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1.
Sci Total Environ ; 951: 175552, 2024 Nov 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39151632

RESUMEN

In order to assess the risk of pesticides to aquatic ecosystems, five single-dose pesticides including chlorpyrifos, pymetrozine, dinotefuran, azoxystrobin, and acetochlor that are frequently used in developing countries, were selected. Based on the principle of conservative risk assessment, application amounts for different dosage forms were recommended, the Top-Rice model and risk quotient method were used to evaluate the aquatic ecological risk of the aforementioned single-dose pesticide products. The results showed that predicted peak environmental concentration ranges after application on rice were 110.52-564.25 µg/L for chlorpyrifos, 20.79-114.6 µg/L for pymetrozine, 21.81-114.02 µg/L for dinotefuran, 16.52-56.94 µg/L for azoxystrobin, and 167.22-2184.01 µg/L for acetochlor in different seasons of Changsha, Hangzhou, Nanning in China, and Lahore and Faisalabad in Pakistan. Under the current conditions of registered administration, the acute and chronic risks posed by chlorpyrifos to fish and invertebrates were deemed alarming, and those by pymetrozine and dinotefuran were considered acceptable. The acute risk of exposure of azoxystrobin to vertebrates such as fish, and invertebrates such as daphnia and shrimp is alarming, whereas the chronic risk to vertebrates, invertebrates, and algae was acceptable. The acute exposure risk posed by acetochlor was deemed worrying, and in the case of chronic exposure, only 36 % of the simulation group exhibited a risk quotient below 1, indicating no risk. These findings imply that the ecological risks of using registered chlorpyrifos and acetochlor products on rice cannot be ignored. It should be noted that the analysis method and model employed in this study were intentionally conservative to ensure a comprehensive assessment of the potential risks associated with the use of registered pesticide products. However, the model failed to consider influential factors like photolysis of pesticides on the soil surface, thereby introducing a certain degree of conservativeness in the evaluation results.


Asunto(s)
Agricultura , Oryza , Plaguicidas , Medición de Riesgo , Plaguicidas/análisis , Desarrollo Sostenible , Contaminantes Químicos del Agua/análisis , China , Monitoreo del Ambiente , Animales
2.
Life Sci Alliance ; 7(10)2024 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39111820

RESUMEN

The mRNA 5'cap-binding eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) plays a critical role in the control of mRNA translation in health and disease. One mechanism of regulation of eIF4E activity is via phosphorylation of eIF4E by MNK kinases, which promotes the translation of a subset of mRNAs encoding pro-tumorigenic proteins. Work on eIF4E phosphatases has been paltry. Here, we show that PPM1G is the phosphatase that dephosphorylates eIF4E. We describe the eIF4E-binding motif in PPM1G that is similar to 4E-binding proteins (4E-BPs). We demonstrate that PPM1G inhibits cell proliferation by targeting phospho-eIF4E-dependent mRNA translation.


Asunto(s)
Proliferación Celular , Factor 4E Eucariótico de Iniciación , Biosíntesis de Proteínas , Proteína Fosfatasa 2C , ARN Mensajero , Factor 4E Eucariótico de Iniciación/metabolismo , Factor 4E Eucariótico de Iniciación/genética , Humanos , Proliferación Celular/genética , Proteína Fosfatasa 2C/metabolismo , Proteína Fosfatasa 2C/genética , Fosforilación , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas Fosfatasas/metabolismo , Fosfoproteínas Fosfatasas/genética , Unión Proteica , Células HEK293 , Animales
3.
Alzheimers Dement ; 20(8): 5398-5410, 2024 08.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38934107

