Cytokine expression profiles in children and adolescents with tic disorders.

The etiology of tic disorders (TDs) is not precisely known, although several lines of evidence suggest involvement of the immune system in pathogenesis. Here, we aimed to determine the expression levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in children with TD and compare them with those of healthy controls. Furthermore, we also evaluated their association with clinical variables in the TD group. Within the study period, 88 children with tic disorders and 111 healthy control children were enrolled. Most children with tic disorders were diagnosed with Tourette's disorder (n = 47, 53.4%) or persistent motor tic disorder (n = 39, 44.3%), while the remainder (n = 2, 2.3%) were diagnosed with persistent vocal tic disorder. We found that children with tic disorders had significantly elevated levels of IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-4 expression, while we detected lower expression levels of IL-17 in children with tic disorders. Our findings provide a molecular landscape of cytokine expression in children with TD, which may suggest a proinflammatory state not affected by the presence of comorbidity and symptom severity. Delineating the contribution of alterations in the immune system to the pathogenesis of tic disorders may pave the way for better therapeutic interventions.

HLA-B*51 Frequency in Transplant Patients and Donors.

OBJECTIVES: HLA molecules play a crucial role in transplantation. The best treatment modality in patients with end-stage renal disease is renal transplant. HLA mismatches between patients and donors can prolong time for renal transplant therapy, reduce graft survival, and increase mortality. HLA region is the most polymorphic genetic region and is essential for antigen presentation. The main target of the recipient's immune system is HLA molecules on the surface of donor cells. HLA-B*51 is associated with Behcet disease, a rare multisystemic disease characterized by autoimmunity and inflammatory processes. In transplant recipients, inflammation and vasculitis are immunologic mechanisms that are responsible for damage of graft tissue. In this retrospective study, we aimed to investigate the frequency of HLA-B*51 in patients diagnosed with end-stage renal disease and in controls and to investigate correlations with rejection episodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients who applied to Baskent University Adana Dr. Turgut Noyan Research and Medical Center (between 2010 and 2022) with end-stage renal disease (n = 1732) and a control group (n = 5277) received HLA typing for class I (HLA-A, HLA-B). Sequence-specific primers or sequencespecific oligonucleotides were used. Among patients diagnosed with end-stage renal disease, 321 had kidney transplant. RESULTS: Frequency of HLA-B*51 was 25.92% in patients and 25.22% in controls. No significant differences were found between patients and controls in the frequency of HLA-B*51. Among kidney transplant recipients with HLA-B*51 (n = 72), 38.89% had rejection episodes and 61.11% had no rejection. No significant association was found between HLA-B*51 allele positivity and rejection. CONCLUSIONS: No significant relationship was shown between patients diagnosed with end-stage renal disease and HLA-B*51 positivity. Previous studies support frequency of the HLA-B*51 allele in the control group. Although Behçet disease is known to cause renal vasculitis, HLA-B*51 positivity alone was not associated with vasculitis or inflammation.

Relationship Between Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Antibody Positivity and Cytokine Gene Polymorphism in Renal Transplant Patients When Organ Rejection Occurs.

OBJECTIVES: Kidney transplant remains the gold standard for the treatment of end-stage renal disease. Relationships between the presence of non-HLA antibodies, antibodies to AT1R, and cytokine gene polymorphisms with rejection have recently been shown. We sought to determine whether the presence of antibodies to AT1R and cytokine gene polymorphisms affected the development of rejection in pediatric and adult patients, whether a relationship is present between cytokine polymorphism and level of antibodies to AT1R, and whether their presence can be a biomarker pretransplant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our study included 100 pediatric and adult kidney transplant patients plus 50 healthy controls. Levels of AT1R antibodies (by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) and gene polymorphisms of the cytokines transforming growth factor ß, tumor necrosis factor α, interleukins 6 and 10, and interferon gamma cytokines (by sequence- specific primer-polymerase chain reaction) were studied retrospectively and evaluated with the SPSS statistical program. RESULTS: We found no statistically significant relationship between levels of antibodies to AT1R and gene polymorphisms among the studied cytokines in patients with rejection compared with the healthy controls and patients with uneventful courses posttransplant. However, higher levels of antibodies to AT1R were observed in pediatric compared with adult transplant recipients (P < .001). A statistically significant relationship was also observed between transforming growth factor ß1 C/C G/C low-release and interleukin 6 G/C high-release gene polymorphism and levels of antibodies to AT1R (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Because we observed that some gene polymorphisms among the studied cytokines may affect AT1R antibody levels, future studies are needed to understand the mechanism of the relationship. In addition, studies with larger groups are required to sufficiently confirm that higher antibody levels are present in pediatric versus adult patients.

