Comparison of the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and tadalafil daily use on erectile function: a prospective, double controlled study.

PURPOSE: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a worldwide health problem. Oral phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5I) are used in its first-line treatment. This study aimed to compare the effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) treatment with PDE5I treatment and determine the patient-dependent factors affecting the efficacy of the HBO treatment and duration of action of HBO treatment. METHODS: Adult male patients who presented to the HBO unit for HBO treatment with non-urological indications and had ED based on the International Index for Erectile Function (IIEF-5) constituted the target population of this study. Participants were given HBO treatment (Group 1), no treatment (Group 2), or daily oral tadalafil 5 mg treatment (Group 3). The treatment duration was 1 month. Patients were assessed by IIEF-5 both initially and after the completion of 1 month. RESULTS: There were significant increases in the mean IIEF-5 scores of the patients in Group 1 and Group 3 (p < 0.001, p < 0.001). However, there was no significant improvement in Group 2 (p = 0.496). Also, the post-treatment IIEF-5 scores of Group 1 and Group 3 were significantly higher than Group 2 (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the IIEF-5 scores and ∆IIEF-5 values of Group 1 and Group 3 (p = 0.166, p = 0.093). Evaluation regarding comorbidities revealed that patients with the peripheral vascular disease did not improve with HBO treatment (p = 0.285). CONCLUSION: HBO can improve erectile functions, and it can be a reasonable alternative for patients who cannot use PDE5Is due to comorbidities or treatment side effects.

Predictive Value of Additional Clinical and Radiological Parameters for Discrimination of Malignancy in Bosniak 3 Cysts.

INTRODUCTION: Almost half of the cystic renal lesions are still overdiagnosed and overtreated. New clinical and radiological parameters are needed to distinguish the malignant Bosniak 3 lesions from the benign ones. We aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiological parameters that may be related to malignancy risk for Bosniak category 3 renal cysts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent surgical resection of a histopathologically confirmed Bosniak 3 renal cyst between March 2007 and September 2019 were evaluated. Two experienced uro-radiologists have reevaluated the last preoperative computed tomography and/or MRI images of the patients and reclassified the lesions according to the Bosniak classification. They also reported cystic features such as nodularity, septation, focal thickening, enhancement, and calcification. Clinical, pathological, and oncological outcomes were recorded. Then patients were divided into 2 groups as Group 1 (benign pathology) and Group 2 (malignant pathology) according to final histopathological report. RESULTS: A total of 79 patients were included in this study. Mean follow-up time was 47 ± 34 months. There were 30 patients in Group 1 and 49 patients in Group 2. Hypertension (p = 0.001) and smoking history (p = 0.008) were more common in malignant group. Among the radiological findings, lower tumor diameter (p = 0.024), presence of cyst wall enhancement (p = 0.025), presence of nodularity (p = 0.002), and presence of focal thickening (p = 0.031) were found to be statistically significant for malignancy. Most of the tumors were at pathological T1 stage and Fuhrmann Grade 1-2. Only nodularity was found to be independent predictive factor for malignancy in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: Clinical factors including hypertension and smoking, radiological factors including lower lesion size, cyst wall enhancement, nodularity, and focal thickening were predictors for malignancy of Bosniak 3 cysts.

Anxiety and depression associated with a positive prostate biopsy result: A comparative, prospective cohort study

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the course of anxiety and depression before and after transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-Bx) and in the postoperative 1st month when the histopathological biopsy result was obtained. Methods In between June 2017- January 2019, 204 patients who underwent TRUS-Bx and completed the questionnaires assessing anxiety and depression were included in the study. Questionnaires were completed immediately before the biopsy, immediately after the biopsy and at the end of the first month when the histopathological biopsy results were given. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and perceived stress scale (PSS) forms were used to assess anxiety and depression. After the histopathological examination patients were divided into two groups as patients without cancer (Group 1) and with cancer (Group 2). Data was compared between the groups. Results PSA level was negatively correlated with STAI TX-1 scores of the patients immediately after TRUS-Bx, whereas it was positively correlated with STAI TX-1 and TX-2 30 days after the TRUS-Bx. PSA level was positively correlated with HADS-A and HADS-D scores immediately before and 30 days after TRUS-Bx. Biopsy results showed a significant difference in 30 day post-biopsy related data. STAI TX-1, STAI TX-2, HADS-A, HADS-D and PSS scores were higher in Group 2 compared with Group 1. Conclusions Pre-biopsy anxiety disappeared after bx, but there was a significant increase in anxiety and depression in patients after the diagnosis of malignancy. Patients were seriously concerned about the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

