The Thermal Signature of Wound Healing.

BACKGROUND: Despite major efforts in prevention, surgical site infections (SSIs) remain a burden on patients and the healthcare system and are associated with significant morbidity. SSIs are one of the costliest healthcare-associated infections. The diagnosis of SSIs is based mainly on clinical assessment, which may result in a delay in detection. The ability to detect SSIs in subclinical phase and initiate effective therapy earlier may reduce morbidity and hospital stay. In this study, we attempted to utilize long-wave infrared (LWIR) imaging to define the healing process of the surgical site and to detect abnormal healing. METHODS: In this prospective study, 50 patients undergoing elective abdominal surgery had LWIR images of their incision obtained at determined intervals from their operation to discharge. Images were processed with proprietary algorithms to create a thermal topograph used to define the healing process. RESULTS: Images of 45 patients were available for a final review. Of these 45 patients, 10 patients developed SSIs. Using the thermal topograph, 10 criteria for image analysis were defined, yielding a prediction of six out of the 10 SSIs and 35 out of the 35 normal healing wounds. Sensitivity was 60%, specificity was 100%, positive predictive value was 100%, and negative predictive value was 90.1%, with 92% accuracy. A preliminary program was created that allows trained users to methodically evaluate images providing them with a risk estimate. CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary study, LWIR analysis of surgical wounds was able to identify normal and abnormal wound healing. Further large-scale studies are needed to validate results.

International Expert Consensus on Defining Textbook Oncologic Outcomes in Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Colorectal Peritoneal Metastasis.

BACKGROUND: Textbook oncologic outcome (TOO) is a composite metric shown to correlate with improved survival after curative intent oncologic procedures. Despite increasing use among disciplines in surgical oncology, no consensus exists for its definition in cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). STUDY DESIGN: An international consensus-based study employed a Delphi methodology to achieve agreement. Fifty-four senior surgeons from the peritoneal surface malignancies field received a questionnaire comprising TOO parameters divided into 3 surgical domains: operative, short-term, and long-term postoperative outcomes. Two online meetings with participants defined the new criteria. Consensus was achieved when 75% of agreement rate was reached. Clinical data of patients who underwent CRS and HIPEC for colorectal peritoneal metastasis between 2010 and 2022 from 1 designated center (Sheba Medical Center) were collected, the consensus definition applied and outcomes analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-eight surgeons (70%) participated. Expert consensus TOO parameters for colorectal peritoneal metastasis CRS and HIPEC included the absence of unplanned reoperations during 30 days postoperation, absence of severe postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo ≥III), absence of unplanned readmissions during 30 days postoperation, 90-day postoperative mortality, and absence of contraindications for chemotherapy within 12 weeks from operation, and included the achievement of complete cytoreduction (CC0). The study cohort consisted of 251 patients, and 151 (60%) met TOO criteria. Patients who achieved TOO had significantly better overall survival (median 67.5 months, 95% CI) vs patients who did not achieve TOO (median 44.6 months, 95% CI, p < 0.001) and significantly improved disease-free survival (median, 12 months, 95% CI, vs 9 months, 95% CI, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Achievement of TOO as defined by consensus statement is associated with improved survival.

Perioperative and Oncological Outcomes of Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Peritoneal Metastasis of Rectal Origin.

BACKGROUND: The peritoneum is a common metastatic site of colorectal cancer (CRC) and associated with worse oncological outcomes. Cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) has been shown to improve outcomes in selected patients. Studies have demonstrated significant difference in survival of patients with primary colon and rectal tumors both in local and in metastatic setting; but only few assessed outcomes of CRS/HIPEC for rectal and colon tumors. We studied the perioperative and oncological outcomes of patients undergoing CRS/HIPEC for rectal cancer. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database between 2009 and 2021 was performed. RESULTS: 199 patients underwent CRS/HIPEC for CRC. 172 patients had primary colon tumors and 27 had primary rectal tumors. Primary rectal location was associated with longer surgery (mean 4.32, hours vs 5.26 h, p = 0.0013), increased blood loss (mean 441cc vs 602cc, p = 0.021), more blood transfusions (mean 0.77 vs 1.37units, p = 0.026) and longer hospitalizations (mean 10 days vs 13 days, p = 0.02). Median disease-free survival (DFS) was shorter in rectal primary group; 7.03 months vs 10.9 months for colon primaries (p = 0.036). Overall survival was not statistically significant; 53.2 months for rectal and 60.8 months for colon primary tumors. Multivariate analysis indicated origin (colon vs rectum) and Peritoneal Cancer Index to be independently associated with DFS. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with rectal carcinoma undergoing CRS/HIPEC for peritoneal metastasis had worse peri-operative and oncological outcomes. Overall survival was excellent in both groups. This data may be used for risk stratification when considering CRS/HIPEC for patients with rectal primary.

