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Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) is a complication of ovulation induction. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) can occur as a consequence of this syndrome, but it is an infrequent event. The authors describe the case of a woman who became pregnant after ovulation induction and developed severe OHSS and, subsequently, DVT of the right brachiocephalic trunk, internal and external jugular veins, and right subclavian vein. Thrombophilia studies were positive, revealing the presence of four mutations. The pregnancy was bichorionic and biamniotic twins and, during the course of the pregnancy, she developed severe cholestasis. In the follow-up of this situation, she underwent abdominal ultrasound which revealed the presence of liver nodules. Three years after delivery, the patient remains anticoagulated and under surveillance of liver nodules by annual MRI.
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Aquatic pollution from pharmaceuticals is a growing environmental concern globally, particularly in Catalonia's primary water bodies, the Llobregat and Besòs rivers. This study investigates pharmaceutical residues in reclaimed water effluents from the Llobregat River and a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in the Besòs River, critical contributors to the region's water resources. Employing LC-MS/MS, 85 pharmaceutical residues were monitored, revealing elevated concentrations of tramadol, losartan, and gemfibrozil, commonly prescribed drugs in Catalonia. Surprisingly, downstream concentrations exceeded upstream levels significantly, indicating the adverse impact of reclaimed water on water quality. Furthermore, evaluation of WWTP efficiency displayed varying removal rates, from 10 % to 99.8 %, highlighting treatment inadequacies for certain compounds. Predictive environmental concentrations (PECs) aligned closely with measured values, affirming the utility of predictive models in early-stage research. Risk assessment via the risk quotient (RQ) method identified atorvastatin and chlorpromazine as surpassing toxicity thresholds. This study underscores the urgent need to address pharmaceutical contamination in urban rivers and reclaimed waters in Catalonia. By highlighting treatment inefficacies and potential ecological risks, it contributes to the development of sustainable water management strategies and environmental conservation efforts in the region. Efforts should focus on continuously monitoring specific compounds, evaluating their individual toxicity, and implementing appropriate remediation techniques in WWTPs to safeguard water quality and aquatic ecosystems.
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Monitoreo del Ambiente , Ríos , Eliminación de Residuos Líquidos , Aguas Residuales , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Aguas Residuales/química , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/análisis , Ríos/química , Medición de Riesgo , EspañaRESUMEN
This study investigates the chronic impact of two of the most widely consumed antineoplastic drugs, Ifosfamide (IF) and Cisplatin (CDDP), on the bivalve species Mytilus galloprovincialis under current (17 °C) and predicted warming conditions (21 °C). Accompanying the expected increase in worldwide cancer incidence, antineoplastics detection in the aquatic environment is also expected to rise. Mussels were exposed to varying concentrations of IF (10, 100, 500 ng/L) and CDDP (10, 100, 1000 ng/L) for 28 days. Biochemical analyses focused on metabolic, antioxidant and biotransformation capacities, cellular damage, and neurotoxicity. Results showed temperature-dependent variations in biochemical responses. Metabolic capacity remained stable in mussels exposed to IF, while CDDP exposure increased it at 1000 ng/L for both temperatures. Antioxidant enzyme activities were unaffected by IF, but CDDP activated them, particularly at 21 °C. Biotransformation capacity was unchanged by IF but enhanced by CDDP. Nevertheless, cellular damage occurred at CDDP concentrations above 100 ng/L, regardless of temperature. Integrated biomarker responses highlighted CDDP's greater impact, emphasizing the critical role of temperature in shaping organismal responses and underscoring the complexity of environmental stressor interactions.
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Antineoplásicos , Cisplatino , Ifosfamida , Mytilus , Temperatura , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Cisplatino/toxicidad , Mytilus/fisiología , Mytilus/efectos de los fármacos , Ifosfamida/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Antineoplásicos/toxicidadRESUMEN
The recent availability of commercial platforms for behavioral analyses in zebrafish larvae based on video-tracking technologies has exponentially increased the number of studies analyzing different behaviors in this model organism to assess neurotoxicity. Among the most commonly used assays in zebrafish larvae are basal locomotor activity (BLA) and visual motor responses (VMRs). However, the effect of different intrinsic and extrinsic factors that can significantly alter the outcome of these assays is still not well understood. In this work, we have analyzed the influence of age (5-8 days post-fertilization), time of day (8:00, 10:00, 12:00, 14:00; 16:00, 18:00, and 20:00 h), and experiment (three experiments performed at different days) on BLA and VMR results (4004 analyses for each behavior) in 143 larvae. The results from both behaviors were adjusted to a random-effects linear regression model using generalized least squares (GLSs), including in the model the effect of the three variables, the second-way interactions between them, and the three-way interaction. The results presented in this manuscript show a specific effect of all three intrinsic factors and their interactions on both behaviors, supporting the view that the most stable time period for performing these behavioral assays is from 10:00 am to 04:00 pm, with some differences depending on the age of the larva and the behavioral test.
