Sequential organo and metal catalyzed reaction between 3-pyrrolyloxindoles and linear nitroenynes: access to cyclic aza-spirooxindoles.

An asymmetric Michael addition/hydroarylation reaction sequence, catalyzed by a sequential catalytic system consisting of a squaramide and a combination of silver and gold salts, provides a new series of cyclic aza-spirooxindole derivatives in excellent yields (up to 94%) and high diastero- and enantioselectivities (up to 7 : 1 dr, up to >99% ee). Computational study has also been performed.

Cd-induced cytosolic proteome changes in the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC7120 are mediated by LexA as one of the regulatory proteins.

LexA, a well-characterized transcriptional repressor of SOS genes in heterotrophic bacteria, has been shown to regulate diverse genes in cyanobacteria. An earlier study showed that LexA overexpression in a cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp. PCC7120 reduces its tolerance to Cd stress. This was later shown to be due to modulation of photosynthetic redox poising by LexA under Cd stress. However, due to the global regulatory nature of LexA and the prior prediction of AnLexA-box in a few heavy metal-responsive genes, we speculated that LexA has a broad role in Cd tolerance, with regulation over a variety of Cd stress-responsive genes in addition to photosynthetic genes. Thus, to further expand the knowledge on the regulatory role of LexA in Cd stress tolerance, a cytosolic proteome profiling of Anabaena constitutively overexpressing LexA upon Cd stress was performed. The proteomic study revealed 25 differentially accumulated proteins (DAPs) in response to the combined effect of LexA overexpression and Cd stress, and the other 11 DAPs exclusively in response to either LexA overexpression or Cd stress. The 36 identified proteins were related with a variety of functions, including photosynthesis, C-metabolism, antioxidants, protein turnover, post-transcriptional modifications, and a few unknown and hypothetical proteins. The regulation of LexA on corresponding genes, and six previously reported Cd efflux transporters, was further validated by the presence of AnLexA-boxes, transcript, and/or promoter analyses. In a nutshell, this study identifies the regulation of Anabaena LexA on several Cd stress-responsive genes of various functions, hence expanding the regulatory role of LexA under Cd stress.

Recent Developments in Intermolecular Cross-Rauhut-Currier Reactions.

Intermolecular cross Rauhut-Currier reactions have gained much importance in recent years. It has proved its importance through procedures involving various catalysts and resulting in complex structures with good regio- as well as stereo- selectivity. This review highlights the recent developments of these reactions, published in current years, involving both achiral and chiral catalysts to give products, having various utilities. In addition, the detailed mechanistic studies of the above-mentioned reactions are also presented.

Gamma (γ)-radiation stress response of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp. PCC7120: Regulatory role of LexA and photophysiological changes.

High radioresistance of the cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp. PCC7120 has been attributed to efficient DNA repair, protein recycling, and oxidative stress management. However, the regulatory network involved in these batteries of responses remains unexplored. In the present study, the role of a global regulator, LexA in modulating gamma (γ)-radiation stress response of Anabaena was investigated. Comparison of the cytosolic proteome profiles upon γ-radiation in recombinant Anabaena strains, AnpAM (vector-control) and AnlexA+ (LexA-overexpressing), revealed 41 differentially accumulated proteins, corresponding to 29 distinct proteins. LexA was found to be involved in the regulation of 27 of the corresponding genes based on the presence of AnLexA-Box, EMSA, and/or qRT-PCR studies. The majority of the regulated genes were found to be involved in C-assimilation either through photosynthesis or C-catabolism and oxidative stress alleviation. Photosynthesis, measured in terms of PSII photophysiological parameters and thylakoid membrane proteome was found to be affected by γ-radiation in both AnpAM and AnlexA+ cells, with LexA affecting them even under control growth conditions. Thus, LexA functioned as one of the transcriptional regulators involved in modulating γ-radiation stress response in Anabaena. This study could pave the way for a deeper understanding of the regulation of γ-radiation-responsive genes in cyanobacteria at large.

An efficient human stem cells derived cardiotoxicity testing platform for testing oncotherapeutic analogues of quercetin and cinnamic acid.