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: Impaired brain protein synthesis, synaptic plasticity, and memory are major hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The ketamine metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) has been shown to modulate protein synthesis, but its effects on memory in AD models remain elusive. METHODS: We investigated the effects of HNK on hippocampal protein synthesis, long-term potentiation (LTP), and memory in AD mouse models. RESULTS: HNK activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), and p70S6 kinase 1 (S6K1)/ribosomal protein S6 signaling pathways. Treatment with HNK rescued hippocampal LTP and memory deficits in amyloid-ß oligomers (AßO)-infused mice in an ERK1/2-dependent manner. Treatment with HNK further corrected aberrant transcription, LTP and memory in aged APP/PS1 mice. DISCUSSION: Our findings demonstrate that HNK induces signaling and transcriptional responses that correct synaptic and memory deficits in AD mice. These results raise the prospect that HNK could serve as a therapeutic approach in AD. HIGHLIGHTS: The ketamine metabolite HNK activates hippocampal ERK/mTOR/S6 signaling pathways. HNK corrects hippocampal synaptic and memory defects in two mouse models of AD. Rescue of synaptic and memory impairments by HNK depends on ERK signaling. HNK corrects aberrant transcriptional signatures in APP/PS1 mice.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedad de Alzheimer , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Hipocampo , Ketamina , Ratones Transgénicos , Plasticidad Neuronal , Animales , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Alzheimer/metabolismo , Ketamina/análogos & derivados , Ketamina/farmacología , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Plasticidad Neuronal/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Potenciación a Largo Plazo/efectos de los fármacos , Péptidos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Biosíntesis de Proteínas/efectos de los fármacos , Serina-Treonina Quinasas TOR/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Memoria/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Trastornos de la Memoria/tratamiento farmacológico , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/genética , Precursor de Proteína beta-Amiloide/metabolismo , Presenilina-1/genética , Humanos
4.
Plants (Basel) ; 12(20)2023 Oct 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37896072

RESUMEN

Food production is facing challenging times due to the pandemic, and climate change. With production expected to double by 2050, there is a need for a new paradigm in sustainable animal feed supply. Seaweeds offer a highly valuable opportunity in this regard. Seaweeds are classified into three categories: brown (Phaeophyceae), red (Rhodophyceae), and green (Chlorophyceae). While they have traditionally been used in aquafeed, their demand in the feed market is growing, parallelly increasing according to the food demand. Additionally, seaweeds are being promoted for their nutritional benefits, which contribute to the health, growth, and performance of animals intended for human consumption. Moreover, seaweeds contain biologically active compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants (polyphenols), and pigments (chlorophylls and carotenoids), which possess beneficial properties, including antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects and act as prebiotics. This review offers a new perspective on the valorization of macroalgae biomass due to their nutritional profile and bioactive components, which have the potential to play a crucial role in animal growth and making possible new sources of healthy food ingredients.

5.
Mar Drugs ; 21(8)2023 Aug 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37623731

RESUMEN

The production of biomolecules by microalgae has a wide range of applications in the development of various materials and products, such as biodiesel, food supplements, and cosmetics. Microalgae biomass can be produced using waste and in a smaller space than other types of crops (e.g., soja, corn), which shows microalgae's great potential as a source of biomass. Among the produced biomolecules of greatest interest are carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and fatty acids. In this study, the production of these biomolecules was determined in two strains of microalgae (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Chlorella vulgaris) when exposed to different concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. Results show a significant microalgal growth (3.69 g L-1) and carbohydrates (163 mg g-1) increase in C. reinhardtii under low nitrogen concentration. Also, higher lipids content was produced under low sulfur concentration (246 mg g-1). It was observed that sulfur variation could affect in a negative way proteins production in C. reinhardtii culture. In the case of C. vulgaris, a higher biomass production was obtained in the standard culture medium (1.37 g L-1), and under a low-phosphorus condition, C. vulgaris produced a higher lipids concentration (248 mg g-1). It was observed that a low concentration of nitrogen had a better effect on the accumulation of fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) (C16-C18) in both microalgae. These results lead us to visualize the effects that the variation in macronutrients can have on the growth of microalgae and their possible utility for the production of microalgae-based subproducts.


Asunto(s)
Chlamydomonas reinhardtii , Chlorella vulgaris , Microalgas , Biomasa , Ácidos Grasos , Nitrógeno , Fósforo , Ésteres
6.
Polymers (Basel) ; 15(12)2023 Jun 20.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37376402

