Protective Role of Rapamycin in Fibrotic Liver Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury (C57bl/6 Mouse).

BACKGROUND: Liver ischemia/reperfusion injury (IRI) is a well-documented phenomenon that occurs after liver resection and transplantation, posing a significant clinical challenge. We aim to contribute valuable insights into potential therapeutic interventions for fibrotic liver IRI, ultimately advancing our understanding of liver transplantation and resection outcomes. METHODS: Twenty-four mice were divided randomly into 4 equal groups: [1] the normal group, n = 6; [2] the liver fibrosis (LF) group, n = 6; [3] the LF and IR group, n = 6; and [4] the LF with treatment of rapamycin and IR group; n = 6. RESULTS: Key biomarkers assessing liver function, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase, significantly decreased with Rapamycin administration. There is a substantial decrease observed in inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL) 6, IL-1B, tumor necrosis factor alpha, Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), and Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) with rapamycin treatment. Furthermore, NOX levels, caspase-3, and caspase-9 were reduced after rapamycin administration. CONCLUSION: The application of rapamycin demonstrates appropriate effects in anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and anti-apoptosis, indicating significant therapeutic potential for fibrotic liver IRI.

Anti-Apoptotic Effect of Chrysophanol Isolated from Cassia tora Seed Extract on Blue-Light-Induced A2E-Loaded Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells.

The seeds of Cassia tora (C. tora) species mainly contain anthraquinone, anthraquinone glycoside, and naphthalene derivatives. We investigated the anti-apoptotic effects of C. tora seed extract and its isolated compounds on blue-light-induced lipofuscin (A2E)-loaded human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. For analysis of the C. tora extract, high-performance liquid chromatography method was used. A2E-loaded human retinal pigment epithelial cells and blue light were used to create excessive photo-oxidation to induce cell death. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay was used to measure cell cytotoxicity, and the mRNA expression of genes involved in apoptosis was examined to evaluate the mechanism of cell death. C. tora extract, n-hexane fraction, and chrysophanol were found to inhibit apoptotic cell death. Additionally, C. tora extract, n-hexane fraction, and chrysophanol reduced the mRNA expression of genes involved in the apoptosis pathway. C. tora and chrysophanol were considered to inhibit apoptosis and oxidative stress response. The major component of C. tora has a protective effect against apoptosis. The ingredients of C. tora can be used as therapeutic substances or to prevent diseases caused by the excessive oxidation of A2E substances in the retina, such as in age-related macular degeneration.

Identification of Multiple Hub Genes in Acute Kidney Injury after Kidney Transplantation by Bioinformatics Analysis.

Background and Objectives: The molecular mechanisms of the development of acute kidney injury (AKI) after kidney transplantation are not yet clear. The aim of this study was to confirm the genes and mechanisms related to AKI after transplantation. Materials and Methods: To investigate potential genetic targets for AKI, an analysis of the gene expression omnibus database was used to identify key genes and pathways. After identification of differentially expressed genes, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome pathway enrichment analyses were performed. We identified the hub genes and established the protein-protein interaction network. Results: Finally, we identified 137 differentially expressed genes (59 upregulated genes and 16 downregulated genes). AKAP12, AMOT, C3AR1, LY96, PIK3AP1, PLCD4, PLCG2, TENM2, TLR2, and TSPAN5 were filtrated by the hub genes related to the development of post-transplant AKI from the Protein-Protein Interaction (PPI) network. Conclusions: This may provide important evidence of the diagnostic and therapeutic biomarker of AKI.

HLA-G 14bp Ins/Del Polymorphism in the 3'UTR Region and Acute Rejection in Kidney Transplant Recipients: An Updated Meta-Analysis.

