Climate change and environmental sustainability in otolaryngology: A state-of-the-art review.

BACKGROUND: Climate change has been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as the greatest existing threat to human health. Given the direct exposure of the upper aerodigestive system to pollutants, patients in otolaryngology are at high risk for increased disease burden in the setting of climate change and worsening air quality. Given this and the environmental impact of surgical care, it is essential for surgeons to understand their role in addressing climate health through quality-driven clinical initiatives, education, advocacy, and research. METHODS: A state-of-the-art review was performed of the existing literature on the otolaryngologic health impacts of climate change and environmental sustainability efforts in surgery with specific attention to studies in otolaryngology - head and neck surgery. FINDINGS: Climate variables including heat and air pollution are associated with increased incidence of allergic rhinitis, chronic rhinosinusitis and head and neck cancer. A number of studies have shown that sustainability initiatives in otolaryngology are safe and provide direct cost benefit. CONCLUSION: Surgeons have the opportunity to lead on climate health and sustainability to address the public health burden of climate change.

Mapping the Ecological Terrain of Stroke Prehospital Delay: A Nationwide Registry Study.

BACKGROUND: Delays in hospital presentation limit access to acute stroke treatments. While prior research has focused on patient-level factors, broader ecological and social determinants have not been well studied. We aimed to create a geospatial map of prehospital delay and examine the role of community-level social vulnerability. METHODS: We studied patients with ischemic stroke who arrived by emergency medical services in 2015 to 2017 from the American Heart Association Get With The Guidelines-Stroke registry. The primary outcome was time to hospital arrival after stroke (in minutes), beginning at last known well in most cases. Using Geographic Information System mapping, we displayed the geography of delay. We then used Cox proportional hazard models to study the relationship between community-level factors and arrival time (adjusted hazard ratios [aHR] <1.0 indicate delay). The primary exposure was the social vulnerability index (SVI), a metric of social vulnerability for every ZIP Code Tabulation Area ranging from 0.0 to 1.0. RESULTS: Of 750 336 patients, 149 145 met inclusion criteria. The mean age was 73 years, and 51% were female. The median time to hospital arrival was 140 minutes (Q1: 60 minutes, Q3: 458 minutes). The geospatial map revealed that many zones of delay overlapped with socially vulnerable areas (https://harvard-cga.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=08f6e885c71b457f83cefc71013bcaa7). Cox models (aHR, 95% CI) confirmed that higher SVI, including quartiles 3 (aHR, 0.96 [95% CI, 0.93-0.98]) and 4 (aHR, 0.93 [95% CI, 0.91-0.95]), was associated with delay. Patients from SVI quartile 4 neighborhoods arrived 15.6 minutes [15-16.2] slower than patients from SVI quartile 1. Specific SVI themes associated with delay were a community's socioeconomic status (aHR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.74-0.85]) and housing type and transportation (aHR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.84-0.94]). CONCLUSIONS: This map of acute stroke presentation times shows areas with a high incidence of delay. Increased social vulnerability characterizes these areas. Such places should be systematically targeted to improve population-level stroke presentation times.

Perspectives on Referral Pathways for Timely Head and Neck Cancer Care.

Importance: Timely diagnosis and treatment are of paramount importance for patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) because delays are associated with reduced survival rates and increased recurrence risk. Prompt referral to HNC specialists is crucial for the timeliness of care, yet the factors that affect the referral and triage pathway remain relatively unexplored. Therefore, to identify barriers and facilitators of timely care, it is important to understand the complex journey that patients undertake from the onset of HNC symptoms to referral for diagnosis and treatment. Objective: To investigate the referral and triage process for patients with HNC and identify barriers to and facilitators of care from the perspectives of patients and health care workers. Design, Participants, and Setting: This was a qualitative study using semistructured interviews of patients with HNC and health care workers who care for them. Participants were recruited from June 2022 to July 2023 from HNC clinics at 2 tertiary care academic medical centers in Boston, Massachusetts. Data were analyzed from July 2022 to December 2023. Main Outcomes and Measures: Themes identified from the perspectives of both patients and health care workers on factors that hinder or facilitate the HNC referral and triage process. Results: In total, 72 participants were interviewed including 42 patients with HNC (median [range] age, 60.5 [19.0-81.0] years; 27 [64%] females) and 30 health care workers (median [range] age, 38.5 [20.0-68.0] years; 23 [77%] females). Using thematic analysis, 4 major themes were identified: the HNC referral and triage pathway is fragmented; primary and dental care are critical for timely referrals; efficient interclinician coordination expedites care; and consistent patient-practitioner engagement alleviates patient fear. Conclusions and Relevance: These findings describe the complex HNC referral and triage pathway, emphasizing the critical role of initial symptom recognition, primary and dental care, patient information flow, and interclinician and patient-practitioner communication, all of which facilitate prompt HNC referrals.