RESUMEN

This work evaluated maltodextrin/alginate and ß-glucan/alginate mixtures in the food industry as wall materials for the microencapsulation of Schizochytrium sp. oil, an important source of the omega-3 fatty acid DHA (docosahexaenoic acid). Results showed that both mixtures display a shear-thinning behavior, although the viscosity is higher in ß-glucan/alginate mixtures than in maltodextrin/alginate. Scanning electron microscopy was used to assess the morphology of the microcapsules, which appeared more homogeneous for maltodextrin/alginate. In addition, oil-encapsulation efficiency was higher in maltodextrin/alginate mixtures (90%) than in ß-glucan/alginate mixtures (80%). Finally, evaluating the microcapsules' stability by FTIR when exposed to high temperature (80 °C) showed that maltodextrin/alginate microcapsules were not degraded contrary to the ß-glucan/alginate microcapsules. Thus, although high oil-encapsulation efficiency was obtained with both mixtures, the microcapsules' morphology and prolonged stability suggest that maltodextrin/alginate is a suitable wall material for microencapsulation of Schizochytrium sp. oil.

7.
PLoS One ; 18(3): e0281045, 2023.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36897852

RESUMEN

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a contributing factor to impaired function and pathology after spinal cord injury (SCI). The NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzyme is a key source of ROS; there are several NOX family members, including NOX2 and NOX4, that may play a role in ROS production after SCI. Previously, we showed that a temporary inhibition of NOX2 by intrathecal administration of gp91ds-tat immediately after injury improved recovery in a mouse SCI model. However, chronic inflammation was not affected by this single acute treatment, and other NOX family members were not assessed. Therefore, we aimed to explore the effect of genetic knockout (KO) of NOX2 or acute inhibition of NOX4 with GKT137831. A moderate SCI contusion injury was performed in 3 month old NOX2 KO and wild-type (WT) mice, who received no treatment or GKT137831/vehicle 30 minutes post-injury. Motor function was assessed using the Basso Mouse Scale (BMS), followed by evaluation of inflammation and oxidative stress markers. NOX2 KO mice, but not GKT137831 treated mice, demonstrated significantly improved BMS scores at 7, 14, and 28 days post injury (DPI) in comparison to WT mice. However, both NOX2 KO and GKT137831 significantly reduced ROS production and oxidative stress markers. Furthermore, a shift in microglial activation toward a more neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory state was observed in KO mice at 7 DPI and a reduction of microglial markers at 28 days. While acute alterations in inflammation were noted with GKT137831 administration, this was not sustained through 28 days. In vitro analysis also showed that while GKT137831 reduced ROS production by microglia, it did not translate to changes in pro-inflammatory marker expression within these cells. These data demonstrate that NOX2 and NOX4 play a role in post-injury ROS, but a single dose of NOX4 inhibitor fails to enhance long-term recovery.


Asunto(s)
Roedores , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal , Ratones , Animales , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , NADPH Oxidasa 2/metabolismo , NADPH Oxidasas/metabolismo , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/patología , Ratones Noqueados , NADPH Oxidasa 4/metabolismo
8.
Mar Drugs ; 20(10)2022 Sep 25.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36286425

RESUMEN

Microalgae and cyanobacteria are photosynthetic microorganisms' sources of renewable biomass that can be used for bioplastic production. These microorganisms have high growth rates, and contrary to other feedstocks, such as land crops, they do not require arable land. In addition, they can be used as feedstock for bioplastic production while not competing with food sources (e.g., corn, wheat, and soy protein). In this study, we review the macromolecules from microalgae and cyanobacteria that can serve for the production of bioplastics, including starch and glycogen, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), cellulose, polylactic acid (PLA), and triacylglycerols (TAGs). In addition, we focus on the cultivation of microalgae and cyanobacteria for wastewater treatment. This approach would allow reducing nutrient supply for biomass production while treating wastewater. Thus, the combination of wastewater treatment and the production of biomass that can serve as feedstock for bioplastic production is discussed. The comprehensive information provided in this communication would expand the scope of interdisciplinary and translational research.


Asunto(s)
Cianobacterias , Microalgas , Polihidroxialcanoatos , Microalgas/metabolismo , Biomasa , Aguas Residuales , Proteínas de Soja/metabolismo , Cianobacterias/metabolismo , Celulosa , Almidón/metabolismo , Triglicéridos/metabolismo , Glucógeno/metabolismo , Biocombustibles
9.
Cell Rep ; 39(10): 110911, 2022 06 07.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35675781

RESUMEN

Genetic perturbances in translational regulation result in defects in cerebellar motor learning; however, little is known about the role of translational mechanisms in the regulation of cerebellar plasticity. We show that genetic removal of 4E-BP, a translational suppressor and target of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1, results in a striking change in cerebellar synaptic plasticity. We find that cerebellar long-term depression (LTD) at parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapses is converted to long-term potentiation in 4E-BP knockout mice. Biochemical and pharmacological experiments suggest that increased phosphatase activity largely accounts for the defects in LTD. Our results point to a model in which translational regulation through the action of 4E-BP plays a critical role in establishing the appropriate kinase/phosphatase balance required for normal synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum.