Background and Objectives: Acute kidney injury (AKI) affects the survival rate of kidney transplant organs and patients. Acute rejection (AR) due to AKI may lead to kidney transplantation failure. It is known that there is a relationship between human leukocyte antigen-G (HLA-G), which is involved in immune regulation, and AR in transplant patients. Moreover, 14-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) region of the HLA-G gene is known to affect HLA-G expression. However, its relationship to AR is still controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate whether HLA-G 14-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism contributed to the development of AR in kidney transplant patients using a meta-analysis. Materials and Methods: To perform our meta-analysis, eligible studies about HLA-G 14-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism and AR were searched in electronic databases until 1 June 2021. Finally, a total of 336 patients with AR and 952 patients without AR in relation to kidney transplantation were analyzed from a total of nine studies. Results: In our results, the Del allele and Ins/Del+Del/Del and Del/Del genotypes significantly increased susceptibility of AR in Asian populations [odds ratio (OR) = 2.359, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.568-3.550, p = 3.8 × 10-5; OR = 3.357, 95% CI = 1.769-6.370, p = 0.002; OR = 2.750, 95% CI = 1.354-5.587, p = 0.0052 in each model, respectively]. Conclusions: Evidence of the present results indicate that HLA-G 14-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to AR in the Asian population.

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidant Effects of Korean Ginseng Berry Extract in LPS-Activated RAW264.7 Macrophages.

Inflammatory macrophages stimulated by LPS disrupt homeostasis in the production of inflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide (NO). These are the causes of inflammation-related diseases and various cancers. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of Korean ginseng berry extract (KGB) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. NO and prostaglandin E2 (PGE[Formula: see text] production was elevated in response to LPS stimulation and was dose-dependently reduced by pretreatment with KGB. The expression levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA and protein were also reduced by KGB treatment. KGB treatment significantly suppressed the LPS-induced gene expression and production of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1[Formula: see text], IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-[Formula: see text] (TNF-[Formula: see text]. Furthermore, KGB inhibited the translocation of nuclear expression of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-[Formula: see text]B) by preventing inhibitory factor-kappa B (I[Formula: see text]B[Formula: see text] phosphorylation and suppressing the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK1/2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and p38. Additionally, decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and increased glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities were observed following KGB treatment. Taken together, these results indicated that KGB possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects, mediated by the inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway in LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophages. KGB may represent a potential therapeutic agent for inflammatory and oxidative stress-related diseases.

Effect of Glycyrrhizic Acid on Scopolamine-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Mice.

PURPOSE: Cognitive impairment is one of the main symptoms of Alzheimer disease and other dementias. Glycyrrhiza uralensis is a natural product that has a protective effect against cognitive impairment. In this study, we investigated whether glycyrrhizic acid, among the main bioactive components of Glycyrrhiza uralensis, has a neuroprotective effect on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment. METHODS: Twenty-week-old male Institute of Cancer Research mice were used in this study. The scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment mice model was used. Glycyrrhizic acid was orally administered to mice once daily for 21 days, while scopolamine (1 mg/kg) treatment was delivered 30 minutes before behavioral tests. Donepezil (2 mg/kg) was used as a positive drug control. To evaluate the effect of glycyrrhizic acid, the following assessments were performed on hippocampal tissue: Y-maze test, acetylcholinesterase activity, antioxidant enzymes' activity (superoxide dismutase, catalase). Western blotting for phosphor-extracellular signal-regulated kinase, P38, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase was conducted. RESULTS: We found that glycyrrhizic acid administration significantly improved scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in the Y-maze test. The acetylcholinesterase activity, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activity in the glycyrrhizic acid-treated group showed a significant reversal of cognitive impairment compared with the scopolamine-treated group. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that glycyrrhizic acid has a neuroprotective effect on cognitive function in scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment.

Protective Effect of Citric Acid Against Hepatic Ischemia Reperfusion Injury in Sprague-Dawley Rats.

OBJECTIVE: Hepatic ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury is regarded as a serious concern in clinical practice. Citric acid reduces oxidative stress and inflammation during hypoxia and reoxygenation. Our objective was to investigate the protective effect of citric acid against hepatic I/R injury in rats. METHODS: We fed Sprague-Dawley rats either citric acid (100 mg/kg/d) or saline. One week later, ischemia was induced by clamping the rats' common hepatic artery and portal vein for 30 minutes. The rats were randomly divided into 3 major groups that were treated as follows: 1. the sham operated group; 2. the I/R group; and 3. the I/R-citric acid group. RESULTS: Compared to the sham group, the I/R group had higher expression of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and lower expression of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, antioxidant, nitric oxide, and albumin. Compared to the I/R group, the I/R-citric acid group had higher expression of catalase, superoxide dismutase, antioxidants, and nitric oxide, and lower expression of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that citric acid therapy has significant therapeutic potential in ischemic liver injury.

