Measuring Attributions 50 Years on: From within-Country Poverty to Global Inequality.

Fifty years after Feagin's pioneering 1972 study, we present a systematic review of the measurement of attributions for poverty and economic inequality. We conducted a search for articles published from 1972 to 2023 in APA PsycArticles, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, APA PsycInfo, PSYNDEX Literature with PSYNDEX Tests, and Google Scholar. We used the following English keywords: "poor", "poverty", "inequality", "attribution", and "attributions" and their equivalents in Spanish. Applying our inclusion and exclusion criteria led to a final sample of 74 articles. We report three main findings. First, the majority of studies classify attributions on the dimensions of individualistic vs. structural. Second, there is a clear tendency to measure attributions for domestic poverty without considering supranational factors or poverty as a global challenge. Third, studies focus almost exclusively on poverty rather than (economic) inequality. We identify potential for future development within the literature, namely, from a domestic to a global perspective, from locus to controllability, and from poverty to inequality.

Psychological well-being in Europe after the outbreak of war in Ukraine.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine on February 24, 2022, has had devastating effects on the Ukrainian population and the global economy, environment, and political order. However, little is known about the psychological states surrounding the outbreak of war, particularly the mental well-being of individuals outside Ukraine. Here, we present a longitudinal experience-sampling study of a convenience sample from 17 European countries (total participants = 1,341, total assessments = 44,894, countries with >100 participants = 5) that allows us to track well-being levels across countries during the weeks surrounding the outbreak of war. Our data show a significant decline in well-being on the day of the Russian invasion. Recovery over the following weeks was associated with an individual's personality but was not statistically significantly associated with their age, gender, subjective social status, and political orientation. In general, well-being was lower on days when the war was more salient on social media. Our results demonstrate the need to consider the psychological implications of the Russo-Ukrainian war next to its humanitarian, economic, and ecological consequences.

Who is poor? Analysis of social representations in an Argentine sample / Quem é pobre? Análise das representações sociais em uma amostra Argentina / ¿Quién es pobre? Análisis de las representaciones sociales en una muestra argentina

Different organizations register alarming poverty rates in Argentina. However, there may be differences in who is considered poor according to these measurements and who is considered poor by society, from common sense knowledge. This work analyzes the social representations of people living in poverty in a sample of 605 Argentines, using the free-word association technique. The results suggest that the poor person is first understood as someone who suffers from hunger, a definition that corresponds to indigence according to the official entity that measures poverty and indigence in Argentina. However, while the core of the representation manifests a significant presence of elements of monetary poverty and its effects on nutrition (hunger), the peripheral system shows the deficit in various social rights, such as education, housing, work, and health. Following these results, it is argued that equating poverty with indigence would render the situation of millions of people in Argentina invisible. (AU)

Diferentes organizações registram índices alarmantes de pobreza na Argentina. No entanto, pode haver diferenças entre quem é considerado pobre de acordo com essas medidas e quem é considerado pobre na sociedade, pelo senso comum. Este trabalho analisa as representações sociais de pessoas em situação de pobreza em uma amostra de 605 argentinos/as por meio da técnica de associação de palavras. Os resultados sugerem que a pessoa que vive na pobreza é entendida principalmente como alguém que passa fome, definição que corresponde à indigência segundo o órgão oficial que mede a pobreza e a indigência na Argentina. Não obstante, enquanto no núcleo da representação se identifica a presença de elementos da pobreza monetária e seus efeitos sobre a alimentação (fome), no sistema periférico se identifica elementos relacionados à violação de direitos sociais, como educação, moradia, trabalho e saúde. Conclui-se que igualar a pobreza à indigência tornaria invisível a situação de milhões de pessoas na Argentina. (AU)