Asunto(s)
Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular , Potenciación a Largo Plazo , Depresión Sináptica a Largo Plazo , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/genética , Animales , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Cerebelo/fisiología , Potenciación a Largo Plazo/fisiología , Depresión Sináptica a Largo Plazo/fisiología , Mamíferos , Ratones , Plasticidad Neuronal/fisiología , Monoéster Fosfórico Hidrolasas , Células de Purkinje/fisiología , Sinapsis/fisiología
10.
Nature ; 590(7845): 315-319, 2021 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33328636

RESUMEN

Effective pharmacotherapy for major depressive disorder remains a major challenge, as more than 30% of patients are resistant to the first line of treatment (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors)1. Sub-anaesthetic doses of ketamine, a non-competitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist2,3, provide rapid and long-lasting antidepressant effects in these patients4-6, but the molecular mechanism of these effects remains unclear7,8. Ketamine has been proposed to exert its antidepressant effects through its metabolite (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine ((2R,6R)-HNK)9. The antidepressant effects of ketamine and (2R,6R)-HNK in rodents require activation of the mTORC1 kinase10,11. mTORC1 controls various neuronal functions12, particularly through cap-dependent initiation of mRNA translation via the phosphorylation and inactivation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E-binding proteins (4E-BPs)13. Here we show that 4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2 are key effectors of the antidepressant activity of ketamine and (2R,6R)-HNK, and that ketamine-induced hippocampal synaptic plasticity depends on 4E-BP2 and, to a lesser extent, 4E-BP1. It has been hypothesized that ketamine activates mTORC1-4E-BP signalling in pyramidal excitatory cells of the cortex8,14. To test this hypothesis, we studied the behavioural response to ketamine and (2R,6R)-HNK in mice lacking 4E-BPs in either excitatory or inhibitory neurons. The antidepressant activity of the drugs is mediated by 4E-BP2 in excitatory neurons, and 4E-BP1 and 4E-BP2 in inhibitory neurons. Notably, genetic deletion of 4E-BP2 in inhibitory neurons induced a reduction in baseline immobility in the forced swim test, mimicking an antidepressant effect. Deletion of 4E-BP2 specifically in inhibitory neurons also prevented the ketamine-induced increase in hippocampal excitatory neurotransmission, and this effect concurred with the inability of ketamine to induce a long-lasting decrease in inhibitory neurotransmission. Overall, our data show that 4E-BPs are central to the antidepressant activity of ketamine.


Asunto(s)
Antidepresivos/farmacología , Factor 4E Eucariótico de Iniciación/metabolismo , Ketamina/farmacología , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/metabolismo , Biosíntesis de Proteínas/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/metabolismo , Animales , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/metabolismo , Trastorno Depresivo Mayor/tratamiento farmacológico , Factores Eucarióticos de Iniciación/genética , Factores Eucarióticos de Iniciación/metabolismo , Potenciales Postsinápticos Excitadores/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/citología , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Potenciales Postsinápticos Inhibidores/efectos de los fármacos , Interneuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Interneuronas/metabolismo , Ketamina/análogos & derivados , Ketamina/metabolismo , Masculino , Diana Mecanicista del Complejo 1 de la Rapamicina/metabolismo , Ratones , Mutación , Inhibición Neural/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibición Neural/genética , Neuronas/clasificación , Neuronas/citología , Células Piramidales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Piramidales/metabolismo , Transmisión Sináptica/efectos de los fármacos
11.
Polymers (Basel) ; 12(9)2020 Sep 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32942664