Anxiety and depression associated with a positive prostate biopsy result: A comparative, prospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: To investigate the course of anxiety and depression before and after transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-Bx) and in the postoperative 1st month when the histopathological biopsy result was obtained. METHODS: In between June 2017- January 2019, 204 patients who underwent TRUS-Bx and completed the questionnaires assessing anxiety and depression were included in the study. Questionnaires were completed immediately before the biopsy, immediately after the biopsy and at the end of the first month when the histopathological biopsy results were given. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and perceived stress scale (PSS) forms were used to assess anxiety and depression. After the histopathological examination patients were divided into two groups as patients without cancer (Group 1) and with cancer (Group 2). Data was compared between the groups. RESULTS: PSA level was negatively correlated with STAI TX-1 scores of the patients immediately after TRUS-Bx, whereas it was positively correlated with STAI TX-1 and TX-2 30 days after the TRUS-Bx. PSA level was positively correlated with HADS-A and HADS-D scores immediately before and 30 days after TRUS-Bx. Biopsy results showed a significant difference in 30 day post-biopsy related data. STAI TX-1, STAI TX-2, HADS-A, HADS-D and PSS scores were higher in Group 2 compared with Group 1. CONCLUSIONS: Pre-biopsy anxiety disappeared after bx, but there was a significant increase in anxiety and depression in patients after the diagnosis of malignancy. Patients were seriously concerned about the diagnosis of prostate cancer.

The course of alterations in ureteral jet dynamics following kidney transplantation: a prospective observational cohort study.

OBJECTIVES: To prospectively investigate the alterations and normal ranges of ureteral jet dynamics after double-J-stent (DJS) removal in patients who underwent renal transplantation (RTx). METHODS: Patients who underwent RTx were prospectively evaluated between November 2017 and June 2018. After RTx, Doppler ultrasonography (D-US) was performed on all patients after DJS removal. Renal artery resistive index (RA-Ri), renal pelvis anterior-posterior diameter (RP-APD), pelvicalyceal system dilation (PCSD), and ureteral jet flow dynamics (maximum and average velocity; JETmax and JETave) were measured by D-US. Also, patients' demographics, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels, and acute rejection were investigated in the study. Patients were assessed two different times by D-US, about 6 and 12 weeks after DJS removal, and the two different measurements were compared with the Wilcoxon test and Chi-square test. RESULTS: A total of 25 patients were evaluated in the study. Nonobstructive PCSD rate (12% vs 8%), JETave (18.8 vs 12.9 cm/sec), and JETmax (29.2 vs 20 cm/sec) levels were significantly decreased (p values are 0.01, 0.010 and 0.014, respectively). In addition, monophasic and square pattern rates were significantly observed to increase over time (p=0.035); however, ureteral jet patterns were correlated between the two different D-US measurements (R=0.225, p=0.032). CONCLUSION: After RTx, dilation rate and ureteral jet flow velocities were significantly decreased, and monophasic and square JETpattern rates were significantly increased over time. Ureteral jet dynamics can provide useful information about the follow-up of peristaltic activity in the pelvic-ureteric system.

The significance of preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate on survival outcomes in patients who underwent radical cystectomy and non-continent urinary diversion.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of preoperative renal function on survival outcomes in patients who underwent radical cystectomy (RC) with non-continent urinary diversion (UD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 132 patients with bladder cancer who underwent RC with non-continent UD due to urothelial carcinoma from January 2006 toMarch 2017 at our tertiary referral center were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were divided into 2 groups as those with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)<60mL/min/1.73 m2 and ≥60mL/min/1.73 m2 according to preoperative eGFR levels. Patients' characteristics, preoperative clinical data, operative data, pathologic data, oncologic data and complications were compared between the groups. RESULTS: The mean age was 64.5±8.7 (range: 32 - 83) years and the median follow-up was 30.9±31.7 (range: 1-113) months. There were 46 patients in Group 1 and 86 patients in Group 2. There was no difference in cancer-specific mortality (45.6% for group 1 and 30.2% for group 2, p=0.078) and survival (56.8±8.3 months for group 1 and 70.5±5.9 months for group 2, p=0.087) between the groups. Overall mortality was higher (63% for group 1 and 40.7% for group 2, p=0.014) and overall survival (43.6±6.9 months for group 1 and 62.2±5.8 months for group 2, p=0.03) was lower in Group 1 compared to Group 2. CONCLUSIONS: Overall mortality was higher and overall survival was lower in patients with preoperative eGFR<60mL/s. More patients had preoperative hydronephrosis with eGFR<60mL/s.