Determination of Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in a Heart Transplant Patient Resistant to Desensitization Therapy: Case Report.

Heart transplant is the best treatment option for end-stage heart failure. The major goals in solid-organ transplant are organ survivability and functionality. The effects of anti-HLA antibodies and cytokines are important for immune response. Cytokine gene polymorphisms are also effective during cytokine release. Here, we report a heart transplant recipient who was diagnosed with antibody-mediated rejection posttransplant and had an antibody response resistant to desensitization therapy. After transplant, panel reactive antibody screening and identification class I and II tests and Luminex single antigen class I and II tests were performed. Desensitization treatment included intravenous immunoglobulin, plasmapheresis, rituximab, and bortezomib. Because of these reasons, cytokine gene polymorphism tests (consistent with low, intermediate, and high expression levels for tumor necrosis factor α, transforming growth factor ß1, interleukin 6 and 10, and interferon γ) were conducted. We found polymorphic regions compatible with the high-release, proinflammatory action of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 6, which induced inflammation and B-cell activation, and polymorphic regions compatible with the intermediate release of the potent immunosuppressive effects of transforming growth factor ß1 and interleukin 10, suggesting that the patient may not be able to effectively suppress the activation of the immune system. The influence of cytokine gene polymorphism on the formation of a resistant antibody response in a patient, despite desensitization, contributed to the proinflammatory response in which these cytokines were involved.

Investigation of the Relationship Between BK Virus and Human Leukocyte Antigens in Kidney Transplant Recipients.

OBJECTIVES: The main function of HLA is to present antigens to lymphocytes and to initiate specific immune responses. Autoimmune, viral, allergic, and neurologic diseases have been found to be related to HLA molecules. In renal transplant, the main target of the recipient's immune system is the HLA molecules on the surface of donor cells. HLA also plays a role in the development of an immune response to viral infections. After renal transplant, BK virus infections may occur due to immunosuppression. Here, we investigated the relationship between HLA and BK virus in renal transplant recipients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study investigated HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DR tissue typing before renal transplant. DNA was isolated from whole blood, and tissue typing tests were performed based on polymerase chain reaction. Patients were tested for BK virus posttransplant using DNA isolated from urine and/or plasma samples. RESULTS: We found HLA-B*13 allele to be a protective factor (P < .049; odds ratio: 0.131; 95% confidence interval, 0.017-1.029) and HLA-DRB1*03 allele to be a possible risk factor (P < .029; odds ratio: 2.521; 95% confidence interval, 1.157-5.490) against BK virus. No significant relationships were found between BK virus and age, sex, donor type, and HLA mismatch. CONCLUSIONS: HLA class I molecules are known to be effective against viruses with the help of cytotoxic T cells. HLA-B*13 alleles within the HLA class I molecules were identified as protective factors against BK virus. HLA class II is associated with CD4-positive T cells that help secrete immune system cytokines, playing a role in stimulating and suppressing the immune system. We demonstrated that HLA-DRB1*03 allele could be a risk factor against BK virus. This allele may be associated with immunomodulatory cytokine secretion of the immune system.