RESUMEN

Interest in the electrical properties of the interface between soft (or polymer-grafted) nanoparticles and solutions is considerable. Of particular significance is the case of polyelectrolyte-coated particles, mainly taking into account that the layer-by-layer procedure allows the control of the thickness and permeability of the layer, and the overall charge of the coated particle. Like in simpler systems, electrokinetic determinations in AC fields (including dielectric dispersion in the 1 kHz-1 MHz frequency range and dynamic electrophoresis by electroacoustic methods in the 1-18 MHz range) provide a large amount of information about the physics of the interface. Different models have dealt with the electrokinetics of particles coated by a single polymer layer, but studies regarding multi-layered particles are far scarcer. This is even more significant in the case of so-called salt-free systems; ideally, the only charges existing in this case consist of the charge in the layer(s) and the core particle itself, and their corresponding countercharges, with no other ions added. The aims of this paper are as follows: (i) the elaboration of a model for the evaluation of the electrokinetics of multi-grafted polymer particles in the presence of alternating electric fields, in dispersion media where no salts are added; (ii) to carry out an experimental evaluation of the frequency dependence of the dynamic (or AC) electrophoretic mobility and the dielectric permittivity of suspensions of polystyrene latex spherical particles coated with successive layers of cationic, anionic, and neutral polymers; and (iii) finally, to perform a comparison between predictions and experimental results, so that it can be demonstrated that the electrokinetic analysis is a useful tool for the in situ characterization of multilayered particles.

12.
Bioresour Technol ; 292: 121945, 2019 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31404753

RESUMEN

Static magnetic fields (SMF) influence the metabolism of microorganisms, however, there is no knowledge explaining how SMF act in cells. This study aimed at evaluating the SMF (30 mT) effect on photosynthetic performance, growth and biomass composition of the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis SAG 21.99. A. platensis was cultivated under 30 mT applied for 1 h d-1 and 24 h for 10 d in glass bottles. SMF in both conditions increased cellular growth, achieving a 30% higher biomass concentration. SMF applied for 1 h d-1 increased the pigments and carbohydrate content. The quantum yield was used as an indicator of the photosystem II (PSII) activity and was shown to have been positively affected. SMF for 1 h d-1 had a significant effect on the OJIP curves. This is the first study that evaluated the photosynthetic activity in cyanobacteria cultures under SMF action.


Asunto(s)
Spirulina , Biomasa , Campos Magnéticos , Fotosíntesis , Complejo de Proteína del Fotosistema II
13.
J Neuroinflammation ; 16(1): 41, 2019 Feb 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30777083

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Excessive iron contributes to oxidative stress after central nervous system injury. NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes are upregulated in microglia after pro-inflammatory activation and contribute to oxidative stress. The relationship between iron, microglia, NOX, and oxidative stress is currently unclear. METHODS: We evaluated the effects of iron on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated microglia and its secondary effect within neuronal co-cultures. Further, NOX2 and four specific inhibitors were tested to evaluate the relationship with the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzymes. RESULTS: An iron dose-dependent increase in ROS production among microglia treated with LPS was identified. Interestingly, despite this increase in ROS, inflammatory polarization alterations were not detected among the microglia after exposure to iron and LPS. Co-culture experimentation between primary neurons and exposed microglia (iron and LPS) significantly reduced neuronal cell number at 24 h, suggesting a profound neurotoxic effect despite the lack of a change in polarization phenotype. NOX2 and NOX4 inhibition significantly reduced ROS production among microglia exposed to iron and LPS and reduced neuronal damage and death in response to microglial co-culture. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, iron significantly increased ROS production and neurotoxicity without exacerbating LP-activated microglia phenotype in vitro, suggesting that iron contributes to microglia-related oxidative stress, and this may be a viable therapeutic target for injury or neurodegeneration. Further, this study highlights both NOX2 and NOX4 as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of iron-induced microglia-related inflammation and neurotoxicity.


