease in five patients. Lymphoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis in the setting of tumor thrombus with solid organ involvement when there are other imaging features suggestive of lymphoma.

CAIPIRINHA-VIBE and GRAPPA-VIBE for liver MRI at 1.5 T: a comparative in vivo patient study.

OBJECTIVE: Three-dimensional T1-weighted (T1W) gradient recall echo volumetric interpolated breath-hold examination (VIBE) using generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (GRAPPA) is one of the key sequences in liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and is used for precontrast, dynamic postcontrast, and delayed postcontrast imaging. The purpose of this study is to compare image quality and liver lesion detection (LLD) on a shorter-duration T1W VIBE sequence using the controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration (CAIPIRINHA) technique with the conventional T1W GRAPPA-VIBE sequence during a single liver MRI session on a 1.5-T Seimens scanner. METHODS: Twenty consecutive patients (9 women and 11 men; age range, 36-85 years) were included in this prospective study. All patients underwent a complete liver MRI on a 1.5-T magnet (Aera; Siemens Medical Systems, Erlangen, Germany) that consisted of a T1W (in/out-of-phase), T2W, DWI, and precontrast and postcontrast multiphasic images (late arterial, 50 seconds, 120 seconds, and 300 seconds) with GRAPPA-VIBE. The CAIPI-VIBE images were acquired for precontrast and at 300 seconds (5 minutes) postcontrast phases (6.9 seconds per phase) in addition to GRAPPA-VIBE (21 seconds per phase). The shorter time for the CAIPI-VIBE was selected to allow postprocessing of image acquisition in the setting of multi-late arterial phase (single breath hold) postcontrast images. Five radiologists independently analyzed image quality with predefined scores for liver edge sharpness, artifacts, fat saturation deficiency, visualization of the portal veins and hepatic veins, and LLD (size, <0.5-3.8 cm). Score 0 was suboptimal (inadequate), 1 was acceptable for diagnosis, and 2 was optimal (excellent). Kappa statistics were used to assess agreement among readers. Generalized linear mixed model with generalized estimation equation method was used to estimate and compare the LLD failure rates. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was seen in the degree of reader variability between CAIPI-VIBE and GRAPPA-VIBE for all evaluated categories using multirater κ statistics. For the precontrast and 5-minutepostcontrast phase sequences, greater than 95% of images were considered to be of acceptable quality in all image quality categories for both sequences. Forty-one lesions were evaluated in 17 patients with total of 204 observations (n = 204) by 5 readers. For 5-minute postcontrast images, the LLD rate of CAIPI-VIBE (80%) was lower than GRAPPA-VIBE (84%) (P = 0.03) for small lesions (0.5-1.7 cm). There was no significant difference in lesion detection on precontrast images. CONCLUSIONS: At 1.5 T, the CAIPI-VIBE may be helpful in reducing scan time and demonstrates similar image quality compared with the traditional GRAPPA-VIBE. The CAIPI-VIBE has shorter breath-hold time requirement and thus can be an acceptable alternative for the precontrast and 5-minute postcontrast GRAPPA-VIBE in patients with breath-hold difficulties.

Multimodality imaging of common and uncommon peritoneal diseases: a review for radiologists.

Peritoneal disease can be caused by a wide spectrum of pathologies. While peritoneal disease is usually caused by primary or secondary malignancies, benign diseases can occur and mimic malignancies. This article begins with an overview of peritoneal embryology and anatomy followed by a detailed description of the multimodality imaging appearance of peritoneal diseases. Common diseases include peritoneal carcinomatosis, pseudomyxoma peritonei, lymphomatosis, sarcomatosis, and tuberculous peritonitis. The uncommon diseases which cause peritoneal disease include desmoid fibromatosis, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, malignant mesothelioma, well-differentiated mesothelioma, multicystic mesothelioma, papillary serous carcinoma, leiomyomatosis, extramedullary hematopoiesis, inflammatory pseudotumor and amyloidosis. This manuscript will help the radiologist become familiar with the different peritoneal spaces, pathways of spread, multimodality imaging appearance and differential diagnoses of peritoneal diseases in order to report the essential information for surgeons and oncologists to plan treatment.