Frequency of Finding Family Donors: A Single Center Experience.

OBJECTIVES: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant is a curative treatment option for many hematologic diseases. The existence of a fully compatible donor for recipients is the first condition for minimized transplant-related mortality and morbidity. The best donor for hematopoietic stem cell transplant is an HLA-matched sibling donor. The possibility of finding an HLA-matched sibling is less than 30% worldwide. Hematopoietic stem cell transplant is needed for an increasing number of patients every year, but the ability to find a fully compatible donor has limited its use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From August 2012 to May 2017, we screened 412 adult patients who required AHSCT and their families for HLA tissue groups who were seen at our center (Baskent University Adana Dr. Turgut Noyan Research and Medical Center Hematology Unit). To screen tissue groups at our center, we perform lowresolution typing for HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB1, and -DQB. If an HLA genotype cannot be identified, verification typing is done using highresolution testing. RESULTS: We found matched family donors in 227 (55%) of 412 patients screened at our center. The ratio of HLAmatched related donors was 83% for 279 patients who received allogeneic stem cell transplant. CONCLUSIONS: The likelihood of finding eligible unrelated donors has been gradually increasing, in part due to the development of the National Bone Marrow Bank. However, a careful screening for related donors is still important. Our findings indicate the importance of careful examination of family genealogy and of careful family screening in our region.

Anti-HLA Antibody Levels Are Associated With the Risk of Graft Failure After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplant.

OBJECTIVES: Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant provides a curative treatment for a considerable amount of hematologic diseases, and it is widely used today. Successful allogeneic stem cell transplant can be compromised by treatment-related toxicity, graft-versus-host disease, infectious complications, disease relapse, and graft failure. Primary graft failure is an important cause of hematopoietic stem cell transplant failure. Primary graft failure correlates with the level of complement-binding, donor-specific anti-HLA antibodies prior to transplant. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated 15 patients who underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplant using peripheral blood stem cells in terms of graft failure and anti-HLA antibody levels before transplant. All were treated between January 2015 and June 2016. Pretreatment serum anti-HLA class I and anti-HLA class II antibody levels were measured in all patients. RESULTS: Anti-HLA class I antibodies were present in 7 patients (46.6%) and anti-HLA class II antibodies in 8 (53.3%). All three patients who developed primary graft failure were anti-HLA-positive. CONCLUSIONS: Anti-HLA antibodies are a significant cause of graft failure. It is a situation that must be understood with caution. Our results support the considerations that allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant, especially when a fully compatible sibling donor is not present, should include screening of donor-specific antibodies of alternative donors and desensitization therapy for allosensitized patients before transplant.

The Most Common HLA Alleles and Anti-HLA Antibodies to Know for Virtual Cross-Match.

OBJECTIVES: Human leukocyte antigens and HLAspecific antibodies are important before and after transplant treatment. The determination of the alloantibodies before transplant is useful for the estimation of risk for antibody-mediated rejection. Virtual crossmatch uses solid-phase assay to detect anti-HLA antibodies and allows exclusion of donors with unacceptable HLA antigens. The aim of our retrospective study was to investigate HLA class I and class II alleles and panel reactive antibody and Luminex Corporation (Austin, TX, USA) single-antigen bead assay positivity frequencies in the Southeastern region of Turkey. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Tissue typing results for HLA class I (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C) and class-II (DRB1and DQB1 haplotypes) in 1756 patients and 2951 donors who were at Baskent University Adana Research and Medical Center between 2010 and 2015 for transplant were studied using sequence-specific primers and/or sequence-specific oligonucleotides. Serum samples were analyzed by Luminex bead technology for antibody detection. RESULTS: We found that, for class I, HLA-A*02,HLA-B*35, and HLA-A*24 and, for class II, DRB*11, DRB*01, and DRB*04 were the 4 most common antigens and HLAA02, B49, A68, B7 were the 3 most common anti-HLA antibodies, with mean fluorescence intensity values ≥ 2000 in our population group. Human leukocyte antigen alleles and anti-HLA antibodies were compared with each other except HLA-A*02, A2, with no correlations between allele and panel reactive antibody frequencies identified. However, there was a weak correlation between panel reactive antibodymean fluorescence intensity scores of 5000 and above with Luminex single-antigen bead assay. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first to conduct such a mass screening of a Turkish population. Our study results show that there is no correlation between HLA frequencies and anti-HLA antibody frequencies. However, there was a weak correlation between panel reactive antibody mean fluorescence intensity scores of 5000 and above with Luminex single-antigen bead assay. Of note, this pattern is important to know for virtual cross-match.

