Evidence and assessment of parenchymal patterns of ultrasonography for breast cancer detection among Chinese women: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Screening of breast cancer in asymptomatic women is important to evaluate for early diagnosis. In China ultrasound is a more frequently used method than mammography for the detection of breast cancer. The objectives of the study were to provide evidence and assessment of parenchymal patterns of ultrasonography for breast cancer detection among Chinese women. METHODS: Breast ultrasound examinations including the parenchymatous pattern of cytopathological confirmed breast cancer (n = 541) and age-matched cytopathological not confirmed breast cancer (n = 849) women were retrospectively reviewed by seven sonographer physicians. According to compositions of ducts, the thickness of the breast, diameter of ducts, fat lobules, and fibro glandular tissues, the breast parenchymatous pattern was categorized into heterogeneous (high percentage of fatty tissues), ductal (the inner diameters of ducts > 50% of the thick mass of the breast), mixed (the inner diameters of ducts was 50% of the thick mass of the breast), and fibrous categories (a dense classification of the breast). RESULTS: Heterogeneous (p < 0.0001, OR = 3.972) and fibrous categories (p < 0.0001, OR = 2.702) were higher among women who have cytopathological confirmed breast cancer than those who have not cytopathological confirmed breast cancer. The heterogeneous category was high-risk ultrasonographic examination category followed by the fibrous category. Agreements between sonographer physicians for categories of ultrasonic examinations were fair to good (Cohen's k = 0.591). CONCLUSIONS: Breast cancer risk in Chinese asymptomatic women differ according to the ultrasonographic breast parenchymal pattern. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III. Technical efficacy stage: 2.

Application of acoustic radiation force impulse elastography combined with serum markers in Child-Pugh grading.

OBJECTIVES: Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography, the aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio (AAR), aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), and the fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index are widely used to assess liver fibrosis. However, efficacies of these methods in the evaluation of hepatic functional reserve remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between ARFI elastography combined with either AAR, APRI, or FIB-4 index and Child-Pugh (CP) class for the evaluation of hepatic functional reserve in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB)-related cirrhosis. METHODS: The shear wave velocities of 104 patients with clinically confirmed CHB-related cirrhosis were determined using the ARFI; and clinical serum markers (e.g. ALT, AST, PLT) were used to calculate the AAR, APRI, and FIB-4 index. Cirrhosis patients were scored according to their CP class. The ARFI, AAR, APRI, and FIB-4 index were compared with the CP class. The efficacy of each indicator in diagnosis was analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the ARFI combined with either the AAR, APRI, or FIB-4 index, which is used to predict decompensated cirrhosis. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in gender and age among CP classes A, B, and C patients (p>0.05). The ARFI values and the AAR, APRI, and FIB-4 index of patients with CP classes A, B, and C were significantly different (p<0.05). With an increasing CP class, the ARFI, AAR, APRI, and FIB-4 values increased. The correlation between the ARFI and the CP class was stronger than that between the AAR, APRI, and FIB-4 index and the CP class. The area under the ROC curve for the diagnosis of decompensated cirrhosis using the ARFI was 0.841, which was higher than that for the AAR, APRI, and FIB-4 index. According to the area under the curve results, no significant differences were found when the ARFI was combined with either the AAR, APRI, or FIB-4 index and when the ARFI alone was used. CONCLUSIONS: The ARFI value has a strong correlation with the CP class. Therefore, ARFI elastography complements CP class in the assessment of the hepatic functional reserve in patients with CHB-related cirrhosis.

Ultrasound Versus Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Subclinical Synovitis and Tenosynovitis: A Diagnostic Performance Study.

OBJECTIVES: Radiographic manifestations of synovitis (e.g., erosions) can be observed only in the late stage of rheumatoid arthritis. Ultrasound is a noninvasive, cheap, and widely available technique that enables the evaluation of inflammatory changes in the peripheral joint. In the same way, dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables qualitative and quantitative measurements. The objectives of the study were to compare the sensitivity and accuracy of ultrasound in detecting subclinical synovitis and tenosynovitis with those of contrast-enhanced MRI. METHODS: The ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced MRI findings of the wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and proximal interphalangeal joints (n=450) of 75 patients with a history of joint pain and morning stiffness between 6 weeks and 2 years were reviewed. The benefits score was evaluated for each modality. RESULTS: The ultrasonic findings showed inflammation in 346 (77%) joints, while contrast-enhanced MRI found signs of early rheumatoid arthritis in 372 (83%) joints. The sensitivities of ultrasound and contrast-enhanced MRI were 0.795 and 0.855, respectively, and the accuracies were 0.769 and 0.823, respectively. Contrast-enhanced MRI had a likelihood of 0-0.83 and ultrasound had a likelihood of 0-0.77 for detecting synovitis and tenosynovitis at one time. The two imaging modalities were equally competitive for detecting synovitis and tenosynovitis (p=0.055). CONCLUSION: Ultrasound could be as sensitive and specific as contrast-enhanced MRI for the diagnosis of subclinical synovitis and tenosynovitis.