The course of alterations in ureteral jet dynamics following kidney transplantation: a prospective observational cohort study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES To prospectively investigate the alterations and normal ranges of ureteral jet dynamics after double-J-stent (DJS) removal in patients who underwent renal transplantation (RTx). METHODS Patients who underwent RTx were prospectively evaluated between November 2017 and June 2018. After RTx, Doppler ultrasonography (D-US) was performed on all patients after DJS removal. Renal artery resistive index (RA-Ri), renal pelvis anterior-posterior diameter (RP-APD), pelvicalyceal system dilation (PCSD), and ureteral jet flow dynamics (maximum and average velocity; JETmax and JETave) were measured by D-US. Also, patients' demographics, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) levels, and acute rejection were investigated in the study. Patients were assessed two different times by D-US, about 6 and 12 weeks after DJS removal, and the two different measurements were compared with the Wilcoxon test and Chi-square test. RESULTS A total of 25 patients were evaluated in the study. Nonobstructive PCSD rate (12% vs 8%), JETave (18.8 vs 12.9 cm/sec), and JETmax (29.2 vs 20 cm/sec) levels were significantly decreased (p values are 0.01, 0.010 and 0.014, respectively). In addition, monophasic and square pattern rates were significantly observed to increase over time (p=0.035); however, ureteral jet patterns were correlated between the two different D-US measurements (R=0.225, p=0.032). CONCLUSION After RTx, dilation rate and ureteral jet flow velocities were significantly decreased, and monophasic and square JETpattern rates were significantly increased over time. Ureteral jet dynamics can provide useful information about the follow-up of peristaltic activity in the pelvic-ureteric system.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS Investigar prospectivamente as alterações e as variações normais da dinâmica do jato ureteral após a remoção do J-stent duplo (DJS) em pacientes submetidos a transplante renal (RTx). MÉTODOS Pacientes submetidos a RTx foram avaliados prospectivamente entre novembro de 2017 e junho de 2018. Após o RTx, o D-US foi realizado em todos os pacientes após a remoção do DJS. Índice de resistência da artéria renal (RA-Ri), diâmetro ântero-posterior da pelve renal (AP-DPR), dilatação do sistema pelvicaliceal (PCSD) e dinâmica do jato ureteral (velocidade máxima e média; JETmax e JETave) foram medidos por D-US. Além disso, a demografia dos pacientes, os níveis estimados de taxa de filtração glomerular (eGFR) e a rejeição aguda foram investigados no estudo. Os pacientes foram avaliados em dois momentos diferentes pelo D-US, cerca de 6 e 12 semanas após a remoção do DJS, e as duas medidas diferentes foram comparadas com o teste de Wilcoxon e o teste do qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS Um total de 25 pacientes foi avaliado no estudo. Taxa de PCSD não obstrutiva (12% vs. 8%), JETave (18,8 vs. 12,9 cm/seg) e JETmax (29,2 vs. 20 cm/seg), os níveis foram significativamente diminuídos (valores de p são 0,01, 0,010 e 0,014, respectivamente). Além disso, as taxas de padrão monofásico e quadrado foram significativamente observadas para aumentar ao longo do tempo (p=0,035); no entanto, padrões de jato ureteral foram correlacionados entre as duas diferentes medidas D-US (R=0,225, p=0,032). CONCLUSÃO Após o RTx, a velocidade de dilatação e as velocidades de fluxo do jato ureteral foram significativamente diminuídas e as taxas de JET padrão monofásico e quadrado foram significativamente aumentadas ao longo do tempo. A dinâmica do jato ureteral pode fornecer informações úteis sobre o acompanhamento da atividade peristáltica no sistema pélvico-ureteral.

Factors affecting biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy in patients with positive and negative surgical margin.