Asunto(s)
Hierro/farmacología , Microglía/efectos de los fármacos , NADPH Oxidasas/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Aminopiridinas/farmacología , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Caspasa 3/metabolismo , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Corteza Cerebral/citología , Técnicas de Cocultivo , Inhibidores Enzimáticos/farmacología , Ferritinas/genética , Ferritinas/metabolismo , Hierro/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos/farmacología , Microglía/fisiología , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/fisiología , Pirazoles/farmacología , Pirazolonas , Piridinas/farmacología , Piridonas , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Sulfonamidas/farmacología
14.
J Environ Manage ; 232: 796-802, 2019 Feb 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30529867

RESUMEN

In this study, the supercritical CO2-based extraction approach was used from the green technologies to extract Oregano oil (Origanum vulgare L.). A Taguchi experimental design was applied to evaluate the effect of pressure, temperature and ethanol as co-solvent. High yield of oregano oil (13.40%) was obtained at 40 °C, 100 bar and 8 g min-1 of co-solvent flow. Fatty acids profile include α-linolenic, palmitic, oleic and linoleic that contribute to 70.9-76.8% of total fatty acids. Volatile compounds including carvacrol (29.99%), heneicosane (8.21%), nonacosane (11.78%), docosane (7.18%), borneol (4.35%) and thymol (4.51%) were the main compounds identified. Antimicrobial activity assays showed that extracts obtained at 40 °C were highly efficient against S. aureus, E. coli, and C. albicans. Highest antioxidant activities on DPPH and FRAP assays were reached under 8 g min-1 of co-solvent flow (6.08 and 6.89 µmol TE g-1 extract, respectively). On the other hand, antioxidant activity (35.76 µmol TE g-1) on ABTS assay was improved at 40 °C, 100 bar, and 4 g min-1 of co-solvent flow.


Asunto(s)
Origanum , Antioxidantes , Dióxido de Carbono , Escherichia coli , Extractos Vegetales , Staphylococcus aureus
15.
Neurosci Lett ; 690: 23-28, 2019 01 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30296507

RESUMEN

Aging results in increased activation of inflammatory glial cells and decreased neuronal viability following spinal cord injury (SCI). Metabolism and transport of glucose is also decreased with age, although the influence of age on glucose transporter (GLUT) expression or glucose uptake in SCI is currently unknown. We therefore performed [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET imaging of young (3 month) and middle-aged (12 month) rats. Glucose uptake in middle-aged rats was decreased compared to young rats at baseline, followed by increased uptake 14 days post contusion SCI. qRT-PCR and protein analysis revealed an association between 14 day glucose uptake and 14 day post-injury inflammation. Further, gene expression analysis of neuron-specific GLUT3 and non-specific GLUT4 (present on glial cells) revealed an inverse relationship between GLUT3/4 gene expression and glucose uptake patterns. Protein expression revealed increased GLUT3 in 3 month rats only, consistent with age related decreases in glucose uptake, and increased GLUT4 in 12 month rats only, consistent with age related increases in inflammatory activity and glucose uptake. Inconsistencies between gene and protein suggest an influence of age-related impairment of translation and/or protein degradation. Overall, our findings show that age alters glucose uptake and GLUT3/4 expression profiles before and after SCI, which may be dependent on level of inflammatory response, and may suggest a therapeutic avenue in addressing glucose uptake in the aging population.


Asunto(s)
Envejecimiento/metabolismo , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 3/biosíntesis , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 4/biosíntesis , Glucosa/metabolismo , Traumatismos de la Médula Espinal/metabolismo , Médula Espinal/metabolismo , Animales , Fluorodesoxiglucosa F18/metabolismo , Neuroimagen Funcional , Inflamación/metabolismo , Masculino , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones , Ratas
16.
PLoS One ; 13(8): e0201878, 2018.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30148836

RESUMEN

Microglia are the macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), which function to monitor and maintain homeostasis. Microglial activation occurs after CNS injury, infection or disease. Prolonged microglial activation is detrimental to the CNS as they produce nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in neuronal cell dysfunction and death. Microglial activation is implicated in the neurological deficits following traumatic brain injury (TBI) and Alzheimer's disease. Intranasal insulin administration is a promising treatment of Alzheimer's disease and TBI. However, the exact effect of insulin on microglia is currently unclear. The goal of this study was therefore to examine the effect of insulin administration on activated microglia. The microglial cell line BV2 were exposed to a pro-inflammatory stimulus, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), followed by insulin administration. Outcome measures were conducted at 24 hours after treatment. In vitro assays quantified NO and ROS production. Western blot, immunocytochemistry and phagocytosis assay further examined the effect of insulin on microglial activity. Insulin treatment significantly reduced NO, ROS and TNFα production and increased phagocytic activity. Insulin treatment also significantly reduced iNOS expression, but had no significant effect on any other M1 or M2 macrophage polarization marker examined. These data suggest that insulin has very specific effects to reduce pro-inflammatory or chemoattractant properties of microglia, and this may be one mechanism by which insulin has beneficial effects in CNS injury or neurodegenerative conditions.