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Boscalid (2-Chloro-N-(4'-chlorobiphenyl-2-yl) nicotinamide), a pyridine carboxamide fungicide, is an inhibitor of the complex II of the respiration chain in fungal mitochondria. As boscalid is only moderately toxic for aquatic organisms (LC50 > 1-10 mg/L), current environmental levels of this compound in aquatic ecosystems, in the range of ng/L-µg/L, are considered safe for aquatic organisms. In this study, we have exposed zebrafish (Danio rerio), Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and Daphnia magna to a range of concentrations of boscalid (1-1000 µg/L) for 24 h, and the effects on heart rate (HR), basal locomotor activity (BLA), visual motor response (VMR), startle response (SR), and habituation (HB) to a series of vibrational or light stimuli have been evaluated. Moreover, changes in the profile of the main neurotransmitters have been determined. Boscalid altered HR in a concentration-dependent manner, leading to a positive or negative chronotropic effect in fish and D. magna, respectively. While boscalid decreased BLA and increased VMR in Daphnia, these behaviors were not altered in fish. For SR and HB, the response was more species- and concentration-specific, with Daphnia exhibiting the highest sensitivity. At the neurotransmission level, boscalid exposure decreased the levels of L-aspartic acid in fish larvae and increased the levels of dopaminergic metabolites in D. magna. Our study demonstrates that exposure to environmental levels of boscalid alters cardiac activity, impairs ecologically relevant behaviors, and leads to changes in different neurotransmitter systems in phylogenetically distinct vertebrate and invertebrate models. Thus, the results presented emphasize the need to review the current regulation of this fungicide.
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Compuestos de Bifenilo , Fungicidas Industriales , Niacinamida/análogos & derivados , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Fungicidas Industriales/metabolismo , Ecosistema , Organismos Acuáticos , Pez Cebra/metabolismo , Daphnia , Niacinamida/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/metabolismoRESUMEN
Parasitic vector-borne diseases (VBDs) represent nearly 20% of the global burden of infectious diseases. Moreover, the spread of VBDs is enhanced by global travel, urbanization, and climate change. Treatment of VBDs faces challenges due to limitations of existing drugs, as the potential for side effects in nontarget species raises significant environmental concerns. Consequently, considering environmental risks early in drug development processes is critically important. Here, we examine the environmental risk assessment process for veterinary medicinal products in the European Union and identify major gaps in the ecotoxicity data of these drugs. By highlighting the scarcity of ecotoxicological data for commonly used antiparasitic drugs, we stress the urgent need for considering the One Health concept. We advocate for employing predictive tools and nonanimal methodologies such as New Approach Methodologies at early stages of antiparasitic drug research and development. Furthermore, adopting progressive approaches to mitigate ecological risks requires the integration of nonstandard tests that account for real-world complexities and use environmentally relevant exposure scenarios. Such a strategy is vital for a sustainable drug development process as it adheres to the principles of One Health, ultimately contributing to a healthier and more sustainable world.