Effect of Seed of Cassia tora Extract in the Prevention of Remote Renal Reperfusion Injury.

OBJECTIVE: Renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is characterized by the acute deterioration of renal function during ischemia and renal inflammation. Cassia tora has various effects, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, and hypolipidemic properties. In the present study, we investigated whether C tora has a renoprotective effect on I/R-induced acute kidney injury in rats. METHODS: We fed Sprague-Dawley rats either C tora (100 mg/kg/d) or saline. One week later, ischemia was induced by bilateral renal pedicle occlusion for 30 minutes, followed by reperfusion. Rats were randomized into 3 major groups, which were treated as follows: 1. the sham operation group; 2. the I/R group; and 3. the I/R-C tora group. RESULTS: Compared to the sham group, the I/R group had higher levels of blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine in serum and lower expression of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, antioxidant, and nitric oxide. Compared to the I/R group, the I/R-C tora group had higher expression of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, antioxidant, and nitric oxide, as well as lower levels of blood urea nitrogen and creatinine in serum. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that C tora has significant therapeutic effects in ischemic renal injury.

Promoter Polymorphism (-308G/A) of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) Gene and Asthma Risk: An Updated Meta-Analysis.

Background and Aims: The relationship between the promoter polymorphism (-308G/A) of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene and the susceptibility to asthma has been tested in several studies. However, the results have been inconsistent. Therefore, we performed an updated meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between this promoter polymorphism of the TNF-α gene and the risk of asthma. Methods: Fifty case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis which provided 17,937 controls and 9961 asthma patients. The pooled p-value, odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used to investigate the strength of the association of this polymorphism of the TNF-α gene with the risk of asthma. The meta-analysis was carried out by Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Results: The results of our meta-analysis revealed that the TNF-α polymorphism (-308, G/A) was strongly associated with the risk of asthma (p < 0.05 in the allelic, dominant, and recessive models, respectively). In further analyses, based on age group and ethnicity, we observed this association for all subpopulations examined (p < 0.05 in allelic, dominant, and recessive models, respectively). Conclusion: This large-scale meta-analysis supports a strong association between the TNF-α gene promoter polymorphism (-308G/A) and the development to asthma in both children and adults.

Lack of Association between Interleukin-1ß Gene Polymorphism (rs16944) and Chronic Periodontitis: From a Case-Control Studies to an Updated Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) plays an important role as a mediator of various inflammatory responses in chronic periodontitis. Several studies have investigated the potential relationship between IL-1ß polymorphism (rs16944) and susceptibility to chronic periodontitis; inflammatory process is involved, but conclusions is still controversial. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether the IL-1ß polymorphism (rs16944) is associated with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For the case-control study, 51 patients with chronic periodontitis and 33 healthy control patients were recruited in the study. Genotyping was conducted by direct sequencing. SNPStats and SPSS 18.0 were used for the analysis of genetic data and to evaluate odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and P values; logistic regression models were used. And to perform meta-analysis, studies about IL-1ß polymorphism (rs16944) and chronic periodontitis were searched in PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and Korean Studies Information Service System (KISS) electronic databases until July 2017. RESULTS: In our case-control study, no significant relationship was revealed between IL-1ß polymorphism (rs16944) and chronic periodontitis (P > 0.05 in each model). When combined with the previous studies in the meta-analysis, the result was not associated with chronic periodontitis in any of the models (CC vs. CT + TT: OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.762-1.246; CC + CT vs. TT: OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.658-1.232; and C vs. T: OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.774-1.128). The subgroup analysis stratified by ethnicity showed a weak association between the IL-1ß polymorphism (rs16944) and chronic periodontitis in the Caucasian population (recessive model, OR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.017-1.758, P = 0.037). CONCLUSION: Evidences from a case-control study and the meta-analysis suggest that IL-1ß polymorphism (rs16944) is not associated with susceptibility to chronic periodontitis.