PURPOSE: To investigate the clinical and pathological predictive factors affecting biochemical recurrence (BCR) after radical prostatectomy (RP) in patients with positive and negative surgical margin (SM). METHODS: Patients who underwent RP were retrospectively reviewed for the study. Demographic, clinical, pathological and oncological data were evaluated. All data were compared between patients with positive SM and negative SM to detect factors associated with SM status. Later, patients were divided into two groups as BCR-negative and BCR-positive groups. Data were separately compared between BCR groups for all patients, SM-negative and SM-positive patients, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 254 patients with a mean age of 63.5 years and the mean prostate-specific antigen of 10.9 ng/ml were evaluated in the study. SM positivity was found to be an independent prognostic factor for BCR (p = 0.013, Odds Ratio (OR): 0.267, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.094-0.755). In SM-positive patients, biopsy Gleason Score and International Society of Urological Pathology grade were found to be independent predictive factors for BCR (p < 0.05). However, only tumor to SM distance (TSMD) was found to be an independent risk factor for BCR (p = 0.024) in SM-negative patients. The predictive cutoff value of the TSMD was found to be 75 µm for BCR (100% sensitivity and 63.9% specificity) (AUC = 0.803, p = 0.024). Although all of 46 patients with >75 µm TSMD were recurrence free, 5 of 31 patients with <75 µm TSMD had BCR (p = 0.009; OR: 0.839 CI: 0.719-0.979). CONCLUSION: High Gleason Score and International Society of Urological Pathology grade of biopsy were found to be associated with BCR in SM-positive patients. For SM-negative patients, only TSMD was found to be associated with BCR after RP.

A novel use of attenuation value (Hounsfield unit) in non-contrast CT: diagnosis of pyonephrosis in obstructed systems.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the predictive value of attenuation value (HU) in renal pelvis urine for detecting renal pelvis urine culture (RPUC) positivity in obstructed urinary systems. METHODS: The study group consisted of patients who had nephrostomy insertion performed because of obstructed system and suspicion of pyonephrosis and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) patients who had obstructed calculi. Group 1 consisted of RPUC positive 28 patients during nephrostomy insertion or needle access in PCNL and group 2 consisted of 23 patients with negative RPUC. RPUC results and non-contrast computed tomography measurements [Hounsfield unit (HU)] were compared between group 1 and group 2. A cut-off value was determined for HU. All patients were grouped according to whether they were above or below this value. RESULTS: The median HU calculated from the renal pelvis was - 8.5 (range - 29/- 1) and 10 (range- 4/+ 17) (p < 0.001) in group 1 and group 2, respectively. The cut-off value of HU that predicted positive RPUC was 0. Sensitivity and specificity of HU when considering this cut-off value were 100% and 96%, respectively (p < 0.001). Whereas RPUC positivity was found in 96.6% (28/29) of patients with HU < 0, there were no patients with HU > 0 where RPUC positivity was detected (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In this cohort, we found that HU of the urine in the renal pelvis can be used to predict RPUC positivity.

The significance of preoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate on survival outcomes in patients who underwent radical cystectomy and non-continent urinary diversion

ABSTRACT Purpose To evaluate the influence of preoperative renal function on survival outcomes in patients who underwent radical cystectomy (RC) with non-continent urinary diversion (UD). Materials and Methods A total of 132 patients with bladder cancer who underwent RC with non-continent UD due to urothelial carcinoma from January 2006 toMarch 2017 at our tertiary referral center were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were divided into 2 groups as those with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60mL/min/1.73 m2 and ≥60mL/min/1.73 m2 according to preoperative eGFR levels. Patients' characteristics, preoperative clinical data, operative data, pathologic data, oncologic data and complications were compared between the groups. Results The mean age was 64.5±8.7 (range: 32 - 83) years and the median follow-up was 30.9±31.7 (range: 1-113) months. There were 46 patients in Group 1 and 86 patients in Group 2. There was no difference in cancer-specific mortality (45.6% for group 1 and 30.2% for group 2, p=0.078) and survival (56.8±8.3 months for group 1 and 70.5±5.9 months for group 2, p=0.087) between the groups. Overall mortality was higher (63% for group 1 and 40.7% for group 2, p=0.014) and overall survival (43.6±6.9 months for group 1 and 62.2±5.8 months for group 2, p=0.03) was lower in Group 1 compared to Group 2. Conclusions Overall mortality was higher and overall survival was lower in patients with preoperative eGFR <60mL/s. More patients had preoperative hydronephrosis with eGFR< 60mL/s.

Immunohistochemical evaluation of Cajal-like cells and Caveolin-1 levels at ureteropelvic junction obstruction. / Evaluación inmunohistoquímica de las células de Cajal-like y los niveles de Caveolina-1 en la obstrucción de la unión pieloureteral.