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Enfermedades Transmisibles , Enfermedades Transmitidas por Vectores , Animales , Vectores de Enfermedades , Enfermedades Transmisibles/tratamiento farmacológico , Investigación , Desarrollo de MedicamentosRESUMEN
Cocaine, methamphetamine, ectasy (3,4-methylenedioxy amphetamine (MDMA)) and ketamine are among the most consumed drugs worldwide causing cognitive, oxidative stress and cardiovascular problems in humans. Residue levels of these drugs and their transformation products may still enter the aquatic environment, where concentrations up to hundreds of ng/L have been measured. In the present work we tested the hypothesis that psychotropic effects and the mode of action of these drugs in D. magna cognitive, oxidative stress and cardiovascular responses are equivalent to those reported in humans and other vertebrate models. Accordingly we expose D. magna juveniles to pharmacological and environmental relevant concentrations. The study was complemented with the measurement of the main neurotransmitters involved in the known mechanisms of action of these drugs in mammals and physiological relevant amino acids. Behavioural cognitive patters clearly differentiate the 3 psychostimulant drugs (methamphetamine, cocaine, MDMA) from the dissociative one ketamine. Psychostimulant drugs at pharmacological doses (10-200 µM), increased basal locomotion activities and responses to light, and decreased habituation to it. Ketamine only increased habituation to light. The four drugs enhanced the production of reactive oxygen species in a concentration related manner, and at moderate concentrations (10-60 µM) increased heartbeats, diminishing them at high doses (200 µM). In chronic exposures to environmental low concentrations (10-1000 ng/L) the four drugs did not affect any of the behavioural responses measured but methamphetamine and cocaine inhibited reproduction at 10 ng/L. Observed effects on neurotransmitters and related metabolites were in concern with reported responses in mammalian and other vertebrate models: cocaine and MDMA enhanced dopamine and serotonin levels, respectively, methamphetamine and MDMA decreased dopamine and octopamine, and all but MDMA decreased 3 MT levels. Drug effects on the concentration of up to 10 amino acids evidence disruptive effects on neurotransmitter synthesis, the urea cycle, lipid metabolism and cardiac function.
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Cocaína , Drogas Ilícitas , Ketamina , Metanfetamina , N-Metil-3,4-metilenodioxianfetamina , Humanos , Animales , N-Metil-3,4-metilenodioxianfetamina/toxicidad , Drogas Ilícitas/toxicidad , Daphnia magna , Dopamina , Cardiotoxicidad , Metanfetamina/toxicidad , Anfetamina , Cocaína/toxicidad , Neurotransmisores , Aminoácidos , MamíferosRESUMEN
Aquatic organisms are exposed to low concentrations of neuro-active chemicals, many of them acting also as neuroendocrine disruptors that can be hazardous during earlier embryonic stages. The present study aims to assess how exposure early in live to environmental low concentrations of two selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), fluoxetine and sertraline, and tributyltin (TBT) affected cognitive, metabolic and cardiac responses in the model aquatic crustacean Daphnia magna. To that end, newly brooded females were exposed for an entire reproductive cycle (3-4 days) and the response of collected juveniles in the first, second and third consecutive broods, which were exposed, respectively, as embryos, provisioned and un-provisioned egg stages, was monitored. Pre-exposure to the selected SSRIs during embryonic and egg developmental stages altered the swimming behaviour of D. magna juveniles to light in a similar way reported elsewhere by serotonergic compounds while TBT altered cognition disrupting multiple neurological signalling routes. The studied compounds also altered body size, the amount of storage lipids in lipid droplets, heart rate, oxygen consumption rates and the transcription of related serotonergic, dopaminergic and lipid metabolic genes in new-born individuals, mostly pre-exposed during their embryonic and provisioning egg stages. The obtained cognitive, cardiac and metabolic defects in juveniles developed from exposed sensitive pre-natal stages align with the "Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DoHAD)" paradigm.
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Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina , Compuestos de Trialquiltina , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Inhibidores Selectivos de la Recaptación de Serotonina/toxicidad , Daphnia magna , Serotonina/metabolismo , Exposición Materna , Daphnia/fisiología , Cognición , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
The current view is that environmental levels of nicotine and cotinine, commonly in the ng/L range, are safe for aquatic organisms. In this study, 7 days post-fertilization zebrafish embryos have been exposed for 24 h to a range of environmental concentrations of nicotine (2.0 ng/L-2.5 µg/L) and cotinine (50 pg/L-10 µg/L), as well as to a binary mixture of these emerging pollutants. Nicotine exposure led to hyperactivity, decreased vibrational startle response and increased non-associative learning. However, the more consistent effect found for both nicotine and cotinine was a significant increase in light-off visual motor response (VMR). The effect of both pollutants on this behavior occurred through a similar mode of action, as the joint effects of the binary mixture of both chemicals were consistent with the concentration addition concept predictions. The results from docking studies suggest that the effect of nicotine and cotinine on light-off VMR could be mediated by zebrafish α7 nAChR expressed in retina. The results presented in this study emphasize the need to revisit the environmental risk assessment of chemicals including additional ecologically relevant sublethal endpoints.