Human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase gene polymorphism (Ser326Cys) and cancer risk: updated meta-analysis.

Genetic polymorphism of human 8-oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (hOGG1) has been reported to have a relationship with the risk of the development of various cancers. Many studies have described the influence of Ser326Cys polymorphism of the hOGG1 gene on cancer susceptibility. However, the results have remained inconclusive and controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to more precisely determine the relationship between the hOGG1 polymorphism and the development of cancer.Electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, Google Scholar, and the Korean Studies Information Service System (KISS) were searched. The odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and p value were calculated to assess the strength of the association with the risk of cancer using Comprehensive Meta-analysis software (Corporation, NJ, USA). The 127 studies including 38,757 cancer patients and 50,177 control subjects were analyzed for the meta-analysis.Our meta-analysis revealed that G allele of Ser326Cys polymorphism of the hOGG1 gene statistically increased the susceptibility of cancer (all population, OR = 1.092, 95% CI = 1.051-1.134, p < 0.001; in Asian, OR = 1.095, 95% CI = 1.048-1.145, p < 0.001; in Caucasian, OR = 1.097, 95% CI = 1.033-1.179, p = 0.002). Also, other genotype models showed significant association with cancer (p < 0.05, respectively).The present meta-analysis concluded that the G allele was associated with an increased risk of cancer. It suggested that the hOGG1 polymorphism may be a candidate marker of cancer.

Association Between Secretoglobin Family 3A Member 2 (SCGB3A2) Gene Polymorphisms and Asthma in a Korean Population.

BACKGROUND Secretoglobin family 3A member 2 (SCGB3A2) plays an important role in secreting lung surfactant protein, which is a downstream target of thyroid transcription factor. MATERIAL AND METHODS We investigated whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SCGB3A2 gene contribute to susceptibility to asthma. To explore this possible association, 2 promoter SNPs (rs6882292, 659 G/A and rs1368408, -112 G/A) and missense SNP (rs151333009, stop codon) were tested in SCGB3A2 gene in 101 asthma patients and 377 healthy control subjects. SNPStats was used to obtain odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence intervals (CI), and P value adjusted for age and sex as covariables. Logistic regression method in each model (dominant, recessive, and log-additive) was applied to analyze genetic data. RESULTS rs151333009 SNP showed a monomorphic genotype. Two promoter SNPs (rs6882292, -659 G/A and rs1368408, -112 G/A) showed significant association with asthma (rs6882292, OR=2.66, 95% CI=1.42-5.01, p=0.0033 in dominant model, OR=2.45, 95% CI=1.33-4.54, p=0.0055 in log-additive model; rs1368408, OR=1.59, 95% CI=1.02-2.49, p=0.041 in dominant model, OR=3.02, 95% CI=1.15-7.90, p=0.03 in recessive model, OR=1.63, 95% CI=1.63, 95% CI=1.12-2.37, p=0.012 in log-additive model). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the promoter SNPs (rs6882292 and rs1368408) of SCGB3A2 gene may contribute to susceptibility to asthma in a Korean population.

Genetic Polymorphism of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Risk: An Updated Meta-Analysis.

The relationship between polymorphism of the angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) gene and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been examined in many previous studies. However, their results were controversial. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between the ACE gene and the risk of COPD. Fourteen case-control studies were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled p value, odds ratio (OR), and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used to investigate the strength of the association. The meta-analysis was performed using comprehensive meta-analysis software. Our meta-analysis results revealed that ACE polymorphisms were not related to the risk of COPD (p > 0.05 in each model). In further analyses based on ethnicity, we observed an association between insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene and risk of COPD in the Asian population (codominant 2, OR = 3.126, 95% CI = 1.919-5.093, p < 0.001; recessive, OR = 3.326, 95% CI = 2.190-5.050, p < 0.001) but not in the Caucasian population (p > 0.05 in each model). In conclusion, the present meta-analysis indicated that the insertion/deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene may be associated with susceptibility to COPD in the Asian population but not in the Caucasian population. However, the results of the present meta-analysis need to be confirmed in a larger sample.

A solvent-free microbial-activated air cathode battery paper platform made with pencil-traced graphite electrodes.