Characterization of Anthropometric Changes that Occur During Neoadjuvant Therapy for Potentially Resectable Pancreatic Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about changes in body composition that may occur during neoadjuvant therapy for pancreatic cancer. This study was designed to characterize these changes and their potential relationships with therapeutic outcomes. METHODS: The study population consisted of patients with potentially resectable pancreatic cancer treated on a phase II trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and chemoradiation. Skeletal muscle and adipose tissue compartments were measured before and after administration of neoadjuvant therapy using SliceOMatic software (TomoVision, 2012) and protocol-mandated CT scans. Sarcopenia was defined using gender-adjusted norms. RESULTS: Among 89 eligible patients, 46 (52 %) patients met anthropometric criteria for sarcopenia prior to the initiation of neoadjuvant therapy. Further depletion of skeletal muscle, visceral adipose tissue, and subcutaneous adipose tissue occurred during neoadjuvant therapy, but these losses did not preclude the performance of potentially curative surgery. Degree of skeletal muscle loss correlated with disease-free survival while visceral adipose loss was associated with overall and progression-free survival. However, completion of all therapy, including pancreatectomy, was the only independently significant predictor of outcome in a multivariate analysis of overall survival. DISCUSSION: These data suggest that body composition analysis of standard CT images may provide clinically relevant information for patients with potentially resectable pancreatic cancer who receive neoadjuvant therapy. Anthropometric changes must be considered in the design of preoperative therapy regimens, and further efforts should focus on maintenance of muscle and visceral adipose tissue in the preoperative setting.

Imaging of pancreatic neoplasms.

Ductal adenocarcinoma accounts for 85% to 90% of all solid pancreatic neoplasms, is increasing in incidence, and is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths. There are currently no screening tests available for the detection of ductal adenocarcinoma. The only chance for cure in pancreatic adenocarcinoma is surgery. Imaging has a crucial role in the identification of the primary tumor, vascular variants, identification of metastases, disease response assessment to treatment, and prediction of respectability. Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms can have a distinctive appearance and pattern of spread, which should be recognized on imaging for appropriate management of these patients.

Impact of ¹8F-FDG PET/CT on the management of adrenocortical carcinoma: analysis of 106 patients.

PURPOSE: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare and aggressive malignancy. Limited data are available about on value of (18)F-FDG PET/CT in ACC. We evaluated the impact of PET/CT on the management of ACC. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review in patients with ACC who had undergone PET/CT. The impact of PET/CT on the management plan was evaluated by comparing the findings on PET/CT to the findings on contrast-enhanced CT. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of each form of imaging were calculated. The correlations between PET/CT parameters, including maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), total lesion glycolysis, and decline in SUVmax after chemotherapy, and clinical outcome were evaluated. RESULTS: Included in the analysis were 106 patients with 180 PET/CT scans. Of the 106 patients, 7 underwent PET/CT only for initial staging, 84 underwent PET/CT only for restaging, and 15 underwent PET/CT for both initial staging and restaging. PET/CT changed the management plan in 1 of 22 patients (5%) at initial staging and 9 of 99 patients (9%) at restaging. In 5 of the patients in whom PET/CT changed the management plan, PET/CT showed response to chemotherapy but contrast-enhanced CT showed stable disease. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 100%, 100%, and 100% for PET/CT at initial staging; 92.6%, 100%, and 96.4% for CT at initial staging; 98.4%, 100%, and 99.5% for PET/CT at restaging; and 96.8%, 98.6%, and 98.0% for CT at restaging, respectively. No PET/CT parameters were associated with survival at either initial diagnosis or recurrence. CONCLUSION: PET/CT findings could substantially change the management plan in a small proportion of patients with ACC. Although lesion detection was similar between PET/CT and CT, PET/CT may be preferred for chemotherapeutic response assessment because it may predict response before anatomic changes are detected on CT.

