Mesenchymal stromal cell therapy (REGENACIP®), a promising treatment option in chronic limb threatening ischemia - a narrative review.

Chronic Limb Threatening Ischemia (CLTI) is a challenging clinical problem associated with high morbidity and mortality. Endovascular interventions have been the cornerstone of treatment whenever possible. It is estimated that CLTI represents < 10% of all Peripheral Artery Disease patients, yet 50% of the patients end up either with a major amputation of the lower limbs or die of cardiovascular causes within one year period, especially in those with unsuccessful revascularization or "no-option" CLTI. Cell-based therapeutics, especially bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells have emerged as a potential, promising, and novel alternate therapeutic modality in the management of CLTI, bolstered with positive results in numerous research, including randomized and nonrandomized trials. REGENACIP® is one such BM-MSC therapy approved by Central Drugs Standard Control Organization in India for the management of "no-option" Atherosclerotic Peripheral Arterial disease / Buerger's disease patients with established critical limb ischemia in Rutherford Grade III-5 or III-6, not eligible for or have failed traditional revascularization treatment, with rest pain and / or ulcers in the affected limb. The current review aims to deliberate upon the various aspects of CLTI and clinical benefits of REGENACIP® therein.

Medical therapy versus TEVAR for uncomplicated type B aortic dissection.

The standard of care in uncomplicated acute type B aortic dissection (uTBAD) has been optimal medical management. Surgical repair and endovascular interventions are adjuncts in managing complicated type B dissection. Increasing safety and confidence in the thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) and recent data indicating long-term complications in medical management of uTBAD has brought a shift in treatment approach. TEVAR at best remains controversial, yet there is a subset, which will definitely benefit from intervention.

Prevalence of common thrombophilia markers and risk factors in Indian patients with primary venous thrombosis.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: venous thrombosis occurs as a result of interaction of genetic and acquired factors including activated protein C resistance (APC-R), fibrinogen levels, antithrombin, protein C, protein S, lupus anticoagulants and anticardiolipin antibodies. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of these common thrombophilia markers in Asian Indians with primary venous thrombosis. DESIGN AND SETTING: this was a cross-sectional study carried out in Mumbai. METHODS: samples from 78 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of venous thrombosis and 50 controls were tested. Semi-quantitative estimation (functional assays) of protein C, protein S and antithrombin was performed. Quantitative estimation of fibrinogen was done using the Clauss method. Lupus anticoagulants were screened using lupus-sensitive activated partial thromboplastin time and ß2-glycoprotein-I dependent anticardiolipin antibodies were estimated by ELISA. APC-R was measured using a clotting-based method with factor V deficient plasma and Crotalus viridis venom. Statistical analysis was performed using Epi-info (version 6). RESULTS: the popliteal vein was the most commonly involved site. Forty-four samples (56%) gave abnormal results. The commonest were elevated fibrinogen and APC-R (17.9% each), followed by low protein S (16.6%). CONCLUSIONS: this study confirms the literature findings that fibrinogen level estimation and screening for APC-R are important for the work-up on venous thrombosis patients since these, singly or in combination, may lead to a primary thrombotic episode. The frequency of the other thrombophilia markers was higher among the patients than among the controls, but without statistically significant difference.

Prevalence of common thrombophilia markers and risk factors in Indian patients with primary venous thrombosis / Prevalência de marcadores comuns de trombofilia e fatores de risco em pacientes indianos com trombose venosa primária

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Venous thrombosis occurs as a result of interaction of genetic and acquired factors including activated protein C resistance (APC-R), fibrinogen levels, antithrombin, protein C, protein S, lupus anticoagulants and anticardiolipin antibodies. This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of these common thrombophilia markers in Asian Indians with primary venous thrombosis. DESIGN AND SETTING: This was a cross-sectional study carried out in Mumbai. METHODS: Samples from 78 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of venous thrombosis and 50 controls were tested. Semi-quantitative estimation (functional assays) of protein C, protein S and antithrombin was performed. Quantitative estimation of fibrinogen was done using the Clauss method. Lupus anticoagulants were screened using lupus-sensitive activated partial thromboplastin time and β2-glycoprotein-I dependent anticardiolipin antibodies were estimated by ELISA. APC-R was measured using a clotting-based method with factor V deficient plasma and Crotalus viridis venom. Statistical analysis was performed using Epi-info (version 6). RESULTS: The popliteal vein was the most commonly involved site. Forty-four samples (56 percent) gave abnormal results. The commonest were elevated fibrinogen and APC-R (17.9 percent each), followed by low protein S (16.6 percent). CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms the literature findings that fibrinogen level estimation and screening for APC-R are important for the work-up on venous thrombosis patients since these, singly or in combination, may lead to a primary thrombotic episode. The frequency of the other thrombophilia markers was higher among the patients than among the controls, but without statistically significant difference.

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: A trombose venosa ocorre como resultado da interação de fatores genéticos e adquiridos, incluindo resistência à proteína C ativada (APC-R), os níveis de fibrinogênio, antitrombina, proteína C, proteína S, anticoagulante lúpico e anticorpos anticardiolipina. Este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a prevalência de fatores trombofílicos frequentes em indianos com trombose venosa primária. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal analítico realizado em Mumbai. MÉTODOS: Foram testadas amostras de 78 pacientes com diagnóstico confirmado de trombose venosa e 50 controles. Foi realizada a dosagem sérica semiquantitativa (funcional) de proteína C, proteína S e antitrombina e a dosagem quantitativa de fibrinogênio (método de Clauss). Anticoagulantes lúpicos foram identificados por meio do tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada sensível ao lúpus, e anticorpos anticardiolipina dependentes de β2-glycoproteína-I por ELISA. APC-R foi medida por método baseado em coagulação com plasma deficiente em fator V e veneno de Crotalus viridis. A análise estatística utilizou Epi-info (versão 6). RESULTADOS: A veia poplítea foi o local mais frequentemente afetado; 44 amostras (56 por cento) tiveram resultados anormais. Os achados mais frequentes foram elevação do fibrinogênio e APC-R (17,9 por cento cada), e baixa proteína S (16,6 por cento). CONCLUSÕES: Corroborando com a literatura, este estudo mostrou que a elevação do nível de fibrinogênio e a triagem para APC-R são importantes na avaliação de pacientes com trombose venosa, pois, individualmente ou em combinação, podem ter levado ao episódio trombótico primário. A frequência dos outros marcadores de trombofilia foi mais alta entre os doentes quando comparados aos controles, porém sem diferença estatisticamente significante.