Distintos organismos registran tasas alarmantes de pobreza en Argentina. Sin embargo, pueden existir diferencias en quién es considerado pobre según estas mediciones y quiénes lo son para la sociedad, desde el sentido común. Este trabajo analiza las representaciones sociales sobre las personas en situación de pobreza en una muestra de 605 argentinos/as, administrando la técnica de asociación de palabras. Los resultados sugieren que la persona en situación de pobreza es entendida primeramente como alguien que sufre hambre, definición que corresponde a indigencia según el organismo oficial que mide la pobreza y la indigencia en Argentina. No obstante, mientras que en el núcleo de la representación social tiene una importante presencia la pobreza monetaria y sus efectos sobre la alimentación (hambre), en el sistema periférico se ubican elementos relativos a la vulneración de derechos sociales, como la educación, la vivienda, el trabajo y la salud. Se concluye que equiparar a la pobreza con la indigencia invisibilizaría la situación de millones de personas en Argentina. (AU)

Warmth and competence perceptions of key protagonists are associated with containment measures during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from 35 countries.

It is crucial to understand why people comply with measures to contain viruses and their effects during pandemics. We provide evidence from 35 countries (Ntotal = 12,553) from 6 continents during the COVID-19 pandemic (between 2021 and 2022) obtained via cross-sectional surveys that the social perception of key protagonists on two basic dimensions-warmth and competence-plays a crucial role in shaping pandemic-related behaviors. Firstly, when asked in an open question format, heads of state, physicians, and protest movements were universally identified as key protagonists across countries. Secondly, multiple-group confirmatory factor analyses revealed that warmth and competence perceptions of these and other protagonists differed significantly within and between countries. Thirdly, internal meta-analyses showed that warmth and competence perceptions of heads of state, physicians, and protest movements were associated with support and opposition intentions, containment and prevention behaviors, as well as vaccination uptake. Our results have important implications for designing effective interventions to motivate desirable health outcomes and coping with future health crises and other global challenges.

Social representations of nurses. Differences between incoming and outgoing Nursing students.

OBJECTIVES: This article explored and compared social representations of nurses held by incoming and outgoing Nursing students in the Technical Nursing Program in San Juan, Argentina. METHODS: Our research was descriptive and utilized the prototypicality method of analysis for social representations, from a structural approach. The sample was made up of 194 students (104 incoming and 90 outgoing), to whom we applied the word association technique for the term "nurse". RESULTS: Differences were found in the representations that incoming and outgoing students had. i) For incoming students: we observe a wide and general concept of a nurse, expressed in non-specific terms such as "health" in the central core, while for outgoing students the term "care" emerged; ii) We infer distancing from the hegemonic medical model on the part of outgoing students, as well as an emphasis on the relational, as terms such as "vocation", "humanization", "love" and "empathy" are evoked, while the term "illness" decreases; iii) We understand that outgoing students highlight their autonomy with respect to doctors and nursing as a profession with the term "professional" with no mention of "assistance", "help" and "assistant", terms which did appear with incoming students; iv) Outgoing students convey a sense of a nurse's diverse roles that go beyond the hospital setting, as instead of mentioning "hospital" and "injection" like incoming students, they mention "prevention" and "research". CONCLUSIONS: The comparison of representative structures held by incoming and outgoing students suggests a transformation of self-image through a process of academic education.

Social representations of nurses. Differences between incoming and outgoing Nursing students

Objective. This article explored and compared social representations of nurses held by incoming and outgoing Nursing students in the Technical Nursing Program in San Juan, Argentina. Methods. Our research was descriptive and utilized the prototypicality method of analysis for social representations, from a structural approach. The sample was made up of 194 students (104 incoming and 90 outgoing), to whom we applied the word association technique for the term "nurse". Results. Differences were found in the representations that incoming and outgoing students had. i) For incoming students: we observe a wide and general concept of a nurse, expressed in non-specific terms such as "health" in the central core, while for outgoing students the term "care" emerged; ii) We infer distancing from the hegemonic medical model on the part of outgoing students, as well as an emphasis on the relational, as terms such as "vocation", "humanization", "love" and "empathy" are evoked, while the term "illness" decreases; iii) We understand that outgoing students highlight their autonomy with respect to doctors and nursing as a profession with the term "professional" with no mention of "assistance", "help" and "assistant", terms which did appear with incoming students; iv) Outgoing students convey a sense of a nurse's diverse roles that go beyond the hospital setting, as instead of mentioning "hospital" and "injection" like incoming students, they mention "prevention" and "research". Conclusion. The comparison of representative structures held by incoming and outgoing students suggests a transformation of self-image through a process of academic education.