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Contaminantes Ambientales , Nicotina , Animales , Nicotina/toxicidad , Cotinina , Pez Cebra , LarvaRESUMEN
The use of urban wastewater reclaimed water has recently increased across the globe to restore stream environmental flows and mitigate the effects of water scarcity. Reclaimed water is disinfected using different treatments, but their effects into the receiving rivers are little studied. Physiological bioassays and biomarkers can detect sub-lethal effects on target species, but do not provide information on changes in community structure. In contrast, official monitoring programs use community structure information but often at coarse taxonomic resolution level that may fail to detect species level impacts. Here, we combined commonly used biomonitoring approaches from organism physiology to community species composition to scan a broad range of effects of disinfection of reclaimed water by UV-light only and both UV/chlorine on the biota. We (1) performed bioassays in one laboratory species (water flea Daphnia magna) and measured biomarkers in two wild species (caddisfly Hydropsyche exocellata and the barbel Luciobarbus graellsii), (2) calculated standard indices of biotic quality (IBQ) for diatoms, benthic macroinvertebrates, and fishes, and (3) analysed community species composition of eukaryotes determined by Cytochrome Oxidase C subunit I (cox1) metabarcoding. Only the UV/chlorine treatment caused significant changes in feeding rates of D. magna and reduced antioxidant defenses, increased anaerobic metabolism and altered the levels of lipid peroxidiation in H. exocellata. However, inputs of reclaimed water were significantly associated with a greater proportion of circulating neutrophils and LG-PAS cells in L. graellsii. Despite IBQ did not discriminate between the two water treatments, metabarcoding data detected community composition changes upon exposure to UV/chlorine reclaimed water. Overall, despite the effects of UV/chlorine-treated water were transient, our study suggests that UV-light treated is less harmful for freshwater biota than UV/chlorine-treated reclaimed water, but those effects depend of the organizational level.
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Aguas Residuales , Purificación del Agua , Animales , Cloro/química , Insectos , Desinfección , Cloruros , Biota , RíosRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: This study has investigated the temporal disruptive effects of tributyltin (TBT) on lipid homeostasis in Daphnia magna. To achieve this, the study used Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis to analyze biological samples of Daphnia magna treated with TBT over time. The resulting data sets were multivariate and three-way, and were modeled using bilinear and trilinear non-negative factor decomposition chemometric methods. These methods allowed for the identification of specific patterns in the data and provided insight into the effects of TBT on lipid homeostasis in Daphnia magna. OBJECTIVES: Investigation of how are the changes in the lipid concentrations of Daphnia magna pools when they were exposed with TBT and over time using non-targeted LC-MS and advanced chemometric analysis. METHODS: The simultaneous analysis of LC-MS data sets of Daphnia magna samples under different experimental conditions (TBT dose and time) were analyzed using the ROIMCR method, which allows the resolution of the elution and mass spectra profiles of a large number of endogenous lipids. Changes obtained in the peak areas of the elution profiles of these lipids caused by the dose of TBT treatment and the time after its exposure are analyzed by principal component analysis, multivariate curve resolution-alternative least square, two-way ANOVA and ANOVA-simultaneous component analysis. RESULTS: 87 lipids were identified. Some of these lipids are proposed as Daphnia magna lipidomic biomarkers of the effects produced by the two considered factors (time and dose) and by their interaction. A reproducible multiplicative effect between these two factors is confirmed and the optimal approach to model this dataset resulted to be the application of the trilinear factor decomposition model. CONCLUSION: The proposed non-targeted LC-MS lipidomics approach resulted to be a powerful tool to investigate the effects of the two factors on the Daphnia magna lipidome using chemometric methods based on bilinear and trilinear factor decomposition models, according to the type of interaction between the design factors.
