Source, fate and management of recreational fishing marine debris.

Marine debris, directly and indirectly, threatens marine habitat and biota. Fishing activity is generally recognised as a contributor to marine debris, but the relative input from recreational fishing remains unassessed. Here we provide the first comprehensive literature review of recreational fishing marine debris (RFMD) on a global scale. A systematic literature review identified 70 studies related to RFMD, and plastic and metal respectively were the dominant debris materials found. Nearshore coastal areas and reefs, acted as both sources and sinks of RFMD and a diverse suite of potential impacts such as ghost fishing and entanglement were identified at local scales. Overall, research of RFMD is lacking globally, however, its role in marine debris input is likely underestimated. We recommend more research on the volumes and risks, using a standardised classification approach. Where intervention is required, we suggest cooperative approaches between the sector and authorities.

F-18 FDG uptake by recurrent Hürthle cell carcinoma of the thyroid using high-energy planar scintigraphy.

F-18-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose (FDG) has been reported to localize in various tumors. Localization or recurrent Hürthle cell cancer with FDG is described. An unsuccessful attempt was made to image this patient's tumor with I-131 and Tc-99m MIBI. Because of the patient's size, he could not be accommodated in the PET camera apperature. Use of a planar high energy gamma camera facilitated detection and ultimate treatment.

Physical characterization and dissolution properties of ibuprofen: Eudragit coprecipitates.

Ibuprofen:Eudragit coprecipitates were prepared in 10:3 ratios and their physical properties and related dissolution characteristics were determined. The Eudragit polymers used for the studies were three anionics (Eudragit L100, Eudragit L100-55, and Eudragit S-100), one anionic:cationic mixture used in a 1:1 ratio (Eudragit S100 + E100), and four zwitterionics (Eudragits RL 100, RS 100, RSPM, and RLPM). Physical characterizations were made using qualitative and quantitative X-ray diffractometry, IR spectrophotometry, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Except for Eudragit S100 + E100 coprecipitates, no sizeable interaction at a molecular level was detected between the drug and the polymer. The crystalline structure of the drug was slightly modified in the coprecipitates. Regardless of the lack of interaction, dissolution of ibuprofen was retarded from all the coprecipitates studied (except Eudragit L100), especially in the pH 6.8 to 7.5 media in which the drug is freely soluble. The dissolution rate constants of the coprecipitates, calculated using Higuchi equation, demonstrated that dissolution decreased in the order of anionics greater than zwitterionic greater than anionic + cationic mixtures. The data obtained suggest that the release mechanisms involved are the swelling and slower dissolution of the polymer matrix relative to precipitated ibuprofen. The coprecipitates possess improved flow properties compared with ibuprofen with the exception of Eudragit RLPM and Eudragit RSPM. Eudragit coprecipitates can be useful tools in preparing ibuprofen sustained-release tablets. The coprecipitation technique used is simple and minimizes the use of organic solvents.