Regional Disparity of Anemia among Children and Its Determinants: A Study of National Family Health Survey-5.

SUMMARY: This study analyzes data from India's National Family Health Survey to assess the prevalence of anemia among children aged 6-59 months. Over the past decade, the prevalence increased from 59% to 67%, remaining a significant public health concern. Gujarat has highest rates, and Kerala has lowest among major states in India. The Western region tops in prevalence (75.70%), whereas the Northeast has the lowest (56.20%). Factors such as lower maternal education, poverty, religion, rural residence, poor child nutrition, low birth weight, and stunting contribute to higher odds of anemia. Improved socioeconomic conditions and maternal nutrition are recommended for risk reduction.

Regional Disparity and Determinants of Body Mass Index Status among Tribal Women in Eastern India.

The body mass index (BMI) is a commonly employed metric for determining the nutritional status and health risks associated with weight. Tribal women in India face neglect and discrimination in terms of livelihood, nutrition, education, wealth, and health-care access. The study examined 18,697 tribal women from Bihar, West Bengal, Jharkhand, and Odisha, using data from the National Family Health Survey-5. Multinomial logistic regression has been used to determine how the multiple background factors are associated with the BMI of tribal women. The study found that the prevalence of underweight and overweight was 28.5% and 7.6% among tribal women, respectively. Rural tribal women had a higher likelihood of being underweight, whereas urban women were more likely to be overweight. Odisha had a higher prevalence of underweight tribal women, whereas the prevalence is lower in Bihar. The higher prevalence of underweight among tribal women is alarming and necessitates a reconsideration of health infrastructure in the tribal areas.

Effectiveness of a community based intervention to delay early marriage, early pregnancy and improve school retention among adolescents in India.

BACKGROUND: Child marriage is being increasingly recognized globally as a fundamental violation of human rights. Child marriages occur globally in varying degrees across countries and regions. South Asia alone accounted for almost half of the total number of child marriages that have occurred globally. Early marriage can lead to serious ramifications such as school drop-out, early pregnancy, maternal morbidity and mortality. The aim of this study was to assess impact of a multi-pronged community based intervention on early marriage, early pregnancy and school retention among young people in two states of India. METHOD: Cross-sectional (post-test) was adopted to assess the effect of the intervention. Multi-stage sampling was adopted for the selection of a sample group of young people aged 10-24 years. A total of 1770 respondents participated in the survey, out of which 826 were males, and 944 were females. The assessment was conducted in eight districts in each of the two states. Descriptive statistics, cross-tabulation, chi square and logistic regression methods were used to analyse the data. RESULTS: Youth information centres (YIC) as an intervention strategy showed a significant effect towards decrease in the number of early marriages (Adjusted Odd Ratios [Adj] 2.25, CI 1.28-3.94), of early pregnancies (Adj 3.00, CI 1.06-8.43) and increase in the number of school retentions (Adj 2.96, CI 2.02-4.34). Access to mass media was also associated with reduction in likelihood of early marriages (Adj 1.79, CI 1.15-2.78), and increase in the number of school retentions (Adj 1.49, CI 1.12-1.97). We also found that there was an increase in mean age of marriage (1.2 years), of conception (.85 years) and in the mean years of schooling (1.54 years) among youth surveyed compared to their older siblings. CONCLUSION: Intervention strategies such as YIC and exposure to mass media, showed an effect in reducing early marriage, early pregnancy and improved school retention. Peer education conducted through the YIC proved to be an effective model. Therefore, this multi-component community based intervention can be a potential model for reducing the number of early marriages and its related consequences in other districts of India with similar socio-economic and cultural settings.

Feasibility of supervised self-testing using an oral fluid-based HIV rapid testing method: a cross-sectional, mixed method study among pregnant women in rural India.