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Daphnia , Lipidómica , Animales , Cromatografía Liquida , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Metabolómica/métodos , Lípidos/análisisRESUMEN
Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) effluents are important sources of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and resistant bacteria that threaten aquatic biota and human heath. Antibiotic effects on host-associated microbiomes, spread of ARGs and the consequences for host health are still poorly described. This study investigated changes of the Daphnia magna associated microbiome exposed to the recalcitrant antibiotic doxycycline under artificial reconstituted lab water media (lab water) and treated wastewater media. D. magna individual juveniles were exposed for 10 days to treated wastewater with and without doxycycline, and similarly in lab water. We analysed 16 S rRNA gene sequences to assess changes in community structure, monitored Daphnia offspring production and quantified ARGs abundances by qPCR from both Daphnia and water (before and after the exposure). Results showed that doxycycline and media (lab water or wastewater) had a significant effect modulating Daphnia-associated microbiome composition and one of the most discriminant taxa was Enterococcus spp. Moreover, in lab water, doxycycline reduced the presence of Limnohabitans sp., which are dominant bacteria of the D. magna-associated microbiome and impaired Daphnia reproduction. Contrarily, treated wastewater increased diversity and richness of Daphnia-associated microbiome and promoted fecundity. In addition, the detected ARG genes in both lab water and treated wastewater medium included the qnrS1, sul1, and blaTEM, and the integron-related intI1 gene. The treated wastewater contained about 10 times more ARGs than lab water alone. Furthermore, there was an increase of sul1 in Daphnia cultured in treated wastewater compared to lab water. In addition, there were signs of a higher biodegradation of doxycycline by microbiomes of treated wastewater in comparison to lab water. Thus, results suggest that Daphnia-associated microbiomes are influenced by their environment, and that bacterial communities present in treated wastewater are better suited to cope with the effects of antibiotics.
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Antibacterianos , Microbiota , Humanos , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/análisis , Doxiciclina/farmacología , Aguas Residuales , Genes Bacterianos , Bacterias/genética , Farmacorresistencia Microbiana/genética , Reproducción , Agua/análisisRESUMEN
Bioplastics arise as an alternative to plastic production delinked from fossil resources. However, as their demand is increasing, there is a need to investigate their environmental fingerprint. Here we study the toxicity of microplastics (MPLs) of two widely used materials, the polylactic acid (PLA) and the polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) on the environmental aquatic model species Daphnia magna. The study was focused on sublethal behavioural and feeding endpoints linked to antipredator scape responses and food intake. The study aimed to test that MPLs from single-use household comercial items and among them bioplastics should be more toxic than those obtained from standard plastic polymers and fossil plastic materials due to the greater amount of plastic additives, and that MPLs should be more toxic than plastic extracts due to the contribution of both particle and plastic additive toxicity. MPLs were obtained by cryogenic grinding and sea-sand erosion to obtain irregular particles. MPL included standard polymers and nine comercial items of PLA and PHB and one fossil-based material of high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The additive content in commercial items was characterised by liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry. D. magna juveniles were exposed for 24 h to particles and their plastic extracts. Results indicated that the toxicity of bioplastic particles was five times higher than the effects produced by exposure to the content of the additives alone, that bioplastic particles were more toxic than fossil ones and that particles obtained from commercial items were more toxic than those obtained from PLA, PHB or HDPE polymer standards. Predicted toxicity from the measured plastic additives in the studied commercially available household items, however, was poorly related with the observed behavioural and feeding effects. Further research on unknown chemical components together with physical factors is need it to fully understand the mechanisms of toxicity of bioplastic materials.
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Microplásticos , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Plásticos/toxicidad , Plásticos/análisis , Daphnia , Polietileno/farmacología , Poliésteres/toxicidad , Biopolímeros/farmacología , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
Coastal ecosystems are currently exposed to pollutants and climate change. Namely, the increasing consumption of antineoplastic drugs and their potential release to aquatic ecosystems are raising concerns. Nevertheless, information regarding the toxicity of these drugs towards non-target species is scarce, especially considering climate change scenarios. Ifosfamide (IF) and cisplatin (CDDP) are among the antineoplastics already detected in aquatic compartments and due to their mode of action (MoA) can negatively affect aquatic organisms. This study evaluates the transcription of 17 selected target genes related to the MoA of IF and CDDP in Mytilus galloprovincialis gills exposed to environmentally relevant and toxicological meaningful concentrations (IF - 10, 100, 500 ng/L; CDDP - 10, 100, 1000 ng/L), under an actual (17 °C) and predicted warming scenario (21 °C). Results showed an upregulation of the cyp4y1 gene when exposed to the highest concentrations of IF, regardless of the temperature. Both drugs upregulated genes related to DNA damage and apoptosis (p53, caspase 8 and gadd45), especially under warmer conditions. Increased temperature also downregulated genes related to stress and immune responses (krs and mydd88). Therefore, the present results showed a gene transcriptional response of mussels to increasing concentrations of antineoplastics and that warmer temperatures modulated those effects.