Oncotherapeutics research is progressing at a rapid pace, however, not many drugs complete the successful clinical trial because of severe off-target toxicity to cardiomyocytes which ultimately leads to cardiac dysfunction. It is thus important to emphasize the need for early testing for possible cardiotoxicity of emerging oncotherapeutics. In this study, we assessed a novel stem cell-derived cardiac model for testing for cardiotoxicity of novel oncotherapeutics. We evaluated the cardiotoxic effect of synthesized derivatives of oncotherapeutics, quercetin (QMJ-2, -5, and -6) and cinnamic acid (NMJ-1, -2, and -3) using human Wharton's jelly mesenchymal stem cells-derived cardiomyocytes (WJCM) against known cardiotoxic oncologic drugs, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin. QMJ-6, NMJ-2, and NMJ-3 were not cardiotoxic and had minimum cardiac side effects. They did not show any effect on cardiomyocyte viability, caused low LDH release, and intracellular ROS production kept the calcium flux minimal and protected the active mitochondrial status in cardiomyocytes. They persevered cardiac-specific gene expression as well. However, compounds QMJ-2, QMJ-5, and NMJ-1 were cardiotoxic and the concentration needs to be reduced to prevent toxic effects on cardiomyocytes. Significantly, we were able to demonstrate that WJCM is an efficient cardiac testing model to analyze the cardiotoxicity of drugs in a human context.

In silico characterization, molecular phylogeny, and expression profiling of genes encoding legume lectin-like proteins under various abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana.

BACKGROUND: Lectin receptor-like kinases (Lec-RLKs), a subfamily of RLKs, have been demonstrated to play an important role in signal transduction from cell wall to the plasma membrane during biotic stresses. Lec-RLKs include legume lectin-like proteins (LLPs), an important group of apoplastic proteins that are expressed in regenerating cell walls and play a role in immune-related responses. However, it is unclear whether LLPs have a function in abiotic stress mitigation and related signaling pathways. Therefore, in this study, we examined the possible role of LLPs in Arabidopsis thaliana (AtLLPs) under various abiotic stresses. RESULTS: The study was initiated by analyzing the chromosomal localization, gene structure, protein motif, peptide sequence, phylogeny, evolutionary divergence, and sub-cellular localization of AtLLPs. Furthermore, the expression profiling of these AtLLPs was performed using publicly accessible microarray datasets under various abiotic stresses, which indicated that all AtLLPs were differently expressed in both root and shoot tissues in response to abiotic stresses. The cis-regulatory elements (CREs) analysis in 500 bp promoter sequences of AtLLPs suggested the presence of multiple important CREs implicated for regulating abiotic stress responses, which was further supported by expressional correlation analysis between AtLLPs and their CREs cognate transcription factors (TFs). qRT-PCR analysis of these AtLLPs after 2, 6, and 12 h of cold, high light, oxidative (MV), UV-B, wound, and ozone stress revealed that all AtLLPs displayed differential expression patterns in most of the tested stresses, supporting their roles in abiotic stress response and signaling again. Out of these AtLLPs, AT1g53070 and AT5g03350 appeared to be important players. Furthermore, the mutant line of AT5g03350 exhibited higher levels of ROS than wild type plants till 12 h of exposure to high light, MV, UV-B, and wound, whereas its overexpression line exhibited comparatively lower levels of ROS, indicating a positive role of this gene in abiotic stress response in A. thaliana. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides basic insights in the involvement of two important representative AtLLPs, AT1g53070 and AT5g03350, in abiotic stress response. However, further research is needed to determine the specific molecular mechanism of these AtLLPs in abiotic stress mitigation and related signaling pathways in A. thaliana.

In silico analysis and expression profiling of S-domain receptor-like kinases (SD-RLKs) under different abiotic stresses in Arabidopsis thaliana.