Natural History and Management of Small-Bowel Obstruction in Patients After Cytoreductive Surgery and Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Small-bowel obstruction (SBO) after cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) is a common complication associated with re-admission that may alter patients' outcomes. Our aim was to characterize and investigate the impact of bowel obstruction on patients' prognosis. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of patients with SBO after CRS/HIPEC (n = 392). We analyzed patients' demographics, operative and perioperative details, SBO re-admission data, and long-term oncological outcomes. RESULTS: Out of 366 patients, 73 (19.9%) were re-admitted with SBO. The cause was adhesive in 42 (57.5%) and malignant (MBO) in 31 (42.5%). The median time to obstruction was 7.7 months (range, 0.5-60.9). Surgical intervention was required in 21/73 (28.7%) patients. Obstruction eventually resolved (spontaneous or by surgical intervention) in 56/73 (76.7%) patients. Univariant analysis identified intraperitoneal chemotherapy agents: mitomycin C (MMC) (HR 3.2, p = 0.003), cisplatin (HR 0.3, p = 0.03), and doxorubicin (HR 0.25, p = 0.018) to be associated with obstruction-free survival (OFS). Postoperative complications such as surgical site infection (SSI), (HR 2.2, p = 0.001) and collection (HR 2.07, p = 0.015) were associated with worse OFS. Multivariate analysis maintained MMC (HR 2.9, p = 0.006), SSI (HR 1.19, p = 0.001), and intra-abdominal collection (HR 2.19, p = 0.009) as independently associated with OFS. While disease-free survival was similar between the groups, overall survival (OS) was better in the non-obstruction group compared with the obstruction group (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: SBO after CRS/HIPEC is common and complex in management. Although conservative management was successful in most patients, surgery was required more frequently in patients with MBO. Patients with SBO demonstrate decreased survival.

Towards interpretable, medically grounded, EMR-based risk prediction models.

Machine-learning based risk prediction models have the potential to improve patient outcomes by assessing risk more accurately than clinicians. Significant additional value lies in these models providing feedback about the factors that amplify an individual patient's risk. Identification of risk factors enables more informed decisions on interventions to mitigate or ameliorate modifiable factors. For these reasons, risk prediction models must be explainable and grounded on medical knowledge. Current machine learning-based risk prediction models are frequently 'black-box' models whose inner workings cannot be understood easily, making it difficult to define risk drivers. Since machine learning models follow patterns in the data rather than looking for medically relevant relationships, possible risk factors identified by these models do not necessarily translate into actionable insights for clinicians. Here, we use the example of risk assessment for postoperative complications to demonstrate how explainable and medically grounded risk prediction models can be developed. Pre- and postoperative risk prediction models are trained based on clinically relevant inputs extracted from electronic medical record data. We show that these models have similar predictive performance as models that incorporate a wider range of inputs and explain the models' decision-making process by visualizing how different model inputs and their values affect the models' predictions.

The pattern of peritoneal colorectal metastasis predicts survival after cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intra-peritoneal chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Peritoneal cancer index (PCI) has been used reliably to prognosticate patients with peritoneal metastasis, however, it fails to describe the patterns of peritoneal spread and to correlate these patterns to survival outcomes. We aim to define the scattered peritoneal spread (SPS) as a pattern associated with worse survival in colorectal peritoneal metastasis. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of metastatic colorectal cancer patients from a prospectively maintained database of peritoneal surface malignances (n = 280) between 2015 and 2020. SPS was defined by the presence of at least two distant and non-contiguous PCI regions. We compared patients with SPS (n = 73) and clustered peritoneal spread (CPS) (n = 88) for demographics, perioperative and survival outcomes. RESULTS: No difference in demographics or post-operative course was noted between the groups. The median follow-up was 15.4 months (0.4-70.8 months). Worse disease-free survival (DFS) in the SPS group with an estimated median of 8.2 months compared to 22.5 months in the CPS spread group, (p = 0.001). The estimated median overall survival (OS) for SPS group was 35.7 months whereas in the CPS group the median was not reached (p = 0.025). The same effect of SPS was preserved even after stratification of PCI. CONCLUSIONS: We defined and described the association of the peritoneal spread pattern to survival outcomes. SPS patients exhibit worse DFS and OS independent of the PCI level. Integration of malignant spread pattern into prognostication models along with PCI may aid in predicting oncological outcomes.

