[Results of the toxicokinetics of bromoxynil in rats]. / Ergebnisse zur Toxikokinetik von Bromoxynil an Ratten.

The present paper reports on toxicokinetics of bromoxynil after oral administration of two different dosages in male and female rats. The concentrations measured in serum proceed with a terminal half life of 20 h. Differences in sex are expressed in MRT- and AUC-values. The simulated concentration course after multiple dosing corresponds essentially to experimental course (male rats). Toxicokinetics studies of liver and kidney show a saturation kinetics in kidney after oral administration of a high dose (100 mg/kg KM) in case female rats.

[Residue formation of 2-ethylhexenic acid in swine following feeding of ethexen preserved grain]. / Zur Rückstandsbildung von 2-Ethylhexensäure in Schweinen nach Verfütterung von Ethexen-konserviertem Getreide.

The carry-over of 2-ethylhexenic acid in muscle, liver and kidneys of pigs was investigated in consequence of feeding Ethexen-conserved moist grain. Residues of 2-ethylhexenic acid above the detection limit of 0.5 mg.kg-1 couldn't be established in organs and tissues by four trials in enterprises. Residues in the kidneys (0.54 mg.kg-1) or in kidneys (1.63 mg.kg-1) and liver (0.56 mg.kg-1) were analysed in consequence of two- and threefold doses respectively in comparison with the maximum residue limits in feedstuffs.

[Comparative observations of the behavior of ethephon in fruit, coffee and paprika]. / Vergleichende Betrachtungen zum Rückstandsverhalten von Ethephon in Obst, Kaffee und Paprika.

After application of Flordimex to soft and stone fruit for fruit abscission and acceleration of ripening obvious Ethephon residues have been found. Therefore, the dose rate has to be restricted to keep the maximum residue limit. The same is true for the use of Flordimex for fruit abscission in apples, whereas for yield regulation residues are far below 0.05 mg/kg in apples. A typical feature of the active ingredient is the large quantity of its residues in juice and wine, which is as high as Ethephon concentration in fruits or even higher. Finally, Ethephon is demonstrated to enter the pulp of bananas, mandarin, grapefruit and mango as a result of treating harvested tropical fruit. The residue situation after treatment of pineapple, sweet pepper and coffee is discussed.

The influence of cod-liver oil diet on various lipid metabolism parameters, the thromboxane formation capacity, platelet function and the serum MDA level in patients suffering from myocardial infarction.

The influence of an eicosapentaenoic-acid-rich diet, containing 8.1 g cod-liver oil, given daily for two weeks on various parameters of lipid metabolism, the thromboxane formation capacity, platelet function and the serum MDA level was studied in 16 patients with myocardial infarction. The 18:2, 20:3 and 20:4 fatty acid portions of serum phospholipids were significantly decreased, whereas the 20:5 and 22:6 portions were significantly elevated. Serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and the thromboxane formation capacity were significantly increased. Serum triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, the prostacyclin blocking activity of LDL, and several parameters of platelet function were unchanged, the platelet count was significantly depressed. As compared to those of healthy persons, the serum MDA levels in myocardial infarction patients were significantly increased both before and after cod-liver oil ingestion. A possible correlation between the elevated serum levels of MDA and total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol as well as thromboxane formation capacity and the cod-liver oil treatment in patients with myocardial infarction is discussed.

Toxicokinetics of the herbicide dichlorprop and its leucinate and their action on liver mixed function oxidase in rats.

The concentrations of dichlorprop and its leucine conjugate in serum and bile of rats have been determined at different periods after a single oral dosage of these compounds (30 or 300 mg/kg body weight). From the results it can be concluded that dichlorprop is excreted by active renal mechanisms resembling that described for 2,4,5-T. It is suggested that the leucinate is excreted more by the biliary route. Investigations of the liver demonstrate that both compounds are able to induce mixed function oxidases.

[Residue status of DDT, lindane and metabolites in grain after separation from DDT preparations]. / Zur Rückstandssituation von DDT, Lindan und Metaboliten in Getreidekörnern nach der Ablösung von DDT-Präparaten.

The use of insecticides in grain-production plays a minor role in the GDR. Nevertheless grain samples have been tested for DDT, DDE and Lindane residues since 1971 and in addition to this for alpha-, beta-, and delta-HCH as well as for HCB in the last years. These residues are to be traced back to unintentional contamination due to absorption from the soil or to leeway. The grain samples were tested for the residues by GC analysis. From 1971 to 1980 the contamination of grain with DDT and Lindane residues decreased. The alpha-, beta-, and delta-HCH residues as well as those of HCB were found between 0.5 microgram/kg and 5 micrograms/kg. The residues of DDT and HCH were below 0,02 mg/kg, the negligible amounts ("zero tolerance") for these substances fixed in the GDR order on pesticides in foods, or below 0,05 mg/kg in case of HCB, being the tolerance (maximum allowable amount) for this substance.

[Acute toxicity of mercurial seed-dressing agents for rats and Japanese quail with special reference to coergistic effects]. / Zur akuten Toxizität quecksilberhaltiger Saatgutbeizmittel bei Ratten und Japanwachteln unter Berücksichtigung koergistischer Effekte.