BACKGROUND: S-domain receptor-like kinases (SD-RLKs) are an important and multi-gene subfamily of plant receptor-like/pelle kinases (RLKs), which are known to play a significant role in the development and immune responses of Arabidopsis thaliana. The conserved cysteine residues in the extracellular domain of SD-RLKs make them interesting candidates for sensing reactive oxygen species (ROS), assisting oxidative stress mitigation and associated signaling pathways during abiotic stresses. However, how closely SD-RLKs are interrelated to abiotic stress mitigation and signaling remains unknown in A. thaliana. RESULTS: This study was initiated by examining the chromosomal localization, phylogeny, sequence and differential expression analyses of 37 SD-RLK genes using publicly accessible microarray datasets under cold, osmotic stress, genotoxic stress, drought, salt, UV-B, heat and wounding. Out of 37 SD-RLKs, 12 genes displayed differential expression patterns in both the root and the shoot tissues. Promoter structure analysis suggested that these 12 SD-RLK genes harbour several potential cis-regulatory elements (CREs), which are involved in regulating multiple abiotic stress responses. Based on these observations, we investigated the expression patterns of 12 selected SD-RLKs under ozone, wounding, oxidative (methyl viologen), UV-B, cold, and light stress at different time points using semi-qRT-PCR. Of these 12 SD-SRKs, the genes At1g61360, At1g61460, At1g61380, and At4g27300 emerged as potential candidates that maintain their expression in most of the stress treatments till exposure for 12 h. Expression patterns of these four genes were further verified under similar stress treatments using qRT-PCR. The expression analysis indicated that the gene At1g61360, At1g61380, and At1g61460 were mostly up-regulated, whereas the expression of At4g27300 either up- or down-regulated in these conditions. CONCLUSIONS: To summarize, the computational analysis and differential transcript accumulation of SD-RLKs under various abiotic stresses suggested their association with abiotic stress tolerance and related signaling in A. thaliana. We believe that a further detailed study will decipher the specific role of these representative SD-RLKs in abiotic stress mitigation vis-a-vis signaling pathways in A. thaliana.

Acute cadmium toxicity and post-stress recovery: Insights into coordinated and integrated response/recovery strategies of Anabaena sp. PCC 7120.

Cyanobacteria, the first photoautotrophs have remarkable adaptive capabilities against most abiotic stresses, including Cd. A model cyanobacterium, Anabaena sp. PCC 7120 has been commonly used to understand cyanobacterial plasticity under different environmental stresses. However, very few studies have focused on the acute Cd toxicity. In this context, Anabaena was subjected to 100 µM Cd for 48 h (acute Cd stress, ACdS) and then transferred into the fresh medium for post-stress recovery (PSR). We further investigated the dynamics of morpho-ultrastructure, physiology, cytosolic proteome, thylakoidal complexes, chelators, and transporters after ACdS, as well as during early (ER), mid (MR), and late (LR) phases of PSR. The findings revealed that ACdS induced intracellular Cd accumulation and ROS production, altered morpho-ultrastructure, reduced photosynthetic pigments, and affected the structural organization of PSII, which subsequently hindered photosynthetic efficiency. Anabaena responded to ACdS and recovered during PSR by reprogramming the expression pattern of proteins/genes involved in cellular defense and repair; CO2 access, Calvin-Benson cycle, glycolysis, and pentose phosphate pathway; protein biosynthesis, folding, and degradation; regulatory functions; PSI-based cyclic electron flow; Cd chelation; and efflux. These modulations occurred in an integrated and coordinated manner that facilitated Anabaena to detoxify Cd and repair ACdS-induced cellular damage.

Comparison and optimization of protein extraction and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis protocols for liverworts.

OBJECTIVE: Liverworts possess historical adaptive strategies for abiotic stresses because they were the first plants that shifted from water to land. Proteomics is a state-of-the-art technique that can capture snapshots of events occurring at the protein level in many organisms. Herein, we highlight the comparison and optimization of an effective protein extraction and precipitation protocol for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) of liverworts. RESULTS: We compared three different protein extraction methods, i.e.,1.5 M Tris-HCl (pH 8.8), 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5), and polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP) extraction, followed by three precipitation methods, i.e., 80% ethanol, 80% acetone, and 20% tricholoroacetic acid (TCA)-acetone, in a liverwort Dumortiera hirsuta. Among these methods, 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 7.5) extraction, followed by 20% TCA-acetone precipitation, appeared to be more suitable for 2-DE. Furthermore, we performed modifications during protein washing, re-solubilization in rehydration buffer and isoelectric focusing (IEF). The modifications provided us better results in terms of protein yield, resolution, spot numbers, and intensities for 2-DE gels of D. hirsuta and other two liverworts, i.e., Marchantia paleacea and Plagiochasma appendiculatum. Furthermore, we randomly selected spots from the 2-DE gel of D. hirsuta and identified using mass spectrometry, which confirms the applicability of this protocol for liverworts proteomics.