Socioeconomic and racial disparities in revisits, indication, and readmission or reoperation in pediatric tonsillectomy.

INTRODUCTION: Pediatric tonsillectomy is a frequent otolaryngologic procedure. This study aimed to characterize disparities in post-tonsillectomy revisits, including emergency department evaluation, readmission, or reoperation as well as indication for revisit. METHODS: Cases of inpatient and ambulatory pediatric tonsillectomy in New York and Florida in 2016 constituted the analytic sample. Patients were extracted from the State Ambulatory Surgery Databases (SASD) and State Inpatient Databases (SID) and linked to the SID and State Emergency Department Database (SEDD) and SASD. Outcomes include 3 types of revisits within 30 days: ED visits, hospital readmissions, and reoperation. Indication for revisit was also analyzed. Multivariable analysis determined the association of each outcome with gender, age, race/ethnicity, primary payer, urbanicity, and zip code median household income quartile. The Holm Bonferroni test was used to correct for multiple hypothesis testing. RESULTS: 15,264 pediatric tonsillectomies were included. The revisit rate was 6.77% (N = 1,034, 49.1% female; 6 years median age [interquartile range: 5]). The 30-day ED revisit rate was 4.85%, readmission rate was 1.27%, and reoperation rate was 0.65%. On multivariate analysis, Latinx patients (OR = 3.042, 95% CI = 1.393-6.803) and those who identify as other race/ethnicity (OR = 6.116, 95% CI = 1.989-19.245) have greater odds of requiring inpatient care for indications including pain, dehydration, nausea, and vomiting compared to white patients. No significant differences in tier of care for the management of post-tonsillectomy hemorrhage were identified. CONCLUSION: Disparities in pediatric post-tonsillectomy ED presentation, readmission and reoperation demonstrate opportunities to improve patient safety and equity.

TCF1-LEF1 co-expression identifies a multipotent progenitor cell (TH2-MPP) across human allergic diseases.

Repetitive exposure to antigen in chronic infection and cancer drives T cell exhaustion, limiting adaptive immunity. In contrast, aberrant, sustained T cell responses can persist over decades in human allergic disease. To understand these divergent outcomes, we employed bioinformatic, immunophenotyping and functional approaches with human diseased tissues, identifying an abundant population of type 2 helper T (TH2) cells with co-expression of TCF7 and LEF1, and features of chronic activation. These cells, which we termed TH2-multipotent progenitors (TH2-MPP) could self-renew and differentiate into cytokine-producing effector cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells and follicular helper T (TFH) cells. Single-cell T-cell-receptor lineage tracing confirmed lineage relationships between TH2-MPP, TH2 effectors, Treg cells and TFH cells. TH2-MPP persisted despite in vivo IL-4 receptor blockade, while thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) drove selective expansion of progenitor cells and rendered them insensitive to glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in vitro. Together, our data identify TH2-MPP as an aberrant T cell population with the potential to sustain type 2 inflammation and support the paradigm that chronic T cell responses can be coordinated over time by progenitor cells.

Patient Experience of Head and Neck Surgery With Free Flap Reconstruction.