Aerobic exercise improves oxidant-antioxidant balance in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

[Purpose] Although oxidative stress is known to be present in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), the effects of exercise on oxidative parameters are unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acute aerobic exercise on serum oxidant and antioxidant levels in patients with RA. [Subjects and Methods] Sixteen patients with RA and 10 age-matched healthy volunteers participated in this study. All participants wore polar telemeters and walked on a treadmill for 30 minutes at a speed eliciting 60-75% of maximal heart rates. Blood samples were obtained before, immediately and 24 hours after exercise and malondialdehyde (MDA) and total sulfhydrile group (RSH) levels were measured. [Results] Both groups had similar heart rates during the test but the treadmill speed of the RA patients was significantly lower than that of the healthy volunteers. Serum MDA levels were lower than in both groups immediately after exercise, with greater decrements in the RA patients than controls. MDA levels returned to baseline 24 hours after the exercise only in the controls; they remained low in the RA patients. There was a slight increase in serum RSH levels after exercise compared to baseline in both groups. [Conclusion] Moderate intensity treadmill exercise did not have any adverse effect on the oxidant-antioxidant balance. The results suggest that such an exercise may be safely added to the rehabilitation program of RA for additional antioxidant effects. Morever, this antioxidant environment is maintained longer in RA patients.

Association between panel reactive antibody and antiendothelial cell antibody positivity in kidney transplant patients.

OBJECTIVES: Endothelium is the major tissue for hyperacute and acute rejection. Binding of antibody to endothelium activates several immunologic mechanisms. Antiendothelial cell antibodies are a group of nonhuman leukocyte antigen antibodies that may play a role in the induction of an immunologic reaction that triggers inflammation. The aim of this study was to investigate whether there was an association between antiendothelial cell antibody positivity and panel reactive antibody positivity in renal transplant patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we investigated the association between antiendothelial cell antibodies and panel reactive antibody Class I class II crossmatch positivity in patients, and compared these results with results from 100 healthy volunteers. All serum samples were analyzed by bead-based technology for calculated panel reactive antibody positivity; in addition, slides were used, each containing human umbilical vein endothelial cells and capillary-rich tissue for antiendothelial cell antibody positivity. RESULTS: Antiendothelial cell antibodies was positive in 48 of 89 patients (panel reactive antibody Class I class II negative), 22 of 35 patients (class I-positive), 25 of 39 patients (class II-positive), 26 of 40 (class I class II positive), and 37 of 57 serologic and flow cytometry crossmatch-positive patients (P ≤ .016), and ultimately, in 122 of 205 patients and 25 of 100 volunteers (P ≤ .001). Antiendothelial cell antibody positivity was more frequent in panel reactive antibody-positive than negative patients and the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Binding of antiendothelial cell antibodies to endothelial cells may activate complement by the classical pathway and cause upregulation of adhesion molecules. This study questioned the antigenic specificity of antiendothelial cell antibodies. Our study results showed that antiendothelial cell antibodies may play an important role for graft destruction, independent of panel reactive antibody and crossmatch positivity.

