[Prothrombotic state in early stages of chronic Chagas' disease. Its association with thrombotic risk factors]. / Estado protrombótico en estadios tempranos de la enfermedad de Chagas crónica. Su asociación con factores de riesgo trombótico.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the presence of prothrombotic state in early stages of chronic Chagas' disease with serum markers of thrombosis and fibrinolysis, and to investigate it's association with thrombotic risk factors for venous thromboembolic disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Forty two patients with chronic Chagas' disease were compared with 21 healthy volunteers. Thrombotic markers used were fragment 1 + 2, ATM complex, fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products, D-dimer and beta-thromboglobulin. Fibrinolysis was evaluated with euglobulin lysis time, tissue plasminogen activator and it's inhibitor levels. A thrombophilic screening was performed. Antithrombin and protein C were determined by functional methods, as well as free fraction of protein S, resistance to activated protein C, factor V Leiden R506Q mutation, prothrombin G20210A mutation, homocysteine and antiphospholipid antibodies: lupus and anticardiolipin antibodies isoforms IgG and IgM. RESULTS: In chronic Chagas' disease patients, statistically significant differences were observed in thrombotic markers: fragment 1 + 2 (p < 0.0001), ATM complex (p < 0.0001), fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (p < 0.05) and D-dimer (p < 0.05). beta-thromboglobulin did not reach statistically significant difference (p = 0.06). Statistically significant differences (p < 0.0001) were found only in euglobulin lysis time, a non specific fibrinolytic marker. Specific fibrinolytic markers tissue plasminogen activator and it's inhibitor, however, did not show statistically significant differences among studied groups. CONCLUSIONS: Eighty six percent of patients had positive thrombophilic screening for at least one thrombophilic risk factor. Thrombophilic risk factors were inherited in 39% and acquired in 83% of the patients.

Estado protrombótico en estadios tempranos de la enfermedad de Chagas crónica: Su asociación con factores de riesgo trombótico / Prothrombotic state in early stages of chronic Chagas' disease: Its association with thrombotic risk factors

Propósito del estudio: Investigar con marcadores de trombosis (trombóticos y fibrinolíticos), si existe estado protrombótico en estadios precoces de la enfermedad de Chagas crónica, y su asociación con factores de riesgo trombótico para enfermedad tromboembólica venosa. Métodos: Se compararon 42 chagásicos crónicos con 21 voluntarios sanos. Los marcadores de trombosis fueron: fragmento 1+2, complejo ATM, productos de degradación del fibrinógeno/fibrina, dímero D y β-tromboglobulina. Se evaluó la fibrinólisis con el tiempo de lisis de euglobulinas, y con determinaciones del activador tisular del plasminógeno y de su inhibidor. La trombofilia se evaluó con antitrombina, proteína C, fracción libre de la proteína S, resistencia a la proteína C activada, mutación R506Q del factor V Leiden, mutación de la protrombina G20210A, homocisteína y anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos: (lúpico y anticardiolipinas isoformas IgG e IgM) Resultados: En los marcadores de trombosis hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre chagásicos crónicos y controles en las variables fragmento 1 + 2 (p < 0.0001), complejo ATM (p < 0.0001), productos de degradación del fibrinógeno/fibrina (p < 0.05) y dímero D (p < 0.05), pero no en la U-tromboglobulina (p = 0.06). En las variables fibrinolíticas, la diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa en el tiempo de lisis de euglobulinas (p < 0.0001), pero no en los valores del activador tisular del plasminógeno ni de su inhibidor. En la evaluación de trombofilia se obtuvieron resultados positivos para al menos 1 factor de riesgo trombofílico en 86% de los pacientes. Los anticuerpos anticardiolipinas estuvieron presentes en el 69% de los casos (p < 0.05). Los factores de riesgo trombofílicos fueron congénitos en el 39% de los casos y adquiridos en el 83%. Conclusiones: Aunque no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en los marcadores de fibrinólisis, la diferencia estadísticamente significativa en los marcadores de trombosis constata la presencia de estado protrombótico en estadios precoces de la enfermedad de Chagas crónica, asociado de manera estadísticamente significativa con factores de riesgo trombofílico en el 86% de los casos (p < 0.0001), destacándose la frecuencia de anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos especialmente anticardiolipinas (69%) como factores de riesgo trombofílico adquirido.