The impact of gastrointestinal anastomotic leaks on survival of patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery and heated intraperitoneal chemotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal (GI) leaks after cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC) is a known life-threatening complication that may alter patients' outcomes. Our aim is to investigate risk factors associated with GI leaks and evaluate the impact of GI leaks on patient's oncological outcomes. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of perioperative and oncological outcomes of patients with and without GI leaks after CRS/HIPEC. RESULTS: Out of 191 patients included in this study, GI leaks were identified in 17.8% (34/191) of patients. Small bowel anastomoses were the most common site (44%). Most of the GI leaks were managed conservatively and re-operation was needed in 44.1% of cases. Univariate analysis identified higher PCI (p = 0.03), higher number of packed cells transfused (p = 0.036), pelvic peritonectomy (p = 0.013), high number of anastomoses (p = 0.003) and colonic resection (p = 0.042) as factors associated with GI leaks. Multivariate analysis identified stapled anastomoses (OR 2.59, p = 0.001) and pelvic peritonectomy (OR 2.33, p = 0.044) as independent factors associated with GI leaks. Disease-free survival tended to be worse in the leak group but did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.235). The 3- and 5-year OS was 73.2% and 52.9% in the leak group compared to 75.8% and 73.2% in the non-leak group (p = 0.236). CONCLUSIONS: GI leak showed no impact on overall and disease free survival after CRS/HIPEC.Avoidance of stapled reconstruction in high risk patients with high tumor burden and large number of anastomoses may yield improved outcomes.

Ratio of Pathological Response to Preoperative Chemotherapy in Patients Undergoing Complete Cytoreduction and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Correlates with Survival.

BACKGROUND: Pathological response of colorectal peritoneal metastasis (CRPM) may affect prognosis. We investigated the relationship between oncological outcomes and pathological response to chemotherapy of CRPM following cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained Peritoneal Surface Malignancies database between 2015 and 2020. Analysis included patients with CRPM who underwent a CRS/HIPEC procedure (n = 178). The cohort was divided into three groups according to the response ratio (ratio of tumor-positive specimens to the total number of specimens resected): Group A, complete response; Group B, high response ratio, and Group C, low response ratio. RESULTS: The group demographics were similar, but the overall complication rate was higher in Group C (65.2%) compared with Groups A (55%) and B (42.8%) [p = 0.03]. Survival correlated to response ratio; the estimated median disease-free survival of Group C was 9.1 months (5.97-12.23), 14.9 months (4.72-25.08) for Group B, and was not reached in Group A (p = 0.001). The estimated median overall survival in Group C was 35 months (26.69-43.31), and was not reached in Groups A and B (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The pathological response ratio to systemic therapy correlates with survival in patients undergoing CRS/HIPEC. This study supports the utilization of preoperative therapy for better patient selection, with a potential impact on survival.

Colorectal Surgery Surveillance: A Novel Method for Composing an Automated Real-time Prospective Registry.

BACKGROUND: Medical registries have been shown to be an effective way to improve patient care and reduce costs. Constructing such registries entails extraneous effort of either reviewing medical charts or creating tailored case report forms (CRF). While documentation has shifted from handwritten notes into electronic medical records (EMRs), the majority of information is logged as free text, which is difficult to extract. OBJECTIVES: To construct a tool within the EMR to document patient-related data as codified variables to automatically create a prospective database for all patients undergoing colorectal surgery. METHODS: The hospital's EMR was re-designed to include codified variables within the operative report and patient notes that documented pre-operative history, operative details, postoperative complications, and pathology reports. The EMR was programmed to capture all existing data of interest with manual completion of un-coded variables. RESULTS: During a 6-month pilot study, 130 patients underwent colorectal surgery. Of these, 104 (80%) were logged into the registry on the same day of surgery. The median time to log the rest of the 26 cases was 1 day. Forty-two patients had a postoperative complication. The most common cause for severe complications was an anastomotic leak with a cumulative rate of 12.3. CONCLUSIONS: Re-designing the EMR to enable prospective documentation of surgical related data is a valid method to create an on-going, real-time database that is recorded instantaneously with minimal additional effort and minimal cost.