Importance: Major head and neck surgery with microvascular free tissue transfer reconstruction is complex, with considerable risk of morbidity. Little is known about patients' experiences, including decision-making prior to, and regret following, free flap surgery. Objective: To characterize patient experiences and decision regret of patients undergoing head and neck reconstructive free flap surgery. Design, Setting, and Participants: This mixed-methods cohort study comprising semistructured interviews was conducted June to August 2021 at a single tertiary academic cancer center. Participants underwent head and neck reconstructive surgery with microvascular free tissue transfer (flap) more than 3 months before recruitment (range, 3 months to 4 years). Interview transcripts were qualitatively analyzed for themes. Participants also completed a Decision Regret Scale questionnaire. Exposure: Microvascular free flap surgery for head and neck reconstruction. Main Outcomes and Measures: Thematic analysis of interviews, decision regret score. Results: Seventeen participants were interviewed. Median (IQR) age was 61 (52-70) years. Overall, 7 participants were women (49%), and 10 of 17 were men (59%). The most common free flap was fibula (8/17, 47%). Three major themes with 9 subthemes were identified: theme 1 was the tremendous effect of preoperative counseling on surgical decision-making and satisfaction, with subthemes including (1) importance of clinical care team counseling on decision to have surgery; (2) emotional context colors preoperative understanding and retention of information; (3) expectation-setting affects satisfaction with preoperative counseling; and (4) desire for diversified delivery of preoperative information. Theme 2 was coexisting and often conflicting priorities, including (1) desire to survive above all else, and (2) desire for quality of life. Theme 3 was perception of surgery as momentous and distressing, including (1) surgery as a traumatic event; (2) centrality of mental health, emotional resolve, and gratitude to enduring surgery and recovery; and (3) sense of accomplishment in recovery. On the Decision Regret Scale, most participants had no regret (n = 8, 47%) or mild regret (n = 5, 29%); 4 had moderate-to-severe regret (24%). Conclusions and Relevance: In this mixed-methods cohort study, patient experiences surrounding major head and neck reconstructive free flap surgery were described. Opportunities to improve support for this complex and vulnerable population, and to mitigate decision regret, were identified.

Local cytokine levels associate with SNOT-22 and UPSIT scores in chronic rhinosinusitis.

KEY POINTS: Elevated IL-5, IL-13, IL-33, and CCL2 correlate with lower UPSIT scores in CRS and AERD patients. Elevated IL-5, IL-13, TNF-α, CCL2, and CXCL-8 correlate with higher SNOT-22 scores in CRS and AERD patients.

Not just snot: Local inflammatory profiles in patients with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease differ from patients with aspirin-tolerant chronic rhinosinusitis.

KEY POINTS: IL-5, CCL2, and CXCL8 in sinus mucous are higher in patients with AERD relative to aspirin-tolerant patients with CRS These mediators are pleiotropic, leading to widescale inflammatory processes contributing to AERD AERD is not only a T2 disease but heterogeneous: this may explain the refractory nature of AERD.

Personal Social Networks and Care-Seeking for Head and Neck Cancer: A Qualitative Study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the role of patients' personal social networks (SNs) in accessing head and neck cancer (HNC) care through patients' and health care workers' (HCWs) perspectives. STUDY DESIGN: Qualitative study. SETTING: Tertiary HNC centers at 2 academic medical centers, including 1 safety net hospital. METHODS: Patients with newly diagnosed HNC, and HCWs caring for HNC patients, aged ≥18 years were recruited between June 2022 and July 2023. Semistructured interviews were conducted with both patients and HCWs. Inductive and deductive thematic analysis was performed with 2 coders (κ = 0.82) to analyze the data. RESULTS: The study included 72 participants: 42 patients (mean age 57 years, 64% female, 81% white), and 30 HCWs (mean age 42 years, 77% female, 83% white). Four themes emerged: (1) Patients' SNs facilitate care through various forms of support, (2) patients may hesitate to seek help from their networks, (3) obligations toward SNs may act as barriers to seeking care, and (4) the SN composition and dedication influence care-seeking. CONCLUSION: Personal SNs play a vital role in prompting early care-seeking among HNC patients. SN-based interventions could enhance care and improve outcomes for HNC patients.

Perceived Implications of Compensation Structure for Academic Surgical Practice: A Qualitative Study.

This qualitative study examines how incentive-based and salary-only compensation models affect academic surgeons.

Barriers and Facilitators to Clinical Practice Development in Men and Women Surgeons.