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Antineoplásicos , Mytilus , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Cisplatino/toxicidad , Mytilus/fisiología , Ifosfamida/toxicidad , Transcriptoma , Cambio Climático , Ecosistema , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019), the respiratory illness responsible for the on-going COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2020, it was declared global pandemic, causing millions of deaths. An evident tendency of global pharmaceutical consumption due to COVID-19 pandemic should be seen worldwide, and this increase might suppose an environmental threat. Pharmaceuticals administrated at home or in pharmacies are excreted by faeces and urine after consumption, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are not able to remove all pharmaceuticals residues that eventually will end up in the aquatic media (rivers and sea). For this reason, analytical techniques such as liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) have become prominent to identify and quantify pharmaceuticals residues in aquatic matrices. In view of the scarce data on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals used as COVID-19 treatment, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the presence of these class of pharmaceuticals in river water which were dexamethasone, prednisone, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, remdesivir, ritonavir, lopinavir, acetaminophen, hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine and cloperastine, their toxicity in the aquatic environment using D. magna and to perform an exhaustive risk assessment in seven points of the Llobregat river basin. Dexamethasone, cloperastine and acetaminophen were the pharmaceuticals with higher concentrations, showing mean levels between 313 and 859 ng L-1.
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COVID-19 , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Humanos , SARS-CoV-2 , España , Espectrometría de Masas en Tándem , Ríos/química , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , Cromatografía Liquida , Pandemias , Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19 , Acetaminofén , Monitoreo del Ambiente/métodos , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas , Dexametasona/análisisRESUMEN
Carbaryl and fenitrothion are two insecticides sharing a common mode of action, the inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Their use is now regulated or banned in different countries, and the environmental levels of both compounds in aquatic ecosystems have decreased to the range of pg/L to ng/L. As these concentrations are below the non-observed-adverse-effect-concentrations (NOAEC) for AChE inhibition reported for both compounds in aquatic organisms, there is a general agreement that the current levels of these two chemicals are safe for aquatic organisms. In this study we have exposed zebrafish, Japanese medaka and Daphnia magna to concentrations of carbaryl and fenitrothion under their NOAECs for 24-h, and the effects on heart rate (HR), basal locomotor activity (BLA), visual motor response (VMR), startle response (SR) and its habituation have been evaluated. Both pesticides increased the HR in the three selected model organisms, although the intensity of this effect was chemical-, concentration- and organism-dependent. The exposure to both pesticides also led to a decrease in BLA and an increase in VMR in all three species, although this effect was only significant in zebrafish larvae. For SR and its habituation, the response profile was more species- and concentration-specific. The results presented in this manuscript demonstrate that concentrations of carbaryl and fenitrothion well below their respective NOAECs induce tachycardia and the impairment of ecologically relevant behaviors in phylogenetically distinct aquatic model organisms, both vertebrates and invertebrates, emphasizing the need to include this range of concentrations in the environmental risk assessment.
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Insecticidas , Plaguicidas , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Carbaril/toxicidad , Fenitrotión/toxicidad , Pez Cebra , Inhibidores de la Colinesterasa/toxicidad , Acetilcolinesterasa , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Organismos Acuáticos , Ecosistema , Insecticidas/análisis , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisisRESUMEN
Contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) are a class of chemicals that can spread throughout the environment and may cause adverse biological and ecological effects. While there are many different classes of CECs, one of the most well documented in the aquatic environment are pharmaceutical drugs, such as natural and synthetic estrogens. In particular, the widespread presence of the synthetic estrogen 17 α-Ethinylestradiol (EE2) in water may lead to bioaccumulation in sediment and biota. EE2 is the primary component in contraceptive pills, and is a derivative of the natural hormone estradiol (E2). In this study, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was exposed to EE2 in a semi-static and time-dependent experiment, for a total exposure period of 28 days. Biochemical and transcriptomics analyses were performed on mussel digestive glands after exposure for 14 (T14) and 28 (T28) days. Metabolic and DNA impairments, as well as activation of antioxidant and biotransformation enzymes activation, were detected in T28 exposed mussels. RNA-Seq analysis showed significant differential expression of 160 (T14 compared to controls), 33 (T28 compared to controls) and 79 (T14 compared to T28) genes. Signs of stress after EE2 treatment included up-regulation of gene/proteins involved with immune function, lipid transport, and metabolic and antibacterial properties. This study elucidates the underlying mechanisms of EE2 in a filter feeding organisms to elucidate the effects of this human pharmaceutical on aquatic biota.