Pinocembrin-Enriched Fractions of Elytranthe parasitica (L.) Danser Modulates Apoptotic and MAPK Cellular Signaling in HepG2 Cells.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth leading cause of cáncer mortality. Elytranthe parasitica (L.) Danser (EP), a hemiparasitic plant (Loranthaceae) has potent anti-cancer properties. OBJECTIVE: In the study, we investigated the effect of EP fractions on the expression of apoptosis and mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) markers deregulated in HCC. Bioactivity fractionation was performed to isolate the phytochemical(s) exerting anti-tumor activity in HepG2 cells. METHOD: Anti-proliferative, clonogenic and anti-metastatic effects of EP fractions were examined in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, HepG2 by Sulphorhodamine B, colony formation and scratch wound assays respectively in hepatocellular cell line, HepG2. The effects of EP fractions on key markers of apoptosis and MAPK signaling pathways were explored. KEY FINDINGS: EP bioactive fractions showed significant anti-tumor potential, reduced clonogenicity and considerably inhibited cell migration in HepG2 cells in vitro. The fractions augmented annexin V binding and induced apoptosis by causing cell cycle arrest at G2/M and S phase checkpoints. The fractions increased expression levels of p53, bad, cleaved PARP (Poly ADP ribose polymerase) and cleaved Caspase-3. Expression levels of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (Extracellular signal-regulated kinase) were downregulated. Pinocembrin-7-O-ß-D-glucoside and chrysin were isolated and characterized for the first time from Elytranthe parasitica (L.) Danser. CONCLUSION: Our findings reveal that EP fractions induced cell cycle arrest and triggered apoptosis in HepG2 cells by upregulating apoptosis and deactivating MAPK pathway. It signifies that pinocembrin glycoside and chrysin are bioactive phytochemicals contributing to the potent anti-hepatocarcinoma effects on HepG2 cells. Hence, bioactive EP fractions could be used as a therapeutic agent for effective HCC therapy.

Epigenetic tools (The Writers, The Readers and The Erasers) and their implications in cancer therapy.

Addition of chemical tags on the DNA and modification of histone proteins impart a distinct feature on chromatin architecture. With the advancement in scientific research, the key players underlying these changes have been identified as epigenetic modifiers of the chromatin. Indeed, the plethora of enzymes catalyzing these modifications, portray the diversity of epigenetic space and the intricacy in regulating gene expression. These epigenetic players are categorized as writers: that introduce various chemical modifications on DNA and histones, readers: the specialized domain containing proteins that identify and interpret those modifications and erasers: the dedicated group of enzymes proficient in removing these chemical tags. Research over the past few decades has established that these epigenetic tools are associated with numerous disease conditions especially cancer. Besides, with the involvement of epigenetics in cancer, these enzymes and protein domains provide new targets for cancer drug development. This is certain from the volume of epigenetic research conducted in universities and R&D sector of pharmaceutical industry. Here we have highlighted the different types of epigenetic enzymes and protein domains with an emphasis on methylation and acetylation. This review also deals with the recent developments in small molecule inhibitors as potential anti-cancer drugs targeting the epigenetic space.

Combined Administration of Monosodium Glutamate and High Sucrose Diet Accelerates the Induction of Type 2 Diabetes, Vascular Dysfunction, and Memory Impairment in Rats.