Pelvic reconstruction with pedicled thigh flaps: indications, surgical techniques, and postoperative imaging.

OBJECTIVE: This article will describe and illustrate the relevant anatomy and surgical techniques used in pelvic reconstruction using regional pedicled thigh flaps, which is often necessary in oncologic surgeries. Examples of normal postoperative imaging and common complications that can accompany pelvic reconstruction with anterolateral, gracilis myocutaneous, and posterior thigh fasciocutaneous flaps will be provided. CONCLUSION: Pelvic reconstruction using regional pedicled thigh flaps is often needed with extirpative oncologic surgeries to eliminate dead space, provide pelvic organ support, restore form and function, and introduce vascularized tissue to promote wound healing. Radiologists need to be aware of the normal postoperative appearance of these flaps so that the flaps are not mistaken for residual or recurrent disease and so that residual or recurrent disease can be identified and treated.

Serum carbohydrate antigen 19-9 represents a marker of response to neoadjuvant therapy in patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 levels and outcome in patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer treated with neoadjuvant therapy (NT). METHODS: This study included all patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer, a serum CA 19-9 level of ≥40 U/ml and bilirubin of ≤2 mg/dl, in whom NT was initiated at one institution between 2001 and 2010. The study evaluated the associations between pre- and post-NT CA 19-9, resection and overall survival. RESULTS: Among 141 eligible patients, CA 19-9 declined during NT in 116. Following NT, 84 of 141 (60%) patients underwent resection. For post-NT resection, the positive predictive value of a decline and the negative predictive value of an increase in CA 19-9 were 70% and 88%, respectively. The normalization of CA 19-9 (post-NT <40 U/ml) was associated with longer median overall survival among both non-resected (15 months versus 11 months; P = 0.022) and resected (38 months versus 26 months; P = 0.020) patients. Factors independently associated with shorter overall survival were no resection [hazard ratio (HR) 3.86, P < 0.001] and failure to normalize CA 19-9 (HR 2.13, P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The serum CA 19-9 level represents a dynamic preoperative marker of tumour biology and response to NT, and provides prognostic information in both non-resected and resected patients with borderline resectable pancreatic cancer.

Solid pseudo-papillary tumors of the pancreas: current update.

Solid pseudo-papillary tumors are rare pancreatic tumors, which occur in females and are typically indolent neoplasms. However, atypical, aggressive variants can occur with locally advanced disease or metastases. They have characteristic imaging features, which vary according to size. This article provides a current update on the molecular biology, histopathology, clinico-radiological features, and management of these tumors.

Imaging of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: State of the art.

Significant advances in imaging technology have changed the management of pancreatic cancer. In computed tomography (CT), this has included development of multidetector row, rapid, thin-section imaging that has also facilitated the advent of advanced reconstructions, which in turn has offered new perspectives from which to evaluate this disease. In magnetic resonance imaging, advances including higher field strengths, thin-section volumetric acquisitions, diffusion weighted imaging, and liver specific contrast agents have also resulted in new tools for diagnosis and staging. Endoscopic ultrasound has resulted in the ability to provide high-resolution imaging rivaling intraoperative ultrasound, along with the ability to biopsy via real time imaging suspected pancreatic lesions. Positron emission tomography with CT, while still evolving in its role, provides whole body staging as well as the unique imaging characteristic of metabolic activity to aid disease management. This article will review these modalities in the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer.

Multimodality imaging of vulvar cancer: staging, therapeutic response, and complications.