OBJECTIVE: To compare c-kit-positive interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICC) and Caveolin-1 protein levels as a pacemaker and signaling molecules, on ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) specimens, between two groups of pediatric patients with and without ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO). METHODS: We evaluated the UPJ specimens of 45 pediatric patients operated between 2005- 2012 retrospectively. Group 1 included 37 patients who underwent dismembered pyeloplasty due to UPJO. Eight patients underwent nephrectomy by the other reasons (renal tumor, trauma etc) and had normal UPJ were accepted as Group 2. The specimens were examined immunohistochemically with CD117 and Caveolin-1 antibody. According to the total number of ICC; 0-5 cells were accepted as a few (1), 610 cells as moderate (2), and > 10 as many (3). According to the staining intensity of Caveolin-1 at muscle tissue, a subjective evaluation was performed as; mild staining (1), moderate staining (2) and strong staining (3). RESULTS: The mean value of ICC distribution was calculated 1.37 ± 0.54 in Group 1 and 2.13 ± 0.64 in Group 2 (p = 0.003), and the median value of ICC distribution was found 1 [1-3] in Group 1 and 2 [1-3] in Group 2 (p = 0.008). Median values for the intensity of staining with Caveolin-1 were found 2 [1-3] in the Group 1, and 2.5 [2-3] in the Group 2 (p = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS: A decrease in ICC and Caveolin-1 levels support that there may be a relationship between ICC and Caveolin-1 for UPJO associated with signal transduction and peristalsis in urinary system.

OBJETIVO: Comparar las células intersticiales Cajal-like, c-kit positivas, y los niveles de proteína Caveolina -1 como marcapasos y moléculas señalizadoras en piezas de unión pieloureteral (UPU) comparando dos grupos de pacientes pediátricos con o sin obstrucción de la UPU.MÉTODOS: Evaluamos retrospectivamente las piezas obtenidas en la operación de 45 pacientes pediátricos entre 2005-2012. El grupo 1 incluía 37 pacientes sometidos a pieloplastia desmembrada por estenosis de UPU. Ocho pacientes que fueron sometidos a nefrectomía por otras razones (tumor renal, traumatismo, etc) y tenían una UPU normal se incluyeron en el grupo 2. Las piezas fueron examinadas mediante inmunohistoquímica con CD117 y Caveolina-1 en el tejido muscular. Se realizó una evaluación subjetiva como: tinción leve (1), tinción moderada (2) y tinción fuerte (3). RESULTADOS: Se calculó el valor medio de la distribución de las células intersticiales de Cajal (CIC), 1,37 ± 0,54 en el Grupo 1 y 2,13 ± 0,64 en el Grupo 2 (p = 0,003), y la mediana, de 1 [1-3] en el Grupo 1 y 2 [1-3] en el Grupo 2 (p = 0,008). Los valores de la mediana para la intensidad de la tinción con Caveolina- 1 fueron de 2 [1-3] en el Grupo 1 y 2,5 [2-3] en el Grupo 2 (p = 0,025). CONCLUSIONES: Una disminución de las células intersticiales de Cajal y los niveles de Caveolina 1 apoyan que puede haber una relación entre las células intersticiales de Cajal y la Caveolina 1 en la estenosis de la UPU asociada con la transducción de la señal y el peristaltismo en el sistema urinario.

Influence of preoperative hydronephrosis and ureteral orifice involvement in the survival of patients undergoing radical cystectomy: A retrospective comparative study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of preoperative hydronephrosis and ureteral orifice involvement (UOI) on survival of patients undergoing radical cystectomy (RC) for bladder cancer (BC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 162 patients with BC underwent RC between January 2006 and March 2017. Patients were divided into two groups for both presences of preoperative hydronephrosis and orifice involvement at final pathology. Additionally, tumors with orifice involvement were subgrouped histopathologically after RC as those with only UOI and those with invasive to the ureter with an additional concurrent site at final pathology. RESULTS: Preoperative hydronephrosis was detected in 57 patients. Preoperative and postoperative creatinine on month 3 were higher in the preoperative hydronephrosis (+) group (p<0.001). In addition, postoperative T stage, surgical margin positivity, invasion of urethra, and pathological upstaging were higher in this group. Cancer-specific survival (CSS) and overall survival (OS) were better in the hydronephrosis (-) group than in the hydronephrosis (+) group (p=0.001 and p=0.001, respectively). Preoperative hydronephrosis was found to be an independent factor in pathological upstaging. Patients were divided into two groups according to the presence of UOI. Group 1 consisted of patients without UOI, and group 2 with UOI. Preoperative hydronephrosis, hydronephrosis grade, and T stage were statistically higher in tumors with UOI. Moreover, CSS and OS were lower in group 2 than in group 1. CONCLUSION: Preoperative hydronephrosis and UOI are predicting factors on survival of patients undergoing RC for BC. Preoperative hydronephrosis was found to be an independent factor in pathological upstaging.