Importance: Many early-career surgeons struggle to develop their clinical practices, leading to high rates of burnout and attrition. Furthermore, women in surgery receive fewer, less complex, and less remunerative referrals compared with men. An enhanced understanding of the social and structural barriers to optimal growth and equity in clinical practice development is fundamental to guiding interventions to support academic surgeons. Objective: To identify the barriers and facilitators to clinical practice development with attention to differences related to surgeon gender. Design, Setting, and Participants: A multi-institutional qualitative descriptive study was performed using semistructured interviews analyzed with a grounded theory approach. Interviews were conducted at 5 academic medical centers in the US between July 12, 2022, and January 31, 2023. Surgeons with at least 1 year of independent practice experience were selected using purposeful sampling to obtain a representative sample by gender, specialty, academic rank, and years of experience. Main Outcomes and Measures: Surgeon perspectives on external barriers and facilitators of clinical practice development and strategies to support practice development for new academic surgeons. Results: A total of 45 surgeons were interviewed (23 women [51%], 18 with ≤5 years of experience [40%], and 20 with ≥10 years of experience [44%]). Surgeons reported barriers and facilitators related to their colleagues, department, institution, and environment. Dominant themes for both genders were related to competition, case distribution among partners, resource allocation, and geographic market saturation. Women surgeons reported additional challenges related to gender-based discrimination (exclusion, questioning of expertise, role misidentification, salary disparities, and unequal resource allocation) and additional demands (related to appearance, self-advocacy, and nonoperative patient care). Gender concordance with patients and referring physicians was a facilitator of practice development for women. Surgeons suggested several strategies for their colleagues, department, and institution to improve practice development by amplifying facilitators and promoting objectivity and transparency in resource allocation and referrals. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this qualitative study suggest that a surgeon's external context has a substantial influence on their practice development. Academic institutions and departments of surgery may consider the influence of their structures and policies on early career surgeons to accelerate practice development and workplace equity.

Addressing Climate Health: A Practical Guide to Quantifying and Reducing Health Care-Associated Emissions.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to quantify annual greenhouse gas emissions from a surgical specialty hospital and identify high-yield areas to reduce emissions associated with patient care. STUDY DESIGN: Pre-post study, greenhouse gas inventory. SETTING: Specialty hospital. METHODS: A scope 1 and scope 2 greenhouse gas inventory of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear main campus for calendar years (CY) 2020, 2021, and 2022 was performed by assessing emissions attributable to on-site sources (scope 1) and purchased electricity and steam (scope 2). The associated carbon dioxide equivalent was then calculated using known global warming potentials and emission factors. RESULTS: The major contributors to scope 1 and scope 2 emissions at our institution for CY 2020 to 2022 were waste anesthetic gases and purchased steam. These results were reviewed with hospital leadership and a plan was developed to reduce these emissions. Emission monitoring is ongoing to assess the efficacy of these interventions. CONCLUSION: Measuring scope 1 and scope 2 emissions at the facility level allows health care facilities to develop institution-specific interventions and compare data across health care organizations. Surgeons can lead on health care system sustainability by collaborating with clinical and nonclinical staff to measure emissions, developing targeted emissions-reduction interventions, and tracking progress with yearly assessments.

Increased epithelial mTORC1 activity in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

Background: The airway epithelium plays a central role in the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma and chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), but the mechanisms by which airway epithelial cells (EpCs) maintain inflammation are poorly understood. Objective: We hypothesized that transcriptomic assessment of sorted airway EpCs across the spectrum of differentiation would allow us to define mechanisms by which EpCs perpetuate airway inflammation. Methods: Ethmoid sinus EpCs from adult patients with CRS were sorted into 3 subsets, bulk RNA sequenced, and analyzed for differentially expressed genes and pathways. Single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) datasets from eosinophilic and non-eosinophilic CRSwNP and bulk RNA-seq of EpCs from mild/moderate and severe asthma were assessed. Immunofluorescent staining and ex vivo functional analysis of sinus EpCs were used to validate our findings. Results: Analysis within and across purified EpC subsets revealed an enrichment in glycolytic programming in CRSwNP vs CRSsNP. Correlation analysis identified mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) as a potential regulator of the glycolytic program and identified EpC expression of cytokines and wound healing genes as potential sequelae. mTORC1 activity was upregulated in CRSwNP, and ex vivo inhibition demonstrated that mTOR is critical for EpC generation of CXCL8, IL-33, and CXCL2. Across patient samples, the degree of glycolytic activity was associated with T2 inflammation in CRSwNP, and with both T2 and non-T2 inflammation in severe asthma. Conclusions: Together, these findings highlight a metabolic axis required to support epithelial generation of cytokines critical to both chronic T2 and non-T2 inflammation in CRSwNP and asthma.