We present the fabrication of an ultra-low cost, disposable, solvent-free air cathode all-paper microbial fuel cell (MFC) that does not utilize any chemical treatments. The anode and cathode were fabricated by depositing graphite particles by drawing them on paper with a pencil (four strokes). Hydrophobic parchment paper was used as a proton exchange membrane (PEM) to allow only H(+) to pass. Air cathode MFC technology, where O2 was used as an electron acceptor, was implemented on the paper platform. The bioelectric current was generated by an electrochemical process involving the redox couple of microbial-activated extracellular electron transferred electrons, PEM-passed H(+), and O2 in the cathode. A fully micro-integrated pencil-traced MFC showed a fast start-time, producing current within 10 s after injection of bacterial cells. A single miniaturized all-paper air cathode MFC generated a maximum potential of 300 mV and a maximum current of 11 µA during 100 min after a single injection of Shewanella oneidensis. The micro-fabricated solvent-free air cathode all-paper MFC generated a power of 2,270 nW (5.68 mW/m(2)). The proposed solvent-free air cathode paper-based MFC device could be used for environmentally-friendly energy storage as well as in single-use medical power supplies that use organic matter.

Protective effect of geranylgeranylacetone against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress in human neuroblastoma cells.

AIMS: Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), one of the major HSPs, has been reported to suppress apoptosis and formation of pathogenic proteins in neurodegenerative disorders. Geranylgeranylacetone (GGA), an anti-ulcer drug, induces HSP70 and thereby protects against cellular damage in various diseases. We investigated the effect of GGA on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. MAIN METHODS: H2O2-induced neuronal toxicity was measured by a CCK-8 assay and Hoechst 33342 staining. We also assessed oxidative stress and apoptosis by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation with 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), caspase-3 activity, and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. KEY FINDINGS: GGA showed a concentration-dependent inhibition on H2O2-induced apoptotic cell death. H2O2-induced induction of HSP70 was enhanced by GGA pretreatment. GGA effectively suppressed the up-regulation of Bax and down-regulation of Bcl-2. GGA also blocked the H2O2-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). In addition, GGA attenuated H2O2-induced ROS generation and caspase-3 activity. SIGNIFICANCE: These results demonstrate that GGA protects SH-SY5Y cells from H2O2-induced apoptosis, at least in part by enhancing HSP70 production. Neuroprotective properties of GGA indicate that this compound may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment and prevention of neurodegenerative diseases.

ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with periodontal disease in Korean population.

OBJECTIVE: Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is the core enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which catalyzes the production of angiotensin II (Ang II). The aim of this study was to determine whether ACE gene is associated with the development of the periodontal disease. DESIGN: To investigate whether ACE is involved in the development of the periodontal disease, 199 periodontal disease patients and 165 control subjects were studied. The ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). SNPStats and SPSS 18.0 were used for the analysis of genetic data. Logistic regression models were performed to determine odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and P value. RESULTS: Genotypic frequencies of I/I, I/D, and D/D were 25.4%, 42.3%, and 32.3% vs. 35.3%, 41.7%, and 23.1% (periodontal disease group vs. control group), respectively. In the genotype analysis of the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism, codominant and log-additive models both showed significant association with periodontal disease [OR = 1.94, 95% CI = 1.05-3.61, P=0.036 in the codominant model (I/I vs. D/D); OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.02-1.90, P = 0.034 in the log-additive model (I/I vs. I/D vs. D/D)]. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the ACE insertion/deletion polymorphism may be associated with the susceptibility to the periodontal disease in the Korean population.

Meta-analysis of association of the matrix metalloproteinase 2 (-735 C/T) polymorphism with cancer risk.

The association between matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) gene polymorphisms and cancer risk has been investigated in many published studies; however, the currently available results are inconclusive. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to provide conclusive evidence for an association between the MMP2 polymorphism (-735 C/T) and cancer risk. Sixteen case-control studies with 11792 individuals were included in this meta-analysis. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used to investigate the strength of the association. Overall, the MMP2 polymorphism (-735 C/T) was not associated with cancer risk in any of the models. However, the subgroup analysis revealed that dominant model (C/T+T/T vs. C/C: OR=1.24, 95% CI=1.01-1.53) and codominant 1 model (C/T vs. C/C: OR=1.30, 95% CI=1.05-1.62) were significantly associated with cancer risk in the Caucasian population. In conclusion, our meta-analysis indicated that the MMP2 polymorphism (-735 C/T) might be genetic risk factor for the carcinogenesis in Caucasians. However, more studies with a larger sample size are needed to provide more precise evidence.