Perioperative and Oncological Outcomes of Combined Hepatectomy with Complete Cytoreduction and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Metastatic Colorectal Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Synchronous peritoneal and liver metastasis in colorectal cancer is a relative contraindication for curative surgery. We aimed to evaluate the safety and oncological outcomes of combined treatment of peritoneal and liver metastasis. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis of metastatic colorectal cancer patients from two prospective databases: peritoneal surface malignancy (n = 536) and hepatobiliary (n = 286). We compared 60 patients treated with cytoreduction and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC) and hepatectomy; 80 patients treated with cytoreduction and HIPEC only; and 63 patients treated with hepatectomy alone. RESULTS: No differences in demographics were observed between the groups. Median hospital and intensive care unit (ICU) stay was shorter in group C (7 and 1 days, respectively) versus groups A and B (13 and 1 days, and 12 and 1 days, respectively; p < 0.001). Postoperative complications were not significantly different. Median follow-up was 18.6, 23.1, and 30.6 months for groups A, B, and C, respectively. Estimated 5-year overall survival (OS) was 48.8% (group A), 55.4% (group B), and 60.2% (group C) [p = 0.043 for group A vs. group C], and estimated 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) was 14.2% (group A), 23.0% (group B), and 18.6% (group C). Five-year OS was superior in group C compared with group A (p = 0.043), and DFS was superior in group C compared with groups A and B (p = 0.043 and 0.03, respectively). The peritoneum was the site of first recurrence in groups A and B (23.3% and 32.5%, respectively), and the liver was the site of first recurrence in group C (44.4%). CONCLUSIONS: We report favorable perioperative and oncological outcomes in combined cytoreduction/HIPEC and hepatectomy for patients with peritoneal and liver metastasis. Surgical intervention after multidisciplinary discussion should be considered in patients with both peritoneal and hepatic lesions when complete cytoreduction is feasible.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on General Surgery Acute Admissions and Urgent Operations: A Comparative Prospective Study.

BACKGROUND: As part of the effort to control the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) outbreak, strict emergency measures, including prolonged national curfews, have been imposed. Even in countries where healthcare systems still functioned, patients avoided visiting emergency departments (EDs) because of fears of exposure to COVID-19. OBJECTIVES: To describe the effects of the COVID-19 outbreak on admissions of surgical patients from the ED and characteristics of urgent operations performed. METHODS: A prospective registry study comparing all patients admitted for acute surgical and trauma care between 15 March and 14 April 2020 (COVID-19) with patients admitted in the parallel time a year previously (control) was conducted. RESULTS: The combined cohort included 606 patients. There were 25% fewer admissions during the COVID-19 period (P < 0.0001). The COVID-19 cohort had a longer time interval from onset of symptoms (P < 0.001) and presented in a worse clinical condition as expressed by accelerated heart rate (P = 0.023), leukocyte count disturbances (P = 0.005), higher creatinine, and CRP levels (P < 0.001) compared with the control cohort. More COVID-19 patients required urgent surgery (P = 0.03) and length of ED stay was longer (P = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: During the COVID-19 epidemic, fewer patients presented to the ED requiring acute surgical care. Those who did, often did so in a delayed fashion and in worse clinical condition. More patients required urgent surgical interventions compared to the control period. Governments and healthcare systems should emphasize to the public not to delay seeking medical attention, even in times of crises.

Intraoperative neurophysiology in pediatric supratentorial surgery: experience with 57 cases.

PURPOSE: Utilization of intraoperative neurophysiology (ION) to map and assess various functions during supratentorial brain tumor and epilepsy surgery is well documented and commonplace in the adult setting. The applicability has yet to be established in the pediatric age group. METHODS: All pediatric supratentorial surgery utilizing ION of the motor system, completed over a period of 10 years, was analyzed retrospectively for the following variables: preoperative and postoperative motor deficits, extent of resection, sensory-motor mappability and monitorability, location of lesion, patient age, and monitoring alarms. Intraoperative findings were correlated with antecedent symptomatology as well as short- and long-term postoperative clinical outcome. The monitoring impact on surgical course was evaluated on a per-case basis. RESULTS: Data were analyzed for 57 patients (ages 3-207 months (93 ± 58)). Deep lesions (in proximity to the pyramidal fibers) constituted 15.7% of the total group, superficial lesions 47.4%, lesions with both deep and superficial components 31.5%, and ventricular 5.2%. Mapping of the motor cortex was significantly more successful using the short-train technique than Penfield's technique (84% vs. 25% of trials, respectively), particularly in younger children. The youngest age at which motor mapping was successfully achieved was 3 vs. 93 months for each method, respectively. Preoperative motor strength was not associated with monitorability. Direct cortial motor evoked potential (dcMEP) was more sensitive than transcranial (tcMEP) in predicting postoperative motor decline. dcMEP decline was not associated with tumor grade or extent of resection (EOR); however, it was associated with lesion location and more prone to decline in deep locations. ION actively affected surgical decisions in several aspects, such as altering the corticectomy location and alarming due to a MEP decline. CONCLUSION: ION is applicable in the pediatric population with certain limitations, depending mainly on age. When successful, ION has a positive impact on surgical decision-making, ultimately providing an added element of safety for these patients.