Asunto(s)
Inflamación/metabolismo , Insulina/metabolismo , Microglía/inmunología , Animales , Línea Celular , Insulina/administración & dosificación , Lectinas/metabolismo , Lectinas Tipo C/metabolismo , Lipopolisacáridos , Receptor de Manosa , Lectinas de Unión a Manosa/metabolismo , Ratones , Microglía/patología , Óxido Nítrico/metabolismo , Fagocitosis/fisiología , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas c-akt/metabolismo , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Receptores de Superficie Celular/metabolismo , Factor de Necrosis Tumoral alfa/metabolismo , beta-N-Acetilhexosaminidasas/metabolismo
17.
Mar Drugs ; 15(6)2017 Jun 12.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28604646

RESUMEN

Arthrospira platensis was used to obtain functional extracts through supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (SFE-CO2). Pressure (P), temperature (T), co-solvent (CX), static extraction (SX), dispersant (Di) and dynamic extraction (DX) were evaluated as process parameters through a Plackett-Burman design. The maximum extract yield obtained was 7.48 ± 0.15% w/w. The maximum contents of bioactive metabolites in extracts were 0.69 ± 0.09 µg/g of riboflavin, 5.49 ± 0.10 µg/g of α-tocopherol, 524.46 ± 0.10 µg/g of ß-carotene, 1.44 ± 0.10 µg/g of lutein and 32.11 ± 0.12 mg/g of fatty acids with 39.38% of palmitic acid, 20.63% of linoleic acid and 30.27% of γ-linolenic acid. A. platensis extracts had an antioxidant activity of 76.47 ± 0.71 µg GAE/g by Folin-Ciocalteu assay, 0.52 ± 0.02, 0.40 ± 0.01 and 1.47 ± 0.02 µmol TE/g by DPPH, FRAP and TEAC assays, respectively. These extracts showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 and Candida albicans ATCC 10231. Overall, co-solvent was the most significant factor for all measured effects (p < 0.05). Arthrospira platensis represents a sustainable source of bioactive compounds through SFE using the following extraction parameters P: 450 bar, CX: 11 g/min, SX: 15 min, DX: 25 min, T: 60 °C and Di: 35 g.


Asunto(s)
Factores Biológicos/química , Dióxido de Carbono/química , Spirulina/química , Antiinfecciosos/química , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antioxidantes/química , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Bacterias/efectos de los fármacos , Factores Biológicos/farmacología , Candida albicans/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos Grasos/química , Ácidos Grasos/farmacología , Ácido Linoleico/química , Ácido Linoleico/farmacología , Luteína/química , Luteína/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Presión , Riboflavina/química , Riboflavina/farmacología , Solventes/química , Temperatura , alfa-Tocoferol/química , alfa-Tocoferol/farmacología , beta Caroteno/química , beta Caroteno/farmacología
18.
J Sci Food Agric ; 97(15): 5123-5130, 2017 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28429461

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Given the importance of A. platensis as a potential food protein source, we describe an affordable deodorization process that does not significantly affect the nutritional value of algae biomass. RESULTS: Ethanol, acetone or hexane were used to deodorize algae biomass and then to identify the profile of volatile compounds associated with its distinctive odor. Sensorial characteristics were improved in the biomass cake after the proposed solvent extraction. Panelists identified the ethanolic extract with the most pronounced algae-related odor. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis showed that a mixture of 20 different compounds derived from fatty acids and amino acids contributed to the characteristic smell of A. platensis biomass. The results of the present study show that the ethanol solvent-free A. platensis biomass contained > 600 g kg-1 protein, < 10 g kg-1 crude fat and > 65% in vitro protein digestibility, similar to the original biomass. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy secondary protein structure was comparable among samples, indicating that the only change after ethanol extraction was a reduction of the algae smell. CONCLUSION: The various extraction procedures investigated in the present study were effective in deodorizing the algae biomass. The most effective protocol was the removal of odoriferous compounds with ethanol. This particular procedure yielded an algae biomass with an improved sensorial traits. The results of the present study should help with the identification of odoriferous compounds derived from fatty acids, pigments and proteins associated with A. platensis. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.