INTRODUCTION: HIV self-testing can increase coverage of essential HIV services. This study aimed to establish the acceptability, concordance and feasibility of supervised HIV self-testing among pregnant women in rural India. METHODS: A cross-sectional, mixed methods study was conducted among 202 consenting pregnant women in a rural Indian hospital between August 2014 and January 2015. Participants were provided with instructions on how to self-test using OraQuick(®) HIV antibody test, and subsequently asked to self-test under supervision of a community health worker. Test results were confirmed at a government-run integrated counselling and testing centre. A questionnaire was used to obtain information on patient demographics and the ease, acceptability and difficulties of self-testing. In-depth interviews were conducted with a sub-sample of 35 participants to understand their experiences. RESULTS: In total, 202 participants performed the non-invasive, oral fluid-based, rapid test under supervision for HIV screening. Acceptance rate was 100%. Motivators for self-testing included: ease of testing (43.4%), quick results (27.3%) and non-invasive procedure (23.2%). Sensitivity and specificity were 100% for 201 tests, and one test was invalid. Concordance of test result interpretation between community health workers and participants was 98.5% with a Cohen's Kappa (k) value of k=0.566 with p<0.001 for inter-rater agreement. Although 92.6% participants reported that the instructions for the test were easy to understand, 18.7% required the assistance of a supervisor to self-test. Major themes that emerged from the qualitative interviews indicated the importance of the following factors in influencing acceptability of self-testing: clarity and accessibility of test instructions; time-efficiency and convenience of testing; non-invasiveness of the test; and fear of incorrect results. Overall, 96.5% of the participants recommended that the OraQuick(®) test kits should become publicly available. CONCLUSIONS: Self-testing for HIV status using an oral fluid-based rapid test under the supervision of a community health worker was acceptable and feasible among pregnant women in rural India. Participants were supportive of making self-testing publicly available. Policy guidelines and implementation research are required to advance HIV self-testing for larger populations at scale.

Community based reproductive health interventions for young married couples in resource-constrained settings: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Most pregnancies among adolescent girls and young women aged 15-24 years occur in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and do so within marriage. The mortality rates and pregnancy-related morbidities are significantly higher among the women of younger age group in many South Asian and Sub-Saharan African countries. This paper presents a review of the available evidence on the effectiveness of community-based health interventions to improve the reproductive health status of young married couples in LMICs. METHOD: We carried out a systematic review of research studies and evaluation reports of different community-level initiatives in improving access to contraception, pregnancy care and safe abortion services by young married couples, where women were in the age-group of 15-24 years. RESULTS: Of the 14 projects, which met inclusion criteria, eight met the quality criteria and were included in the review (five from India, two from Nepal and one from Malawi). Our analysis shows that community-based interventions consisting of counseling of young married women, and their husbands, family and community members, as well as capacity building of health workers were some of the effective measures in increasing contraceptive use, delaying pregnancy and improving pregnancy care. Stratifying young women in line with their specific reproductive health needs (newly married woman, pregnant woman, mother of one/more children) was found to be a successful innovative strategy. None of these projects explicitly addressed improving access to safe abortion care. CONCLUSION: Our review suggests that multi-layered community-based interventions, targeting young married women, their families and the health system can improve utilization of reproductive health services among young couples in resource-constrained settings. There is less focus on strategies to delay first pregnancy as compared to spacing among young women. Further, family and community level barriers in most of the project settings restricted its effective implementation. The paper emphasizes the need for further research to fill the knowledge gaps that exist about improving utilization of reproductive healthcare services, especially safe abortion care among young married women in LMICs.

Histone deacetylase inhibitors: a review on class-I specific inhibition.

Histone Deacetylase (HDAC) is an established and validated target for the treatment of cancer. It has been attempted to present a comprehensive review on the inhibitors for Class-I Histone Deacetylase enzyme family, reported during the period from 2002 to 2012. This review has summarized the inhibitors, based on their specificity towards different isoforms within this class. Further various recent United State (US) patents and the HDAC inhibitors, used singly or in combination undergoing clinical trial as anticancer agents have been reviewed. Three such inhibitors SAHA, Romidepsin and Belinostat have already been approved by the US-FDA for the treatment of cancer.

Pyrazoline based MAO inhibitors: synthesis, biological evaluation and SAR studies.

Twenty-two pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized and tested for their human MAO (hMAO) inhibitory activity. Twelve molecules with unsubstituted ring A and substituted ring C (5-16) were found to be potent inhibitors of hMAO-A isoform with SI(MAO-A) in the order 10(3) and 10(4). Ten molecules with unsubstituted ring A and without ring C (21-30), in which eight molecules (21, 23-26, and 28-30) were selective for hMAO-A, one for hMAO-B (22) and the other one non-selective (27). Presence of ring C increases potency as well as SI towards hMAO-A; however its absence decreases both potency and SI towards hMAO-A and hMAO-B.