Promoter Polymorphism (rs12770170, -184C/T) of Microseminoprotein, Beta as a Risk Factor for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Korean Population.

PURPOSE: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the most common prostate disease in aging men. Microseminoprotein-beta (MSMB) is abundant in semen. In this study, we investigated association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the promoter of the MSMB gene and the risk for developing BPH in a Korean population. METHODS: We genotyped two promoter polymorphisms (rs12770171, -184C/T and rs10993994, -2C/T) of the MSMB gene by direct sequencing. Ninety-five BPH patients and 78 control subjects were recruited for this study. SNPStats and Haploview version 4.2 were used for genetic analyses. Multiple logistic regression models (codominant, dominant, recessive, and log-additive models) were applied to determine the odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and P-value. RESULTS: Genotype frequency of the rs12770171 SNP showed significant difference between BPH patients and controls (OR, 2.14; 95% CI, 1.07-4.27; P=0.032 in the codominant 1 model; OR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.19-4.47; P=0.011 in the dominant model; and OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.17-3.61; P=0.009 in the log-additive model). Moreover, the SNP also showed association between the two groups (OR, 2.05; 95% CI, 1.19-3.52; P=0.009). The rs10993994 SNP was not associated with BPH. In haplotype analysis, CC and TT haplotypes were associated with BPH (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: This result indicates that a promoter polymorphism (rs12770170, -184C/T) in the MSMB gene may be associated with BPH development in a Korean population.

The Insertion/Deletion Polymorphism of Angiotensin I Converting Enzyme Gene is Associated With Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament in the Korean Population.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism is associated with the ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) of the spine in the Korean population. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted to investigate the association between I/D polymorphism of the angiotensin I converting enzyme (peptidyl-dipeptidase A) 1 (ACE) gene and OPLL. The 95 OPLL patients and 274 control subjects were recruited. Polymerase chain reaction for the genotyping of ACE I/D polymorphism was performed. The difference between the OPLL patients and the control subjects was compared using the contingency χ(2) test and the logistic regression analysis. For statistical analysis, SPSS, SNPStats, SNPAnalyzer, and Helixtree programs were used. RESULTS: The genotype and allele frequencies of ACE I/D polymorphism showed significant differences between the OPLL patients and the control subjects (genotype, p<0.001; allele, p=0.009). The frequencies of D/D genotype and D allele in the OPLL group were higher than those in the control group. In logistic regression analysis, ACE I/D polymorphism was associated with OPLL (dominant model; p=0.002; odd ratio, 2.20; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-3.65). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the deletion polymorphism of the ACE gene may be a risk factor for the development of OPLL in the Korean population.

Association of forkhead box J3 (FOXJ3) polymorphisms with rheumatoid arthritis.

The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the forkhead box J3 (FOXJ3) gene and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). For the association studies, 307 patients with RA and 476 control patients without RA were recruited. Eleven SNPs (rs2282404, rs2455084, rs1393009, rs7539485, rs4660616, rs510157, rs343386, rs12732892, rs343389, rs343376 and rs585320) were genotyped using direct sequencing and the resulting data were analyzed using the SNPStats, Haploview and Helixtree programs. Seven SNPs (rs2455084, rs1393009, rs7539485, rs4660616, rs510157, rs343386 and rs343389) were associated with RA in three alternative models (log­additive, dominant and recessive models; P<0.05). A strong linkage disequilibrium block, including all 11 SNPs, was constructed using the Gabriel method. Two haplotypes, TCCTTGTCTTT and TCTTCTGTCAC, were significantly associated with RA (P<0.05). In clinical characteristic analysis, the SNP rs585320 was also associated with the anti­cyclic citrullinated peptide. These results suggest that FOXJ3 may be associated with the development of RA.