Asunto(s)
Spirulina/química , Aminoácidos/química , Biomasa , Ácidos Grasos/química , Alimentos , Análisis de los Alimentos , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de Masas , Valor Nutritivo , Proteínas/química , Espectroscopía Infrarroja por Transformada de Fourier , Spirulina/crecimiento & desarrollo , Compuestos Orgánicos Volátiles/química
19.
J Neurotrauma ; 34(5): 1074-1085, 2017 03 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27554593

RESUMEN

Non-invasive measurements of brain metabolism using 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) with positron emission tomography (PET) may provide important information about injury severity following traumatic brain injury (TBI). There is growing interest in the potential of combining functional PET imaging with anatomical and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of combining clinically available FDG-PET with T2 and diffusion MR imaging, with a particular focus on inflammation and the influence of glial alterations after injury. Adult male Sprague Dawley rats underwent a moderate controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury followed by FDG-PET, MRI, and histological evaluation. FDG uptake showed significant alterations in the corpus callosum, hippocampus, and amygdala after TBI, demonstrating that a relatively "focal" CCI injury can result in global alterations. Analysis of MRI T2 intensity and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) also showed significant alterations in these regions to include cytotoxic and vasogenic edema. Histology showed increased glial activation in the corpus callosum and hippocampus that was associated with increased FDG uptake at sub-acute time-points. Glial activation was not detected in the amygdala but neuronal damage was evident, as the amygdala was the only region to show a reduction in both FDG uptake and ADC at sub-acute time-points. Overall, FDG-PET detected glial activation but was confounded by the presence of cell damage, whereas MRI consistently detected cell damage but was confounded by glial activation. These results demonstrate that FDG-PET and MRI can be used together to improve our understanding of the complex alterations in the brain after TBI.


Asunto(s)
Lesiones Traumáticas del Encéfalo , Imagen por Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Microglía/metabolismo , Tomografía de Emisión de Positrones/métodos , Amígdala del Cerebelo/diagnóstico por imagen , Amígdala del Cerebelo/metabolismo , Amígdala del Cerebelo/patología , Animales , Lesiones Traumáticas del Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagen , Lesiones Traumáticas del Encéfalo/metabolismo , Lesiones Traumáticas del Encéfalo/patología , Cuerpo Calloso/diagnóstico por imagen , Cuerpo Calloso/metabolismo , Cuerpo Calloso/patología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Fluorodesoxiglucosa F18/farmacocinética , Hipocampo/diagnóstico por imagen , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patología , Masculino , Radiofármacos/farmacocinética , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley
20.
Bioresour Technol ; 224: 618-629, 2017 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27838319

RESUMEN

Bioactivity and functional properties of cyanobacterial extract mostly depends on process of extraction, temperature and solvent used (polar or non-polar). To evaluate these parameters a design of experiment (DOE; using a 2k design) was performed with Arthrospira platensis. Extraction process was optimized through microwave-assisted extraction considering solvent ratio, temperature and time of extraction with polar (PS) and non-polar (NPS). Maximum extract yield obtained was 4.32±0.25% and 5.26±0.11% (w/w) respectively for PS and NPS. Maximum content of bioactive metabolites in PS extracts were thiamine (846.57±14.12µg/g), riboflavin (101.09±1.63µg/g), C-phycocyanin (2.28±0.10µg/g) and A-phycocyanin (4.11±0.03µg/g), while for NPS extracts were α-tocopherol (37.86±0.78µg/g), ß-carotene (123.64±1.45µg/g) and 19.44±0.21mg/g of fatty acids. A. platensis PS extracts showed high antimicrobial activity and PS extracts had antioxidant activity of 0.79±0.12µmolTE/g for FRAP assay, while for NPS extracts 1.03±0.08µmol α-TE/g for FRAP assay.


Asunto(s)
Fraccionamiento Químico/métodos , Microondas , Spirulina/química , Antiinfecciosos/aislamiento & purificación , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Fenoles/aislamiento & purificación , Ficocianina/aislamiento & purificación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/aislamiento & purificación , Solventes/química , Spirulina/crecimiento & desarrollo , Spirulina/metabolismo , beta Caroteno/aislamiento & purificación
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