Healthcare costs of the progression of chronic kidney disease and different dialysis techniques estimated through administrative database analysis.

BACKGROUND: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression is associated with significant comorbidities and costs. In Italy, limited evidence of healthcare resource consumption and costs is available. We therefore aimed to investigate the direct healthcare costs in charge to the Lombardy Regional Health Service (RHS) for the treatment of CKD patients in the first year after starting hemodialysis and in the 2 years prior to dialysis. METHODS: Citizens resident in the Lombardy Region (Italy) who initiated dialysis in the year 2011 (Jan 1 to Dec 31) were selected and data were extracted from Lombardy Regional databases on their direct healthcare costs in the first year after starting dialysis and in the 2 years prior to it was analyzed. Drugs, hospitalizations, diagnostic procedures and outpatient costs covered by RHS were estimated. Patients treated for acute kidney injury, or who died or stopped dialysis during the observational period were excluded. RESULTS: From the regional population (>9,700,000 inhabitants), 1067 patients (34.3 % females) initiating dialysis were identified, of whom 82 % underwent only hemodialysis (HD), 13 % only peritoneal dialysis (PD) and the remaining 5 % both treatments. Direct healthcare costs/patient were € 5239, € 12,303 and € 38,821 (€ 40,132 for HD vs. € 30,444 for PD patients) for the periods 24-12 months pre-dialysis, 12-0 months pre-dialysis, and in the first year of dialysis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights a significant economic burden related to CKD and an increase in direct healthcare costs associated with the start of dialysis, pointing to the importance of prevention programs and early diagnosis.

Indicators based on registers and administrative data for breast cancer: routine evaluation of oncologic care pathway can be implemented.

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Assuring the best standards of care - in a sustainable way - in chronic diseases as breast cancer is nowadays an important challenge for any health system. The aim of this study was to present the methodology used to define a set of quality indicators, computable from administrative data for the pathway of care of breast cancer, and its application at a population level. METHOD: The cohort of 2007-2009 incident cases of breast cancer was identified through a network of six cancer registers in Northern Italy. Cases of sarcoma and lymphoma, patients with multiple primary cancers and those metastatic at diagnosis were excluded; 9614 women were retained for the analysis. For each indicator, the sub-cohort of women eligible for the diagnostic/therapeutic procedures was identified and calculations were performed through record linkage between the cohort and sources of health information. Data on potential available confounders or prognostic factors were also collected. RESULTS: For a few indicators, such as cyto-histological assessment before surgery (62%) and intensive follow-up (79%), deviation from recommendations was evident. Younger patients (≤50 years) more frequently needed a short term re-intervention, while older patients less frequently underwent reconstructive surgery and received palliative care. Several indicators had a great variability across hospitals. In some cases, this heterogeneity appeared to be related to the hospital size, with high-volume hospitals being more compliant to guidelines. CONCLUSION: It is possible to evaluate the quality of cancer care delivered in clinical practice in recent years, in order to implement interventions aimed to improve adherence to international standards of care.

[A set of indicators to monitor the adherence to the guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer]. / Indicatori per il monitoraggio dei percorsi diagnostico-terapeutici del tumore della mammella.

OBJECTIVES: to present a set of indicators developed from six Local Health Authorities of the Lombardy Region to monitor the diagnostic and therapeutic pathway of breast cancer patients, applied to 2007-2009 incident cases. DESIGN: retrospective cohort study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: all subjects with primary breast cancer, incident in the period 2007-2009, and collected by cancer registries of Milano 1, Bergamo, Cremona, Milano, Milano 2 and Monza-Brianza (5,320,272 inhabitants) were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: through the use of combined current health databases (health registry, hospitalizations, outpatient, pharmaceutical prescription and specific database for anticancer drugs), for each incident case 34 different indicators have been developed to measure the appropriateness of the procedures provided for diagnosis, treatment (surgical and medical) and follow-up. For each indicator, we analyzed the relationship with age, stage, deprivation index, type of treatment, volume of the specific procedure of the hospital where primary surgery was performed. Estimates were adjusted using multilevel regression models. RESULTS: 12,988 incident cases, without metastatic diseases and other cancers, were included in the cohort: 62% were localized to the breast, 33% to the axillary lymph-nodes, 3% metastatic ab initio, and 2% with unknown stage. Deviations from the expected value of different magnitude depending on the type of indicator were observed: the most important differences were detected for the follow-up indicators. There was, in fact, an excess of several procedures in the first year of follow-up: 75% of the cases performed a dosage of a tumor marker, 67% an ecography or a CT scan or an MR, and 37% a bone scan. On the other hand, the access to neoadjuvant and adjuvant treatments in older women was far below the expected values. CONCLUSIONS: the study presents data derived from a large cohort of population cases; the set of indicators was validated by a board of oncologists. The use of indicators calculated by linking the cancer registries (that provide staging) and administrative databases allows the assessment of compliance to the guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of tumours. This experience shows that it is possible to develop a methodology, shared with clinicians, to define indicators that measure the distance between guidelines and current clinical practice in order to decrease variability, to limit inappropriateness, and to reduce unnecessary diagnostic tests for patients (and, consequently, hospitals organizational overload). In order to be sustainable and equitable, a health care system must be able to ensure implementation of protocols/procedures based exclusively on the best available scientific evidences.

Volume and outcomes after esophageal cancer surgery: the experience of the Region of Lombardy-Italy.

Surgical procedures for cancer of the esophagus are complex operations, with considerable perioperative morbidity and mortality that require high use of resources. Recent reports indicate better results with centralization of these procedures, referring patients to high-volume dedicated hospitals. The aim of this study was to analyze the results of resective surgery for cancer of the esophagus and cardia performed in hospitals of the Region of Lombardy over the period 2005-2011, in terms of volume of operations, 30-day postoperative mortality, and length of hospitalization. The results showed a significant relation between reduction of mortality rate and number of resections performed in intermediate- and high-volume centers. In the Region of Lombardy there is an inverse relation between volume of esophagectomies in the single hospital, length of postoperative hospital stay, and postoperative 30-day mortality. Centralization of care on a regional level and standardized clinical pathways of diagnosis and care at single healthcare organizations and professionals should be implemented to improve clinical results in patients affected by esophageal and cardia cancer.