Objective: The aim of this study was to explore the presence of prothrombotic state in early stages of chronic Chagas' disease with serum markers of thrombosis and fibrinolysis, and to investigate it's association with thrombotic risk factors for venous thromboembolic disease. Patients and methods: Forty two patients with chronic Chagas' disease were compared with 21 healthy volunteers. Thrombotic markers used were fragment 1 + 2, ATM complex, fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products, D-dimer and β-thromboglobulin. Fibrinolysis was evaluated with euglobulin lysis time, tissue plasminogen activator and it's inhibitor levels. A thrombophilic screening was performed. Antithrombin and protein C were determined by functional methods, as well as free fraction of protein S, resistance to activated protein C, factor V Leiden R506Q mutation, prothrombin G20210A mutation, homocysteine and antiphospholipid antibodies: lupus and anticardiolipin antibodies isoforms IgG and IgM. Results: In chronic Chagas' disease patients, statistically significant differences were observed in thrombotic markers: fragment 1 + 2 (p < 0.0001), ATM complex (p < 0.0001), fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products (p < 0.05) and D-dimer (p < 0.05). β-thromboglobulin did not reach statistically significant difference (p = 0.06). Statistically significant differences (p < 0.0001) were found only in euglobulin lysis time, a non specific fibrinolytic marker. Specific fibrinolytic markers tissue plasminogen activator and it's inhibitor, however, did not show statistically significant differences among studied groups. Conclusions: Eighty six percent of patients had positive thrombophilic screening for at least one thrombophilic risk factor. Thrombophilic risk factors were inherited in 39% and acquired in 83% of the patients.

Measuring the efficacy of rhBMP-2 to regenerate bone: a radiographic study using a commercially available software program.

This radiographic study evaluated the efficacy of different concentrations of rhBMP-2 to regenerate bone in alveolar defects in the anterior maxilla. The study was performed using reasonably standardized CT examinations and the Simplant program. The radiographic measurements were further refined by careful standardization of the measured regions of interest. There was a statistically significant difference in bone formation between subjects treated with a concentration of 1.5 mg/mL rhBMP-2 compared with each of the other groups. There was no statistically significant difference in bone volume between any of the other groups. None of the groups showed a loss in bone volume.

[The prothrombotic state in early stages of chronic chagas' disease]. / Estado protrombótico en estadios tempranos de la enfermedad de Chagas crónica.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to explore the presence of a prothrombotic state in the early stages of chronic Chagas' disease by evaluating serum markers of thrombosis and fibrinolysis. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Forty-two patients with chronic Chagas' disease (12 men and 30 women, 32.5 6.7 years) were compared with 21 healthy volunteers (10 men and 11 women, 24.2 5.6 years). The markers of thrombotic activation used were fragment 1 + 2, ATM complex, PDF/pdf, D-dimer, and beta-thromboglobulin. Fibrinolysis was evaluated before and after venous occlusion, together with euglobulin lysis time, t-PA, and PAI-1 titers. RESULTS: The markers of thrombotic state were significantly higher in patients with chronic Chagas' disease than in controls: F1 + 2 (p < 0.0001), ATM (p < 0.0001), PDF/pdf (p < 0.05), and D dimer (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in beta-thromboglobulin (p = 0.06). Euglobulin lysis time, a global fibrinolytic marker, differed significantly (p < 0.0001) between patients with Chagas' disease and healthy volunteers. However, the more specific fibrinolytic markers t-PA and PAI-1 did not differ significantly between the two study groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although there were no significant differences in fibrinolytic markers between patients with chronic Chagas' disease and healthy volunteers, the significant increase in thrombosis markers (F1 + 2, ATM complex, PDF/pdf, and D dimer) suggests the presence of a prothrombotic state in the early stages of chronic Chagas' disease.

Evaluación de la inervación simpática del sistema venoso de miembros inferiores en chagásicos crónicos con un modelo de pletismografía hidraúlica / Sympathetic innervation evaluation of lower extremities' nervous system at chagasics chronic with a hydraulic plethysmography pattern

Los desórdenes del Sistema Nervioso Autónomo (SNA) en el período crónico de la Enfermedad de Chagas, producen alteraciones involucradas en la etiopatogenia de la misma. El objetivo de nuestro trabajo fue estudiar la distensiblidad venosa en miembros inferiores en pacientes chagásicos crónicos con un modelo original de pletismografía hidraúlica, para comprobar si esta contribuye al éstasis sanguíneo, uno de los factores determinantes en la formación del trombo. Se incluyeron 44 pacientes chagásicos crónicos, de ambos sexos, separados en dos grupos: a) clase funcional I, y b) clase funcional II, de la miocardiopatía chagásica crónica (Storino y cols., 1985), tomando como grupo de control a 22 voluntarios sanos, de ambos sexos. Fueron criterios de exclusión: a) Presencia de insuficiencia venosa profunda; b) Presencia de várices; c) Trombosis venosa profunda; d) Pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca; e) Toma de drogas con efecto sobre el SNA; f) Presencia de enfermedades denervatorias. Se diseñó un modelo de pletismografía hidraúlica para los cambios de volumen en el miembro inferior provocados por la compresión y descompresión del muslo, presumiéndose, como hipótesis, que el aumento de volumen es directamente proporcional a la distensibilidad venosa. El estudio se realizó en dos fases. En la primera: fase de compresión, se midió el aumento de volumen; en la segunda, denominada de descompresión, se midió la reducción del mismo. Los valores obtenidos, expresados en mililitros, se compararon con los valores de los pacientes controles. Para el análisis estadístico, se utilizó el test "t" de Student para muestras no pareadas. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los grupos estudiados con el método empleado. La denervación simpática, si existe, no contribuye en forma significativa a producir alteraciones de la distensibilidad venosa en los miembros inferiores de los pacientes chagásicos crónicos.