In this study, we aimed to develop an experimental animal model for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using a combination of monosodium glutamate (MSG) and high sucrose diet (HSD). Young male Wistar rats (20-30 g) were injected with MSG (2 or 4 mg/g, i.p. for 4 days). These rats were also fed an HSD, while the control group was fed a starch diet (SFD) for 150 days. Parameters assessed periodically were body weight, feed intake, blood glucose level, and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), lipid profile, liver and kidney function tests, skeletal muscle glucose uptake, cognitive function tests, and microvascular changes using isolated rat aorta. Histological changes in pancreas, liver, and kidney tissue were assessed using hematoxylin and eosin staining, whereas brain tissue was assessed using cresyl violet stain. Feeding MSG in combination with HSD in rats significantly increased body weight, and produced hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hyperinsulinemia. Animals developed frank diabetic complications, which included insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, hypertension, vascular dysfunction, nephropathy, and dementia. Histological studies revealed neuronal loss with necrotic bodies in the brain, reduction in glomerular count in kidney, and severe hypertrophy and hyperplasia in the islets of Langerhans. These results indicate the successful induction of type-2 diabetes along with several diabetic complications by combining MSG with HSD.

Evaluation of Novel 3-Hydroxyflavone Analogues as HDAC Inhibitors against Colorectal Cancer.

Alteration of epigenetic enzymes is associated with the pathophysiology of colon cancer with an overexpression of histone deacetylase 8 (HDAC8) enzyme in this tissue. Numerous reports suggest that targeting HDAC8 is a viable strategy for developing new anticancer drugs. Flavonols provide a rich source of molecules that are effective against cancer; however, their clinical use is limited. The present study investigated the potential of quercetin and synthetic 3-hydroxyflavone analogues to inhibit HDAC8 enzyme and evaluated their anticancer property. Synthesis of the analogues was carried out, and cytotoxicity was determined using MTT assay. Nonspecific and specific HDAC enzyme inhibition assays were performed followed by the expression studies of target proteins. Induction of apoptosis was studied through annexin V and caspase 3/7 activation assay. Furthermore, the analogues were assessed against in vivo colorectal cancer. Among the synthesized analogues, QMJ-2 and QMJ-5 were cytotoxic against HCT116 cells with an IC50 value of 68 ± 2.3 and 27.4 ± 1.8 µM, respectively. They inhibited HDAC enzyme in HCT116 cells at an IC50 value of 181.7 ± 22.04 and 70.2 ± 4.3 µM, respectively, and inhibited human HDAC8 and 1 enzyme at an IC50 value of <50 µM with QMJ-5 having greater specificity towards HDAC8. A reduction in the expression of HDAC8 and an increase in acetyl H3K9 expression were observed with the synthesized analogues. Both QMJ-2 and QMJ-5 treatment induced apoptosis through the activation of caspase 3/7 evident from 55.70% and 83.55% apoptotic cells, respectively. In vivo studies revealed a significant decrease in colon weight to length ratio in QMJ-2 and QMJ-5 treatment groups compared to DMH control. Furthermore, a reduction in aberrant crypt foci formation was observed in the treatment groups. The present study demonstrated the potential of novel 3-hydroxyflavone analogues as HDAC8 inhibitors with anticancer property against colorectal cancer.

Catechin ameliorates doxorubicin-induced neuronal cytotoxicity in in vitro and episodic memory deficit in in vivo in Wistar rats.

Cognitive dysfunction by chemotherapy compromises the quality of life in cancer patients. Tea polyphenols are known chemopreventive agents. The present study was designed to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of (+) catechin hydrate (catechin), a tea polyphenol, in IMR-32 neuroblastoma cells in vitro and alleviation of episodic memory deficit in Wistar rats in vivo against a widely used chemotherapeutic agent, Doxorubicin (DOX). In vitro, neuroprotective studies were assessed in undifferentiated IMR-32 cells using percentage viability and in differentiated cells by neurite length. These studies showed catechin increased percentage viability of undifferentiated IMR-32 cells. Catechin pretreatment also showed an increase in neurite length of differentiated cells. In vivo neuroprotection of catechin was evaluated using novel object recognition task in time-induced memory deficit model at 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg dose and DOX-induced memory deficit models at 100 mg/kg dose. The latter model was developed by injection of DOX (2.5 mg/kg, i.p.) in 10 cycles over 50 days in Wistar rats. Catechin showed a significant reversal of time-induced memory deficit in a dose-dependent manner and prevention of DOX-induced memory deficit at 100 mg/kg. In addition, catechin treatment showed a significant decrease in oxidative stress, acetylcholine esterase and neuroinflammation in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex in DOX-induced toxicity model. Hence, catechin may be a potential adjuvant therapy for the amelioration of DOX-induced cognitive impairment which may improve the quality of life of cancer survivors. This improvement might be due to the elevation of antioxidant defense, prevention of neuroinflammation and inhibition of acetylcholine esterase enzyme.

Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo anticancer potential of two 5-acetamido chalcones against breast cancer.

Two 5'acetamido chalcones, C1 and C2 were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation method and characterized by IR, LC-MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. These compounds were evaluated for anticancer activity in vitro in breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) using MTT assay, anti-metastatic assay, apoptotic screening by AO/EB staining and in vivo in N-Methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) induced breast carcinoma model. Sprague-Dawley rats with developed tumors (50 mg/kg MNU i.p.) were grouped in four, namely MNU control (0.25 % of CMC p.o.), standard group (doxorubicin 2 mg/kg once in 4 days, i.p.), C1 and C2 groups (50 mg/kg p.o. each). After 21 days of treatments, tumor volume and weight were assessed. Excised tumors were subjected to DNA fragmentation study. MTT assay showed IC50 values of 62.56 and 37.8 µM by for C1 and C2. Both compounds increased apoptotic bodies more than 3 fold compared to normal control in AO/EB staining. Antimetastatic (scratch wound) assay showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in cell migration after 24 h and 48 h treatments compared to normal control. In in vivo studies, tumor weight and tumor volume were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the doxorubicin group as well as in test groups compared to MNU control. DNA fragmentation assay showed an increase in the number of bands formed in C1 and C2 compared to normal control. Results obtained from in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated the significant anticancer potentials of C1 and C2.

Bisindole-oxadiazole hybrids, T3P® -mediated synthesis, and appraisal of their apoptotic, antimetastatic, and computational Bcl-2 binding potential.

In the pursuit of novel anticancer leads, new bisindole-oxadiazoles were synthesized using propyl phosphonic anhydride as a mild and efficient reagent. The molecule, 3-[5-(1H-indol-3-ylmethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]-1H-indole (3a) exhibited selective cytotoxicity to MCF-7 cells with a cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. The mechanism of cytotoxicity of 3a involved caspase-2-dependent apoptotic pathway with characteristic apoptotic morphological alterations as observed in acridine orange/ethidium bromide and Hoechst staining. The wound healing migratory assay exhibited an intense impairment in the motility of MCF-7 cells on incubation with 3a. Docking simulations with anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, which is also involved in cancer metastasis displayed good affinity and high binding energy of 3a into the well characterized BH3 binding site. The positive correlation between the Bcl-2 binding studies and the results of in vitro investigations exemplifies compound 3a as a lead molecule exhibiting MCF-7 differential cytotoxicity via apoptotic mode of cell death in addition to its anti-metastatic activity.

In vitro and in vivo anticancer studies of 2'-hydroxy chalcone derivatives exhibit apoptosis in colon cancer cells by HDAC inhibition and cell cycle arrest.

Considering the therapeutic values of bioflavonoids in colon cancer treatment, six 2'-hydroxy chalcones (C1-C6) were synthesized, characterized and screened for in vitro cytotoxicity on human colon carcinoma (HCT116) and African green monkey kidney epithelial cells (Vero). Only C5 showed selective cytotoxicity against HCT116 cells. Other potent cytotoxic compounds were C1, C2 and C3. Further screening included enzyme inhibition studies on histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme where C1 showed lowest IC50 value (105.03 µM). Based on cytotoxicity data C1, C2 and C3 were selected for further in vitro mechanistic studies, namely apoptotic studies (Acridine orange/Ethidium bromide (AO/EB) and Annexin V), cell cycle analysis using propidium iodide (PI) stain and in vivo anticancer efficacy in 1,2-dimethyl hydrazine (DMH) induced colorectal carcinoma in Wistar rats. The compounds induced apoptosis in more than 30 % cells in AO/EB and Annexin V staining. They also showed cell cycle arrest in G2/M phase with PI staining. They showed a significant reduction in aberrant crypt foci formation and adenocarcinoma count along with a significant (p<0.05) reduction in TNF-α levels as compared to DMH control at 100 mg/kg dose. Thus, it can be concluded that the synthesized 2'-hydroxychalcones were effective against colon adenocarcinoma in in vitro and in vivo studies.