The Histopathologic Correlation of Bosniak 3 Cyst Subclassification.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the histopathologic correlation of recently described subclassification of Bosniak category 3 cysts (3s and 3n). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 106 patients who underwent partial/radical nephrectomy due to a complex renal cyst (≥Bosniak 3) were retrospectively reviewed. All the scans of the patients were reevaluated by 2 experienced uroradiologists. Bosniak 3 cysts were reclassified as 3n (nodularity on the cyst wall/septae) and 3s (septated cysts without nodularity) as described in a recently published paper. Group 1 consisted of patients with Bosniak 3s, Group 2 consisted of patients with Bosniak 3n, and Group 3 consisted of patients with Bosniak 4 cysts. Three groups were compared according to patients' characteristics, radiological findings, histopathologic results, and survival outcomes. RESULTS: There were 52 patients in Bosniak 3 group and 54 patients in Bosniak 4 group. Mean follow-up was 35.3 months. Among Bosniak 3 cysts, 37 lesions were classified in 3s and 15 were classified in 3n. Malignancy was higher in 3n group than 3s (86.7% vs 54.1%, P= .026). Lesion size was significantly lower for malignant cysts compared to benign ones in the patients with Bosniak 3 lesions (44.2 ± 27.5 vs 80 ± 55.9 P= .005). In the subgroups, malignant lesions were significantly smaller than benign lesions in 3s group similar to general Bosniak 3 group. Most of the Bosniak 3 lesions were organ confined and low grade. CONCLUSION: The subclassification of Bosniak 3 cysts as 3s and 3n can help to differentiate highly suspicious malignant lesions from the relatively less suspicious ones.

Colonizations on biofilm layers of D-J catheters under sterile urine conditions. / Colonización de las capas de biofilm de los catéteres doble J en condiciones de orina estéril.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate colonizations onbiofilm layers of Double J (D-J) catheters implanted forkidney stones or ureteral stones under sterile conditions. METHODS: D-J catheters implanted between January2012 and February 2014 and removed in 0-90 days,were examined in microbiology laboratory prospectively.Fifty two patients divided into three groups regardingthe duration of the D-J catheters as; 0-30 days, 31-60days, 61-90 days. The colonization (≥1.000 colony)was reported after biofilm layer on D-J catheter was holdin culture media. The upper, middle and lower parts ofthe catheters were analyzed seperately. RESULTS: Thirty five patients had symptomatic urinarytract infection or positive urine culture after implantationwere excluded from the study. Colonization on biofilm layer was detected in 11 patients (21.15%) [Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS): 3, Escherichia coli (E. coli): 3, Candida species (Candida spp.): 3, Klebsiella species (Klebsiella spp.): 2]. The rates of colonization according to the duration of the catheterization were; 12.5% in 0-30 days, 18.51% in 30-60 days, 29.4% in 60-90 days (Group 1 vs 2; .696 , group 1 vs group 3; .356 , group 2 vs group 3; .401). The rates of colonization according to the location of the catheter were; 100% in upper and lower parts, 54.4% in middle part (Group 1 vs 2; .011, group 1 vs group 3; , group 2 vs group 3; .011). CONCLUSIONS: Colonization on catheters is possibleeven in the sterile urinary conditions according to thepresent findings. The risk of colonization increases 1.5times in 30-60 days and 2.5 times in 60-90 days comparedto the first 30 days. Besides the risk of colonizationincreases about 2 times in the convoluted edges ofthe catheter compared with the middle part. Thus, D-Jcatheter should be removed as soon as possible and therisk of colonization should be minimalized.