Prevalence of selective immunoglobulin A deficiency in healthy Turkish school children.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency is the most common primary deficiency. We aimed to define the prevalence of IgA deficiency among healthy school children in Turkey and the differences between geographical regions. Blood samples were collected from 20,331 healthy school children from all regions across Turkey. The serum IgA levels were tested through nephelometric method, and all 108 samples with IgA levels lower than 5 g/L were tested through ELISA for IgG and IgM levels. All IgG and IgM values were within the normal range in all cases, and no concomitant deficiency was observed. Our study results showed that the selective IgA deficiency incidence was 0.52% (1:188). The highest incidence, of 1:128.7, was observed in children from the Marmara region; the Black Sea Region levels (1:132.7) were lower, and the Mediterranean levels (1:365.7) were the lowest.

Prevalence of celiac disease in healthy Turkish school children.

OBJECTIVES: Epidemiological studies of celiac disease (CD) in Turkey have been performed only within some regions of the country. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of CD in Turkish school children. METHODS: Between 2006 and 2008, serum samples were collected from 20,190 students (age range, 6-17 years) in 139 schools in 62 cities from different regions of Turkey. CD was screened using IgA antitissue transglutaminase (IgA-tTG) and total serum IgA. Subjects with selective IgA deficiency were further tested for IgG-tTG. Serum samples positive for IgA or IgG-tTG were further tested for IgA antiendomysial antibodies (IgA-EMAs) using an indirect immunofluorescence method. Small-intestinal biopsy was offered to all subjects with tTG antibody positivity. RESULTS: Of the 20,190 subjects, 489 were antibody positive (IgA-tTG only in 270, both IgA-tTG and IgA-EMA in 215, and IgG-tTG in 4). Selective IgA deficiency was detected in 108 patients, and 4 of them were positive for IgG-tTG. An intestinal biopsy was conducted in 215 subjects (IgA-tTG positive in 110, IgA-tTG and IgA-EMA positive in 104, and IgG-tTG positive in 1). The biopsy findings of 95 children were consistent with CD. Thus, the estimated biopsy-proven prevalence was 1:212 children. The positive predictive value (PPV) for IgA-tTG plus EMA was 75.9%. PPV was 44.3% when only IgA-tTG was used. CONCLUSIONS: We estimate that the prevalence of CD is at least 0.47% in healthy Turkish school children. Screening for IgA-tTG plus EMA provided better results for diagnosis when compared with testing for IgA-tTG alone.

Immunogenicity of hepatitis A vaccine in children with celiac disease.

OBJECTIVES: The response to hepatitis A vaccine has not been studied in children with celiac disease (CD). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of an inactivated hepatitis A virus (HAV) vaccine and the effect of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) type on immunogenicity in children with CD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-three patients with CD and 62 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Inactivated HAV vaccine (Havrix; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Rixensart, Belgium) containing 720 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay units of alum-adsorbed hepatitis A antigen was administered intramuscularly in a 2-dose schedule at 0 and 6 months. Seroconversion rates and antibody titers of HAV were measured at 1 and 7 months. RESULTS: At 1 month, seroconversion rates were 78.8% and 77.4% and geometric mean titers were 50.7 and 49.9 mIU/mL in the CD and control groups, respectively (P > 0.05). At 7 months, seroconversion rates were 97% and 98.4% and geometric mean titers were 138.5 and 133 mIU/mL in the CD and control groups, respectively (P > 0.05). The most frequent HLA types were HLA-DQ2, -DR3, and -DR7 alleles in patients with CD and HLA-DQ3, -DQ6, -DR11, and -DR14 in the controls. There was no association between HLA alleles and antibody titers of hepatitis A vaccine. CONCLUSION: Children with CD have a good immune response to hepatitis A vaccine, similar to healthy controls.

Evidence of vascular endothelial damage in Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever.