Pinocembrin enriched fraction of Elytranthe parasitica (L.) Danser induces apoptosis in HCT 116 colorectal cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly predominant malignancy affecting millions worldwide. Plants belonging to Loranthaceae family have remarkable chemopreventive properties. OBJECTIVE: The goal of the present study was to assess the antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing effects of stem parts of Elytranthe parasitica (L.) Danser (EP) on colorectal cancer and identify the bioactive phytochemicals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: EP methanol extract (EP.M) and its subsequent fractions were screened for antiproliferative activity in human colorectal carcinoma HCT 116 cell line. Phytocomposition of the bioactive fraction was analyzed by GC-MS. Further, apoptotic induction and cell cycle arrest was assessed in the most bioactive fractions. RESULTS: EP.DEE (Diethyl Ether) fraction and a subsequent fraction derived by column chromatography, Fraction 3A (FR 3A) significantly inhibited the proliferation of HCT 116 cells (P < 0.05). FR 3A triggered apoptosis and notably modulated the cell cycle checkpoints. GC-MS analysis of FR 3A revealed the presence of 24 phytochemicals, the most prominent of which was pinocembrin (70.67%), a flavonoid. CONCLUSION: Hence, it could be speculated that pinocembrin and its related derivatives may be the chief phytochemicals involved in apoptosis - mediated cytotoxicity of the enriched fraction. Our findings indicate the enriched fraction is a promising candidate which could be developed into a natural chemotherapeutic product for colorectal cancer therapy.

Epigenetics in cancer: Fundamentals and Beyond.

Activation of oncogenes or the deactivation of tumor suppressor genes has long been established as the fundamental mechanism leading towards carcinogenesis. Although this age old axiom is vastly accurate, thorough study over the last 15years has given us unprecedented information on the involvement of epigenetic in cancer. Various biochemical pathways that are essential towards tumorigenesis are regulated by the epigenetic phenomenons like remodeling of nucleosome by histone modifications, DNA methylation and miRNA mediated targeting of various genes. Moreover the presence of mutations in the genes controlling the epigenetic players has further strengthened the association of epigenetics in cancer. This merger has opened up newer avenues for targeted anti-cancer drug therapy with numerous pharmaceutical industries focusing on expanding their research and development pipeline with epigenetic drugs. The information provided here elaborates the elementary phenomena of the various epigenetic regulators and discusses their alteration associated with the development of cancer. We also highlight the recent developments in epigenetic drugs combining preclinical and clinical data to signify this evolving field in cancer research.

Bulbophyllum sterile petroleum ether fraction induces apoptosis in vitro and ameliorates tumor progression in vivo.

Orchids of the genus Bulbophyllum have been reported to possess antitumor activity. Present study investigated the possible antitumor activity of the active fraction of bulb and root of Bulbophyllum sterile. Alcoholic extract along with petroleum ether, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions were subjected to SRB assay in HCT-116, MDA-MB-231 and A549 cell lines. The active fractions were further evaluated for apoptosis, expression of apoptotic signaling proteins, comet assay and cell cycle analysis. Furthermore, they were assessed for in vivo antitumor activity in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma model. Petroleum fraction of bulbs (PFB) and roots (PFR) was found to be most active in HCT-116 cell lines with IC50 value of 94.2±6.0 and 75.7±9.8, respectively. Apoptosis was evident from acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining along with the expression of phospho-p53 and phospho-Bad. Both PFB and PFR arrested G2/M phase of the cell cycle with 32.6% and 49.4% arrest, respectively compared to 17.5% arrest with control. An increase in mean life span and hepatic antioxidant levels was observed with PFB and PFR treatment in EAC inoculated mice. The results suggested that the active fractions of bulbs and roots possess anticancer activity likely by inducing apoptosis through phospho-p53 dependent pathway.