Acute oral toxicity to rat of phenyl-mercury acetate (with 44 mg/kg on males and between 54 mg/kg and 77 mg/kg on females several tests) was found to be almost identical with that of methyl-mercury toluenesulphamide (59 mg/kg on males, 54 mg/kg on females). Japanese quail, on the other hand, proved to much more sensitive to the methyl compounds, the significant difference being 25 mg/kg of methyl-mercury toluenesulphamide against 71 kg/kg of phenyl-mercury acetate. Coergistic action of combinations of phenyl-mercury acetate with HCB, Lindan, and Carboxin on female rats generally was poor. No deviation was established from additive action by a recently proposed method of evaluation. Conventional evaluation by means of an association factor (V) gave an antagonistic effect for the combination with Lindan (V = 0.54) and a potentiative effect for the combination with Carboxin (V = 1.70).

[The use of alpha-chymotrypsin in traumatology]. / Zur Verwendung von alpha-Chymotrypsin in der Traumatologie.

Due to its fibrinolytic activity, alpha-chymotrypsin should be applied, even in doses of 5 and 10 mg (as indicated in the List of Drugs) only for postoperative oedema and haematoma prophylaxis, with due regard to the simultaneous effect on haemostasis. The maximum of fibrinolytic activity was observed 6 to 9 hours after intramuscular injection. These findings are consistent with clinical observation. The authors dissuade from uncontrolled use because, in spite of many separate experimental studies and clinical trials, there are still numerous questions that must be considered unsettled.

[Requirements for the toxicological testing of new pesticides and agents for controlling biological processes]. / Anforderungen an die toxikologische Prüfung neuer Pflanzenschutzmittel und Mittel zur Steuerung biologischer Prozesse.

Growing amounts of pesticides and plant growth regulators are being used in our time and call for action to ensure safety for man and farm animals. Toxicological rules and requirements are discussed with reference to the legal provisions in the USSR, USA, and FRG. Specifications for toxicological assessment of new preparations have been prepared in the GDR and Poland and are described. Particular emphasis is laid on studies into acute, subacute or subchronic, and chronic toxicity and delayed consequences. Conclusions are suggested and steps discussed to decide tolerances for food and feedstuffs.

[Behavior of Ethephon residues on tomatoes. Part I. Green house tomatoes]. / Zum Rückstandsverhalten von Ethephon an Tomaten. 1. Mitt. Gewächshaustomaten.

The preparation Flordimex, which contains Ethephon (2-chloroethanephosphonic acid) as the active ingredient, is used for accelerating the ripening of tomatoes. During the years 1974--1977, tomato samples from 89 experiments were tested for Ethephon residues. The determination was performed gas chromatographically using alkali flame ionization detector as 2-chloroethanephosphonic acid dimethyl ester; the detection limit of the method was 0.01 mg/kg. The observed results must be evaluated on the basis of the permissible value (1 mg/kg) stipulated for vegetables by the Ministry of Health of the GDR. 1--2 days after the use of concentrations of 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4%, respectively, the following mean residue values were found: 0.31, 0.50, 0.39 and 0.91 mg/kg, respectively, which decreased but slowly. This leads to the conclusion that formulation concentrations of more than 0.3% and applications of more than 6 1/ha should not be allowed by the Ministry. In case of repeated uses, 3-week intervals are imperative. Under the above-mentioned conditions of use, the mean residue values determined 4--5 days after application approximated 0.6 mg/kg. This period is to be regarded as a tentative waiting-period that must be respected after the treatment of glasshouse tomatoes with Flordimex.

[Residue retention of ethephon on stone fruits and berries. 2. Ethephon residues in currants and gooseberries]. / Zum Rückstandsverhalten von Ethephon auf Stein- und Beerenobst. 2. Mitt. Ethephon-Rückstände auf Johannis- und Stachelbeeren

Studies on the residual behaviour of Ethephon on black and red currants showed that the fruits contained on an average 0.39, 0.81, 2.2 and 0.64, 1.14, 1.04 p.p.m. of Ethephon, respectively, after application of 0.04, 0.06 and 0.08%. Flordimex mixture. When a concentration of 0.08% was applied to gooseberries, the fruits contained on an average 0.31 p.p.m. of Ethephon. The juice of black currants contained relatively larger residues.

[Behavior of Ethephon residues on stone fruits and berries. 1. Ethephon residues on sweet and sour cherries]. / Zum Rückstandsverhalten von Ethephon auf Stein- und Beerenobst 1. Mitt. Ethephon-Rückstände auf Süss- und Sauerkirschen

The authors describe a gas chromatographic method for determing Ethephone residues. Studies on the residual behaviour of Ethephon on sweet cherries showed that the fruits contained 0.88, 1.45 and 1.83 p.p.m. of Ethephon after applications of 0.05, 0.075 and 0.1% Flordimex mixture, respectively. When the same doses were applied to sour cherries, the fruits contained 0.54, 1.12 and 1.44 p.p.m. of Ethephon; and the juices, 0.81, 1.36 and 1.77 p.p.m.

[Occurrence of chlormequat (CCC) in wheat straw and its excretion in milk following feeding of straw pellets containing chlormequat]. / UPNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUM Vorkommen von Chlormequat (CCC) in Weizenstroh und seine Exkretion mit der Milch nach Verfütterung chlormequathaltiger strohpellets

When the herbicide chlormequat (chlorocholine chloride or CCC) was correctly used at 2 kg per hectare at the five-leaf stage of growth, the residues in wheat straw did not exceed 3 ppm. Such residual amounts remained unchanged after storage and pelleting. However, the feeding of contaminated straw pellets to cows did not result in contaimination of the milk detectable by a method which was capable of determining concentrations down to 0.05 ppm.