BACKGROUND: Endothelial infection has an important role in the pathogenesis of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF). In this study, we investigated the causes of vascular endothelial damage in patients with CCHF. METHODS: This prospective case-controlled study was carried out at Ankara Numune Education and Research Hospital between April and September 2007. Seventy-five patients with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of CCHF and 88 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Serum levels of soluble cell adhesion molecules (sICAM-1, sVCAM-1, sE-selectin, sP-selectin, sL-selectin), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) were investigated in these patients by quantitative sandwich ELISA technique. RESULTS: In the patient group, serum levels of sVCAM-1, sL-selectin and MIF were significantly higher than in the control group; serum levels of sICAM-1, sP-selectin, sE-selectin, and VEGF were significantly lower than in the control group. Serum levels of sVCAM-1 and sICAM-1 were significantly higher in severe cases than in non-severe cases, whereas the serum level of VEGF was significantly lower. sVCAM-1 was significantly higher in non-survivors than in survivors, while serum VEGF was significantly lower in non-survivors. The optimum cut-offs of sVCAM-1 and VEGF for the prediction of mortality were 205 ng/ml and 125 ng/ml, respectively. At these cut-offs, sVCAM-1 and VEGF had a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 42.5% and 54.5%, respectively, in identifying CCHF patients who would die from the disease. The positive predictive values were 19% and 23%, respectively; negative predictive values were 100% for both. CONCLUSION: Endothelial activation can affect the course of CCHF, and vascular endothelial damage is probably indirect. Further studies are needed for general conclusions to be drawn.

The role of antiendothelial cell antibodies in the development and follow-up of coronary and peripheral arterial diseases.

Occlusive lesions in the arterial endothelium are often caused by formation of intimal hyperplasia and fibrinoid necrosis. The objective of this study was to investigate the association between antiendothelial cell antibodies (AECAs) and the development of coronary artery disease (CAD) and peripheral artery disease (PAD). In this study, 94 patients with CAD or PAD and 94 healthy volunteers serving as control subjects were examined. Frozen sections of human umbilical vein endothelial cells and primate smooth muscle cells were used to detect the presence of AECAs, which were found in 52 of 94 patients (55%) and in 15 of 94 controls (16%) (P < .001). Endothelial structure tissue damage is a major factor in arterial diseases. In the present study, a statistically significant relationship was found between AECAs and the development of CAD and PAD. The presence of AECAs has been identified as a risk factor for these diseases. According to this study, AECAs are reliable prognosticators for the development of CAD and PAD. Further studies with large numbers of serum samples are under way.

The involvement of IL-10, IL-6, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta gene polymorphisms among Turkish lung cancer patients.

Several genes encoding different cytokines may play crucial roles in host susceptibility to lung cancer, since cytokine production capacity varies among individuals and depends on cytokine gene polymorphisms. The association between cytokine gene polymorphisms with primary lung carcinoma was investigated. DNA samples were obtained from a Turkish population of 44 patients with primary lung cancer, and 59 healthy control subjects. All genotyping (IFN-gamma, TGF-beta1, TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10) experiments were performed using sequence-specific primers (SSP)-PCR. When compared to the healthy controls, the frequencies of high/intermediate producing genotypes of IL-10 and low producing genotype of TNF-alpha were significantly more common in the patient group. It is noteworthy that lung cancer patients with the TGF-beta T/T genotype in codon 10 had statistically longer survival compared to those having the C/C genotype (Kaplan-Meier survival function test, log rank significance = 0.014). These results suggest that IL-10, TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1 gene polymorphisms may affect host susceptibility to lung cancer and the outcome of the patients.