OBJECTIVE: Vulvar carcinoma is a rare malignancy, most commonly seen in elderly women. Survival depends on the lymph node status. Lymph node-negative patients have a 5-year survival of 90%, whereas survival drops to about 50% in patients with positive lymph nodes. The purpose of this article is to familiarize the reader with the revised International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging of vulvar cancer and incorporate it into daily practice when interpreting cross-sectional imaging studies. CONCLUSION: Although vulvar cancer is diagnosed clinically, cross-sectional imaging plays an important complimentary role in staging of the tumor, assessing extent of disease, and selecting operable versus inoperable candidates to ultimately help in decreasing morbidity and increasing survival in these patients.

What Is the Clinical Significance of FDG Unexpected Uptake in the Prostate in Patients Undergoing PET/CT for Other Malignancies?

Purpose. To determine the clinical significance of unexpected, abnormal FDG uptake in the prostate in patients undergoing FDG-PET/CT for staging of other primary malignancies without a prior history of prostate carcinoma. Methods. Retrospective search of FDG-PET/CT studies to identify patients with unexpected, abnormal FDG uptake in the prostate gland, who underwent subsequent biopsy, was performed. 26 patients were identified. Images were reviewed to determine the pattern of uptake within the prostate (focal or diffuse) and maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax). PSA and Gleason scores were recorded. Results. 15/26 (58%) patients were found to have prostate carcinoma. Gleason scores ranged from 6 to 9.9. There was no statistical difference in the pattern of uptake (focal versus diffuse) or the SUVmax. Serum PSA levels with cancer (range, 2-26.8 ng; mean, 10.2 ng) and those without cancer (range, 2-10.5 ng; mean, 2.2 ng) were statistically significant (P < 0.007, Wilcoxon rank sum test). Conclusions. Patients with abnormal uptake in the prostate have a 58% likelihood of occult prostate cancer. In the setting of elevated serum PSA levels, abnormal prostate uptake should therefore be viewed with suspicion and a urology consult should be obtained; however, it is irrelevant in patients with underlying aggressive malignancies.

Complications of oncologic therapy in the abdomen and pelvis: a review.

Cancer therapy has significantly improved in the past few decades with development of various newer classes of cytotoxic chemotherapy as well as novel, molecularly targeted chemotherapy. Similar to chemotherapy, radiotherapy is another important therapeutic option used in the curative and palliative management of various abdominal malignancies. However, both these treatments affect the tumor as well as the normal tissues, leading to significant toxicity. These side effects range from mild to life threatening, and may involve multiple organs. Imaging plays an important role in the early identification of such complications, which may allow more effective patient management. The aim of this article is to discuss and illustrate the wide spectrum of chemotherapy and radiotherapy induced complications in the abdomen and pelvis.

Vascular pancreatic lesions: spectrum of imaging findings of malignant masses and mimics with pathologic correlation.

The differential diagnosis of hypervascular pancreatic lesions is complex, and includes endocrine and exocrine tumors of the pancreas, metastases to the pancreas, and masses, or mass-like lesions, arising from the neurovascular networks traversing the pancreas. In this manuscript, we will discuss salient imaging findings of these masses, pertinent differential diagnoses, as well as review clinical symptomatology that may aid in the diagnosis of some of these lesions.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms: diagnosis and management.

Pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms are uncommon but rising in incidence. There have been recent changes in the WHO nomenclature and a newly proposed American Joint Committee on Cancer TNM staging, which complement each other. These neoplasms are of great medical and radiological interest because of their diverse presenting features and imaging appearances. There is an increased role for both anatomic and functional imaging in the assessment of these neoplasms. A review of the nomenclature, staging, and imaging is presented in this paper.

Complications of Whipple surgery: imaging analysis.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The purpose of this article is to describe and illustrate anatomic findings after the Whipple procedure, and the appearance of its complications, on imaging. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the cross-sectional anatomy following the Whipple procedure, and clinical findings for associated complications, are essential to rapidly and accurately diagnose such complications on postoperative studies in order to optimize treatment.