Ultrasound versus contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging for subclinical synovitis and tenosynovitis: a diagnostic performance study

OBJECTIVES: Radiographic manifestations of synovitis (e.g., erosions) can be observed only in the late stage of rheumatoid arthritis. Ultrasound is a noninvasive, cheap, and widely available technique that enables the evaluation of inflammatory changes in the peripheral joint. In the same way, dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables qualitative and quantitative measurements. The objectives of the study were to compare the sensitivity and accuracy of ultrasound in detecting subclinical synovitis and tenosynovitis with those of contrast-enhanced MRI. METHODS: The ultrasonography and contrast-enhanced MRI findings of the wrist, metacarpophalangeal, and proximal interphalangeal joints (n=450) of 75 patients with a history of joint pain and morning stiffness between 6 weeks and 2 years were reviewed. The benefits score was evaluated for each modality. RESULTS: The ultrasonic findings showed inflammation in 346 (77%) joints, while contrast-enhanced MRI found signs of early rheumatoid arthritis in 372 (83%) joints. The sensitivities of ultrasound and contrast-enhanced MRI were 0.795 and 0.855, respectively, and the accuracies were 0.769 and 0.823, respectively. Contrast-enhanced MRI had a likelihood of 0-0.83 and ultrasound had a likelihood of 0-0.77 for detecting synovitis and tenosynovitis at one time. The two imaging modalities were equally competitive for detecting synovitis and tenosynovitis (p=0.055). CONCLUSION: Ultrasound could be as sensitive and specific as contrast-enhanced MRI for the diagnosis of subclinical synovitis and tenosynovitis.

Application of acoustic radiation force impulse elastography combined with serum markers in Child-Pugh grading

OBJECTIVES: Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography, the aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio (AAR), aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI), and the fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index are widely used to assess liver fibrosis. However, efficacies of these methods in the evaluation of hepatic functional reserve remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the relationship between ARFI elastography combined with either AAR, APRI, or FIB-4 index and Child-Pugh (CP) class for the evaluation of hepatic functional reserve in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB)-related cirrhosis. METHODS: The shear wave velocities of 104 patients with clinically confirmed CHB-related cirrhosis were determined using the ARFI; and clinical serum markers (e.g. ALT, AST, PLT) were used to calculate the AAR, APRI, and FIB-4 index. Cirrhosis patients were scored according to their CP class. The ARFI, AAR, APRI, and FIB-4 index were compared with the CP class. The efficacy of each indicator in diagnosis was analyzed using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and the ARFI combined with either the AAR, APRI, or FIB-4 index, which is used to predict decompensated cirrhosis. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed in gender and age among CP classes A, B, and C patients (p>0.05). The ARFI values and the AAR, APRI, and FIB-4 index of patients with CP classes A, B, and C were significantly different (p<0.05). With an increasing CP class, the ARFI, AAR, APRI, and FIB-4 values increased. The correlation between the ARFI and the CP class was stronger than that between the AAR, APRI, and FIB-4 index and the CP class. The area under the ROC curve for the diagnosis of decompensated cirrhosis using the ARFI was 0.841, which was higher than that for the AAR, APRI, and FIB-4 index. According to the area under the curve results, no significant differences were found when the ARFI was combined with either the AAR, APRI, or FIB-4 index and when the ARFI alone was used. CONCLUSIONS: The ARFI value has a strong correlation with the CP class. Therefore, ARFI elastography complements CP class in the assessment of the hepatic functional reserve in patients with CHB-related cirrhosis.

[Clinical value of acoustic radiation force impulse elastography in differential diagnosis of focal liver lesions].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical value of acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography in the differential diagnosis of focal liver lesions. METHODS: ARFI elastography was performed for 169 lesions from 163 patients with focal liver lesions and 15 healthy volunteers, and the virtual touch tissue imaging (VTI) findings and measured value of shear wave velocity (SWV) of liver lesions were obtained and compared between groups. The t-test was applied for comparison of means between two groups; the one-way analysis of variance was applied for comparison of means between multiple groups, and the Student-Newman-Keuls test was applied for further comparison between any two groups. RESULTS: Benign focal liver lesions were stiffer or softer than or had the same stiffness as the surrounding liver parenchyma. These lesions had a uniform texture, and the ratio between their diameters on elastographic images and two-dimensional images was close to 1. The typical VTI finding of hemangioma lesions was"honeycomb"pattern. Most malignant focal liver lesions were stiffer than the surrounding liver parenchyma, and the ratio between their diameters on elastographic images and two-dimensional images was greater than 1. The typical VTI finding of metastatic lesions was"bull's eye"sign. With a measured SWV of 2.08 m/s as the diagnostic threshold for malignant liver lesions, its sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 90.3%, 76.9%, and 84.2%, respectively. Poorly differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) showed a significant increase in stiffness compared with moderately differentiated HCC (t = 5.319, P = 0.025) and well-differentiated HCC (t = 6.372, P = 0.011). CONCLUSION: ARFI elastography can reflect changes in the stiffness of focal liver lesions accurately, and is useful for the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant focal liver lesions.