Objetivo. Indagar y comparar las representaciones sociales sobre el enfermero que de ello tienen los estudiantes que ingresan o con respeto a los que egresan de la carrera Tecnicatura Universitaria en Enfermería, en San Juan, Argentina. Métodos. Investigación tipo descriptiva. Se utilizó el método de análisis prototípico de las representaciones sociales, desde el enfoque estructural. Constituyeron la muestra 194 estudiantes (104 ingresantes y 90 por egresar), a quienes se les aplicó la técnica de asociación de palabras frente al término inductor "enfermero/a". Resultados. Se encuentran diferencias en cuanto a las representaciones del enfermero entre estudiantes ingresantes y por egresar: i) En ingresantes se observa una concepción amplia y general del enfermero, expresada en términos inespecíficos como "salud" en el núcleo central, mientras que en los que van a egresar emerge "cuidados"; ii) Se infiere un alejamiento del modelo médico hegemónico por parte de aquellos por egresar y un énfasis en lo relacional, en tanto se evoca "vocación", "humanización", "amor" y "empatía" y disminuye la aparición de "enfermedad"; iii) se entiende que los estudiantes por egresar destacan su autonomía ante el médico y a la enfermería como profesión al evocar "profesional" y al no mencionar "asistencia", "ayuda" y "auxiliar" como sí lo hicieron los ingresantes; iv) los estudiantes por egresar manifiestan la diversidad de roles del enfermero más allá del ámbito hospitalario y mencionan "prevención" e "investigación", en lugar de evocar "hospital" e "inyección" como los ingresantes. Conclusión. La comparación de las estructuras representativas de los estudiantes ingresantes y por egresar sugiere una transformación de la autoimagen en el proceso de formación académica.

Objetivo. Este estudo investigou e comparou as representações sociais sobre o enfermeiro de estudantes que ingressaram ou saíram do Curso Superior de Enfermagem, em San Juan, Argentina. Métodos A pesquisa foi descritiva e utilizou o método de análise prototípica de representações sociais, a partir da abordagem estrutural. A amostra constituiu 194 alunos (104 participantes e 90 de graduação), aos quais a técnica de associação de palavras foi aplicada contra o termo indutor "enfermeiro". Resultados Diferenças nas representações do enfermeiro são encontradas entre os estudantes que entram e saem: i) Nos participantes, observa-se uma concepção ampla e geral do enfermeiro, expressa em termos inespecíficos como "saúde" no núcleo central, enquanto nos que estão se formando "cuidado" emerge; ii) Infere-se um afastamento do modelo médico hegemônico por parte dos graduados e uma ênfase no relacional, evocando "vocação", "humanização", "amor" e "empatia" e diminuindo a aparência de "doença" ; iii) entende-se que os estudantes de graduação destacam sua autonomia perante o médico e a enfermagem como profissão, evocando "profissional" e sem mencionar "assistência", "ajuda" e "auxiliar", assim como os participantes; iv) os estudantes que se formaram expressam a diversidade de papéis do enfermeiro além do ambiente hospitalar, em vez de evocar "hospital" e "injeção" como participantes, mencionam "prevenção" e "pesquisa". Conclusão A comparação das estruturas representativas dos estudantes que entram e saem sugere uma transformação da auto-imagem através do processo de formação acadêmica.