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Mytilus , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua , Animales , Humanos , Etinilestradiol/toxicidad , Etinilestradiol/metabolismo , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/toxicidad , Expresión Génica , Preparaciones Farmacéuticas/metabolismoRESUMEN
The role of serotonin in Daphnia magna phototactic and locomotor behavior was assessed using reverse genetics and pharmacological treatments with serotonin and fluoxetine. The study was conducted with four clones: the wild type clone and three CRISPR D. magna ones with mutations in the tryptophan hydrolase gene (TRH) that is involved in serotonin synthesis. These included clones TRHA- and TRHB- with mutations in both alleles that lack serotonin and the mono-allelic mutant TRH+, that has serotonin. Obtained results indicated that animals lacking serotonin showed an increased negative phototactism and locomotor activity upon light stimuli and a reduced response to fish kairomones relative to the wild type and TRH+ individuals. Exposure to exogenous serotonin re-established the phototactism and locomotor activity of TRH- individuals to those of the wild type but did not affect phototactic responses to fish kairomones. Unexpectedly, fluoxetine was able to modify locomotor activity and phototactic behavior against fish kairomones in TRH- individuals lacking serotonin, and also it increased the concentrations of acethylcholine and GABA in exposed animals, which support the argument that fluoxetine may also affect other neurological pathways.
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Daphnia , Serotonina , Animales , Daphnia/fisiología , Fluoxetina , Fototaxis , Peces , Feromonas , TriptófanoRESUMEN
Bioplastics made of renewable sources provide an excellent alternative to fossil-based materials. However, similar or greater quantities of plastic additives than fossil-based plastics are used in the formulations of bioplastics to improve their performance and barrier properties. Nowadays, there is an increasing concern about sources of chemical exposure. However, there is an important knowledge gap regarding complex additive mixtures, particularly in bio-based materials. In this study, we have characterised the presence of plastic additives in single-use materials (collected from retail shops in Spain), which are made of the most common bio-based biodegradable materials, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), in contrast with a fossil-based plastic material that is extensively made from high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The approach consisted of the pulverization of material in the nano-micro range (100 nm-10 µm), with the materials being extracted using different solvents and ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction (UASE). 100% of the additives in the material cannot be extracted, but since they were performed in the same condition for all materials can inform about the fingerprint of primary organics and the relative abundances between the different materials. The extracts were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry equipped with a heated electrospray ionisation source operated in positive and negative ionisation conditions (HPLC-HESI(+/-)-HRMS), separately, using a suspect screening approach. A total number of 203 additives were tentatively identified (confidence level 2) in the bioplastics items of this study. An average of 123 plastic additives were found in PLA items and 121 in PHB items. Plasticisers were the most abundant additives; the phthalates group was the most commonly found, while 63 plastic additives were confirmed by standards and quantified. In parallel, the cytotoxicity of plastic particles in terms of cell viability and oxidative stress was studied using A549 alveolar basal epithelial cells, and the toxicity of the different extracts was also established using HepG2 adenocarcinoma cells. The main results of this study demonstrate that the plastic particles did not show a significant reduction in cell viability, but oxidative stress was significant, with PLA being the material that showed the highest effect. On the other hand, extracts of plastic particles did not show inhibition of cell viability except for HDPE extract, but the different extracts produced oxidative stress, with PLA showing the highest effect. Although the item showing the highest concentrations of additives was the extract of PLA material while also showing the most elevated oxidative stress, the low migration of toxicants from plastic materials ensures their safe use. However, this also supports the idea that bioplastics can contain many toxic substances in their formulations, some of which are unknown and should be studied in more depth.
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Plásticos , Polietileno , Plásticos/toxicidad , Poliésteres/toxicidad , Biopolímeros , EspañaRESUMEN
Neuroactive chemicals are compounds that can modulate, at very low concentrations, the normal function of the central nervous systems of an organism through various primary modes of action (MoA) [...].