Association of TNF-alpha -308 polymorphism with the outcome of hepatitis B virus infection in Turkey.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Cytokines play important roles in the regulation of immune response. The aim of the study was to investigate the association of the cytokine gene polymorphisms with persistence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and the development of end-stage liver disease (ESLD) due to HBV infection. METHODS: The study involved 27 patients with end-stage liver disease due to HBV infection, 23 HBV carriers and 60 healthy controls. All genotyping (TNF-alpha, TGF-beta, IL-10, IFN-gamma) experiments were performed using sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) by using commercial kit according to manufacturers' instructions. RESULTS: The frequencies of TNF-alpha -308 G/G and TGF-beta1 codon 10-25 T/C-G/G polymorphisms were significantly higher in HBV-infected individuals (patients+carriers) when compared with those of healthy controls (p: 0.02 and p: 0.004, respectively). The frequency of TNF-alpha -308 G/G polymorphism was significantly higher in the patients than those of the healthy controls (p: 0.02), whereas the frequency of TGF-beta1 codon 10-25 T/T-G/G polymorphism was lower (p: 0.028). On the other hand, TNF-alpha -308 G/G and TGF-beta codon 10-25 T/C-G/G polymorphisms were significantly more common in HBV carriers than the control group (p: 0.017 and p: 0.018, respectively). In addition, TNF-alpha -308 G allele frequency was significantly more common in HBV-infected individuals (patients+carriers) than those of healthy controls (p: 0.0007). TNF-alpha -308 G allele frequency was also found to be higher in patients or carriers when compared with those of healthy controls (p: 0.01 and p: 0.01, respectively). Statistically significant differences were still kept after Bonferroni correction of the p-values for only TNF-alpha -308 G allele frequency in patients or carriers (Pc). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests that TNF-alpha gene polymorphism in patients infected with HBV would result in relatively inefficient inhibition of HBV and development of ESLD, and therefore, may be valuable predictor determinants for the development of ESLD in patients with chronic HBV infection.

Association of breast cancer and cytokine gene polymorphism in Turkish women.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of cytokine gene polymorphism with the development of breast cancer. METHODS: The study was carried out in Uludag University Medical School, Bursa, Turkey. The study included 38 patients with breast cancer admitted to the Medical Oncology outpatient clinic, and 24 healthy controls, age and sex matched, from the Internal Medicine Department between 2004 and 2005. All genotyping of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), tumor growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), interleukin (IL)-10, IL-6, and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) experiments were performed using polymerase chain reaction sequence-specific primers. RESULTS: The frequencies of IL-6-174GC genotype and IL-10 (-1082, -819, -592) GCC/ATA haplotype were significantly higher in the patient group (p=0.0008) when compared with controls (p=0.020). Significantly lower frequencies of IL-10 (-1082, -819, -592) ACC/ATA haplotype were observed in the patient group in comparison to the controls (p=0.026). The distribution of IFN-gamma +874, TNF-alpha 308, and TGF-beta1 codon 10-25 genotypes failed to show any statistical significant association with the development of breast cancer. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that IL-10 (-1082, -819, -592) GCC/ATA haplotype and IL-6-174 GC genotype seem to be potential risk factors for the development of breast cancer. The presence of IL-10ACC/ATA haplotype may be protective for the oncogenesis of breast cancer.

Investigation of the functional characteristics of antibodies to therapeutic anti-human tumor necrosis factor alpha monoclonal antibody.

Humanized antibody-based treatment modalities represent an active area of investigation. Included in these strategies are passive administrations of monoclonal antibodies, which recognize tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha). However, several problems associated with these types of treatment strategies have been reported in the literature. We attempted to address the issue related to unresponsiveness to infliximab that might be induced by anti-idiotype response to the passively administered humanized monoclonal antibody. The characteristics and functional importance of antibodies to infliximab (ATI) were investigated in human sera. We studied the binding characteristics of ATI to infliximab, TNF-alpha Receptor-I (RI, p55) and Receptor-II (RII, p75). In addition, cytotoxicity effect on L929 cells and blocking effects on the binding of TNF-alpha with infliximab and etanercept were also analyzed. On the basis of the results obtained from the experiments, it seems that the target epitope for ATI is related with somewhere else not residing in the region capable of generating "mirror image". The results presented indicate that ATI does not mimic the functional characteristics of TNF-alpha. However, ATI inhibited the binding properties of infliximab to TNF-alpha.