Value of Cerebrospinal Fluid Lactate Levels in Diagnosing Shunt Infections in Pediatric Patients.

OBJECTIVE: The diagnosis and timely treatment of shunt infections (SI) in children is of paramount importance. In some cases, the standard cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) variables will not be sufficient for an accurate diagnosis of SI. CSF lactate (LCSF) has been found to assist in differentiating bacterial from nonbacterial meningitis in non-neurosurgical patients. To the best of our knowledge, the use of lactate in diagnosing or confirming the presence of SI has not yet been discussed. The goal of the present study was to describe the role of LCSF levels in children with shunts and Ommaya reservoirs and to evaluate its role in the accurate diagnosis of shunt-related infection. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data for a consecutive series of pediatric patients treated at a large tertiary pediatric neurosurgical department, for whom CSF samples from shunts had been collected during a 2-year period (2016-2017). The lactate levels were correlated with the presence of SI. RESULTS: A total of 61 CSF samples were analyzed, with 6 SIs found. The LCSF levels and white blood cell count were both found to correlate with the presence of CSF infections. A cutoff value of ≥2.95 mmol/L reached a sensitivity of 83%, specificity of 83%, and positive predictive value of 50%. LCSF <2.95 mmol/L had a negative predictive value of 96%. CONCLUSIONS: LCSF levels can be used as an additional chemical marker for the diagnosis and confirmation of SIs. An LCSF value of <2.95 mmol/L had a high negative predictive value.

The value of cerebrospinal fluid lactate levels in diagnosing CSF infections in pediatric neurosurgical patients.

PURPOSE: Diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) infections in patients following neurosurgical procedures can be challenging. CSF lactate (LCSF) has been shown to assist in differentiating bacterial from non-bacterial meningitis in non-neurosurgical patients. The use of lactate in diagnosing CSF-related infections following neurosurgical procedures has been described in adults. The goal of this study was to describe the role of LCSF levels in diagnosing CSF-related infections among neurosurgical children. METHODS: We retrospectively collected data for all pediatric patients treated at a large tertiary pediatric neurosurgical department, for whom CSF samples were collected over a 2-year period. Lactate levels were correlated with other CSF parameters, surgical parameters, presence of CSF infection, and source of CSF sample (lumbar, ventricular, or pseudomeningocele). RESULTS: A total of 215 CSF samples from 162 patients were analyzed. We found a correlation between lactate levels and other CSF parameters. Lactate levels displayed an inconsistent correlation with infection depending on sample origin. Irrespective of the CSF source, lactate levels could not sufficiently discriminate between those with or without infection. Lactate levels were correlated with recent surgery, and, in some of the subgroups, to the extent of blood in CSF. CONCLUSIONS: LCSF levels are influenced by many factors, including the source of sample, recent surgery, and the presence of subarachnoid or ventricular blood secondary to surgery. The added value of LCSF for diagnosing CSF infections in children with a history of neurosurgical procedures is unclear and may be influenced by the extent of blood in the CSF.

Watertight Dural Closure in Pediatric Craniotomies-Is It Really Necessary?

BACKGROUND: Dural closure after intracranial procedures is considered crucial to reduce postoperative complications such as pseudomeningocele (PM), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, hydrocephalus, and infections. However, watertight dural closure (WTDC) is often difficult to achieve, and dural substitutes often are used. We describe our experience with non-WTDC in children. METHODS: Data were collected retrospectively. Redo and craniectomy cases were excluded. Collected data included demographics, surgical etiology, various radiologic parameters, ventricular opening, usage of drains and shunts, dural closure technique, and complications. RESULTS: In total, 163 cases aged 3 months to 18.5 years (90 ± 56 months) were included. Main surgical indications were tumors (120, 74%) and epilepsy (29, 18%). In total, 122 (74%) cases were supratentorial. The ventricular system was opened in 69 (42%) cases. In 145 (89%) cases, a non-WTDC was performed. Fibrin glue was used in 22 (13%) cases. In 156 cases (96%), a dural substitute was used. One patient (0.6%) had a CSF leak. At 3 months, 20% had a radiologic PM but only 8.4% were noticed clinically. At 1 year, 7.7% had a radiologic PM but only 3% were noticed clinically. Overall, 3% needed a PM tap, and 15 patients (9%) underwent CSF diversion procedures. There were no infections. The only factor significantly associated with PM or a need for CSF surgery was an infratentorial location. CONCLUSIONS: Non-WTDC after cranial surgery in children was associated with a low rate of clinically significant PM, infections, leaks, and hydrocephalus. Non-WTDC is fast and reduces the need to harvest additional tissue, thus minimizing the surgical incision.