Optimizing cryopreservation of nasal polyp tissue for cellular functional studies and single-cell RNA sequencing.

KEY POINTS: Mast cell numbers were reduced in samples cryopreserved as whole tissue chunks. Thawed epithelial cells had reduced proliferation rates when preserved as dissociated cell suspensions. The right cryopreservation method to choose may depend on the goals and cell-type focus of the project.

Environmental sustainability in otolaryngologic surgery.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Climate change is an urgent public health crisis that significantly impacts disease development, health outcomes, and access to care. The major approaches to climate change are mitigation and adaptation. The purpose of this review is to discuss the effects of climate change on health and health disparities, review the carbon footprint of surgical care and discuss strategies for surgeons to reduce emissions and advocate for sustainability. RECENT FINDINGS: Recent studies increasingly demonstrate the direct and indirect health effects of climate change, including the relationship between climate and otolaryngologic disease. Within the domain of otolaryngology, we summarize findings related to climate change and health and healthcare delivery; health disparities; healthcare-associated emissions; and the role of otolaryngologists in mitigating and adapting to the climate crisis. There are many recent studies that identify impactful sustainability opportunities and initiatives for healthcare providers. Climate solutions may also reduce cost and have potential clinical benefits. SUMMARY: Climate change and air pollution directly impact disease burden in otolaryngology patients and are underrecognized social determinants of health. Surgeons can lead on climate change by implementing sustainability initiatives in the operating room and engaging in research and advocacy.

Healthcare Disparities in Otolaryngology.

Purpose of Review: The purpose of this review is to summarize some of the recent research studies on healthcare disparities across various subspecialties within otolaryngology. This review also highlights the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on disparities and proposes potential interventions to mitigate disparities. Recent Findings: Significant healthcare disparities in care and treatment outcomes have been reported across all areas of otolaryngology. Notable differences in survival, disease recurrence, and overall mortality have been noted based on race, ethnicity, socioeconomic status (SES), insurance status, etc. This is most well-researched in head and neck cancer (HNC) within otolaryngology. Summary: Healthcare disparities have been identified by numerous research studies within otolaryngology for many vulnerable groups that include racial and ethnic minority groups, low-income populations, and individuals from rural areas among many others. These populations continue to experience suboptimal access to timely, quality otolaryngologic care that exacerbate disparities in health outcomes.

Association of hospital centrality in inter-hospital patient-sharing networks with patient mortality and length of stay.

OBJECTIVE: The interdependence of hospitals is underappreciated in patient outcomes studies. We used a network science approach to foreground this interdependence. Specifically, within two large state-based interhospital networks, we examined the relationship of a hospital's network position with in-hospital mortality and length of stay. METHODS: We constructed interhospital network graphs using data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project and the American Hospital Association Annual Survey for Florida (2014) and California (2011). The exposure of interest was hospital centrality, defined as weighted degree (sum of all ties to a given hospital from other hospitals). The outcomes were in-hospital mortality and length of stay with sub-analyses for four acute medical conditions: pneumonia, heart failure, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction. We compared outcomes for each quartile of hospital centrality relative to the most central quartile (Q4), independent of patient- and hospital-level characteristics, in this retrospective cross-sectional study. RESULTS: The inpatient cohorts had 1,246,169 patients in Florida and 1,415,728 in California. Compared to Florida's central hospitals which had an overall mortality 1.60%, peripheral hospitals had higher in-hospital mortality (1.97%, adjusted OR (95%CI): Q1 1.61 (1.37, 1.89), p<0.001). Hospitals in the middle quartiles had lower in-hospital mortality compared to central hospitals (%, adjusted OR (95% CI): Q2 1.39%, 0.79 (0.70, 0.89), p<0.001; Q3 1.33%, 0.78 (0.70, 0.87), p<0.001). Peripheral hospitals had longer lengths of stay (adjusted incidence rate ratio (95% CI): Q1 2.47 (2.44, 2.50), p<0.001). These findings were replicated in California, and in patients with heart failure and pneumonia in Florida. These results show a u-shaped distribution of outcomes based on hospital network centrality quartile. CONCLUSIONS: The position of hospitals within an inter-hospital network is associated with patient outcomes. Specifically, hospitals located in the peripheral or central positions may be most vulnerable to diminished quality outcomes due to the network. Results should be replicated with deeper clinical data.