OBJETIVO: Evaluar la colonización de las capas de biofilm de los catéteres doble J (DJ) implantados por litiasis renal o ureteral bajo condiciones estériles.MÉTODOS: Los catéteres DJ implantados entre enero 2012 y febrero 2014 y retirados en 0-90 días fueron examinados de forma prospectiva en el laboratorio de microbiología. Cincuenta y dos pacientes fueron divididos en tres grupos conforme al tiempo del DJ: 0-30 días, 31-60 días y 61-90 días. La colonización (>100.000colonias) fue comunicada tras el cultivo de la capa de biofilm del catéter. Se analizaron por separado las zonas superior, media e inferior de los catéteres DJ. RESULTADOS: 35 pacientes que tenían infección urinaria sintomática o cultivo de orina positivo después del implante fueron excluidos del estudio. Se detectó colonización de la capa de biofilm en 11 pacientes (21,5%) [estafilococo coagulasa negativo (SCN): 3, Escherichia coli (E.coli): 3, Cándida especies (Cándida spp: 3, Klebsiela especies (Klebsiela spp.): 2] Las tasas de colonización de acuerdo con el tiempo de catéter fueron 12,5% en 0-30 días, 18,51% en 30-60 días, 29,4% en 60-90 días (Grupo 1 vs 2; ,696 , grupo 1 vs grupo 3; ,356, grupo 2 vs grupo 3; ,401). Las tasas de colonización de acuerdo con la localización del catéter fueron del 100% en las porciones superior e inferior y 54% en la porción media (Grupo 1 vs 2; ,011, grupo 1 vs grupo 3; , grupo 2 vs grupo 3; ,011). CONCLUSIONES: La colonización de los catéteres es posible incluso en condiciones de orina estéril de acuerdo con los hallazgos presentes. El riesgo de colonización aumenta 1,5 veces en 30-60 días y 2,5 veces en 60-90 días comparado con los primeros 30 días. Además, el riesgo de colonización aumenta unas 2 veces en los extremos espirales del catéter en comparación con la porción media. Así, los catéteres DJ deben ser retirados tan pronto como sea posible y el riesgo de colonización debe ser minimizado.

Does leaving residual fragments after percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with positive stone culture and/or renal pelvic urine culture increase the risk of infectious complications?

The residual fragments in patients with preoperative and intraoperative culture positivity may serve as an infection focus. The aim of this study was to assess the importance of residual fragments for developing SIRS in patients with stone culture and/or RPUC positivity. After obtaining institutional review board approval, a total of 729 patients who undergone PCNL for renal stones were included in this study. Residual fragments accepted to be positive if any fragment was detected irrespective of size. All patients were followed-up postoperatively for SIRS criteria. The patients were then followed-up for residual stone-related events and infectious complications. 94 of the 729 patients have developed SIRS postoperatively. SIRS positivity was more common among males and found to be associated with higher stone burden and presence of staghorn stone. Patients with residual fragments after PCNL also had higher rates of SIRS. In the subgroup analysis of 203 patients who had post-PCNL residual fragments, the peroperative stone and/or RPUC positivity was not found to be associated with the development of the SIRS. Although presence of residual fragments after PCNL is associated with SIRS development, stone culture and/or RPUC positivity has no additional risk for development of post-PCNL infectious complications in patients with residual fragments.

Effect of variant histology presence and squamous differentiation on oncological results and patient's survival after radical cystectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of variant histology on pathological and survival findings in patients undergoing radical cystectomy due to muscle invasive bladder cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data from 146 patients with radical cystectomy performed due to muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma between January 2006 to November 2016 at our clinic were investigated. The preoperative and postoperative data of patients with variant histology were compared with nonvariant urothelial carcinoma patients. Then of patients with variant histology only those with squamous differentiation (SqD) were compared with nonvariant urothelial carcinoma patients in terms of preoperative, postoperative and survival data. RESULTS: Of the 146 patients, 23 had carcinoma with variant histology. Of these, 17 had SqD, 4 had glandular differentiation, 1 patient had plasmocytoid variant and 1 patient had sarcomatoid variant. In patients with variant histology, postoperative T stage and upstaging was higher, with no difference observed in terms of overall and cancer-specific survival compared with nonvariant urothelial cancer patients. SqD patients were observed to have higher postoperative T stage compared to nonvariant urothelial cancer patients, with no significant difference observed in terms of survival. CONCLUSIONS: In cystectomy pathologies, patients with variant histology (especially SqD patients) were observed to have proportionally higher T stage compared to nonvariant urothelial carcinoma; however there were no significant differences for overall survival and cancer-specific survival.