Conversion of external ventricular drainage to ventriculo-peritoneal shunt: to change or not to change the proximal catheter?

PURPOSE: In this study, we investigate the occurrence rate of early shunt infection and malfunction in pediatric patients after converting an external ventricular drainage (EVD) to a ventriculo-peritoneal shunt (VPS) without replacing the ventricular catheter. METHODS: Data was retrospectively reviewed for 17 pediatric patients (11 male (64.7%), mean age 7.5 years, range 0.25-15 years) who underwent 18 consecutive direct conversions of tunneled EVD to VPS without replacing the ventricular catheter between 2008 and 2017. In each case, the EVD was inserted in sterile fashion within the operating room and tunneled subcutaneously 5-7 cm away from the insertion site. Primary outcome measure was the occurrence of early (within 30 days) VPS infection or malfunction. The mean follow-up time was 56.8 months (±35.7 months). RESULTS: The mean period of EVD before VPS placement was 9.0 days (±3.6 days, range 2-18 days). Five patients had shunt infections/malfunctions. One patient (5.6%) had an early shunt infection after 30 days. One patient had a late shunt infection after 9 months. One patient had an early shunt malfunction after 9 days. Two patients (11.1%) had late shunt malfunctions after 6.5 months and 9 years. There were no other incidents of shunt-related complications or shunt-related mortality. CONCLUSION: In the pediatric population, the conversion of a tunneled EVD to a VPS without replacing the ventricular catheter can be safely done. Cranial entry is spared, while the rates of shunt infection and malfunction do not increase significantly.

"Growing" cerebellum in an infant after shunt insertion.

INTRODUCTION: Supratentorial cortical mantle growth after shunt surgery in infants with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus is common. However, cerebellar growth and Chiari are rare. PATIENT DESCRIPTION: We describe a term newborn with an intraventricular hemorrhage and posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus who underwent endoscopic third ventriculostomy followed by shunt placement at age 4 months. RESULTS: After shunt placement, her head circumference growth rate rapidly decreased from the ninety-seventh percentile to the third percentile. Six months after a shunt placement, cerebellar disproportional growth was noticed. Five years after surgery, her cerebellar volume had increased by 300% whereas the cerebral hemispheres volume by 150%, and Chiari 1 appeared. She manifested early hemiparetic cerebral palsy, but, did not develop clinical evidence of increased intracranial pressure or brainstem abnormalities. CONCLUSION: This term newborn exhibited apparent cerebellar "growth" and posterior fossa crowding after shunt surgery for posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus. Our patient's findings may have resulted from shunt-related alterations in pressure dynamics, leading to decreased head growth rate with a relatively smaller posterior fossa, in face of a normal brain growth. The timing of intraventricular hemorrhage at term, beyond the vulnerable period of cerebellar development, may have been a contributing factor to the craniocerebellar disproportion and posterior fossa crowding cerebellar development may have been relatively spared and was a contributing factor to the craniocerebellar disproportion and posterior fossa crowding.

Giant cranial and cerebellar hemangioma treated with propranolol.

INTRODUCTION: Infantile hemangiomas are the most common benign tumors in children. However, cranial involvement of such lesions is rare. Current treatment options for hemangiomas in various locations that would be endangering or disfiguring include follow-up, surgical removal, or administration of corticosteroids, interferon-α, thalidomide, vincristine, propranolol, and laser therapy. METHODS: We describe an infant who presented with an extensive cranial hemangioma (proven by a biopsy). The child was treated with propranolol. RESULTS: Clinical and radiological follow-up for over a year showed significant reduction in tumor size without adverse clinical symptoms. CONCLUSION: Propranolol is a valid treatment for large cranial hemangiomas, avoiding the risks involved in surgeries.